賀 飛, 鄔紹文, 陳宋林, 楊青山, 宋明哲, 陳 海, 張曉忠
(深圳市中山泌尿外科醫(yī)院,廣東深圳 518045)
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·臨床研究·
TVT-ExactTM吊帶治療重度女性壓力性尿失禁的療效與安全性
賀 飛, 鄔紹文, 陳宋林, 楊青山, 宋明哲, 陳 海, 張曉忠
(深圳市中山泌尿外科醫(yī)院,廣東深圳 518045)
目的 探討TVT-ExactTM吊帶術(shù)治療重度女性壓力性尿失禁(SUI)的臨床療效及安全性。方法 2013年4月至2015年3月應(yīng)用TVT-ExactTM治療重度女性SUI患者66例,年齡50~72歲,平均58歲。病程2~5年,平均3.5年,術(shù)前尿動(dòng)力學(xué)檢查診斷為單純性SUI,隨訪2~21個(gè)月,平均16.6個(gè)月。患者均填寫國(guó)際尿失禁咨詢委員會(huì)尿失禁問(wèn)卷簡(jiǎn)表(ICI-Q-SF)和尿失禁生活質(zhì)量問(wèn)卷(I-QOL),分析TVT-ExactTM的療效和安全性。結(jié)果 66例手術(shù)均順利完成,手術(shù)時(shí)間(35.0±12.0)min;術(shù)中出血量(15.0±6.0)mL。66例尿失禁癥狀均消失,壓力誘發(fā)試驗(yàn)陰性。手術(shù)前后ICI-Q-SF分別為16±2、0.5±1,I-QOL分別為18.5±10.2、78.4±8.6,手術(shù)前后比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。術(shù)中無(wú)1例發(fā)生膀胱穿孔、尿道損傷、髂血管損傷及大出血(失血量>300 mL);術(shù)后3例出現(xiàn)排尿困難,延長(zhǎng)留置尿管2周后好轉(zhuǎn);術(shù)后無(wú)盆腔血腫、吊帶排斥、吊帶調(diào)整、感染、長(zhǎng)期疼痛等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。結(jié)論 TVT-ExactTM吊帶術(shù)治療重度女性壓力性尿失禁操作簡(jiǎn)單、微創(chuàng)、并發(fā)癥少、安全有效。
重度;壓力性尿失禁;TVT-ExactTM;女性
尿道中段吊帶術(shù)的問(wèn)世對(duì)女性壓力性尿失禁(stress urinary incontinence, SUI)的手術(shù)治療起到了革命性的推動(dòng)作用[1], 到目前為止已有數(shù)十種尿道中段吊帶手術(shù)方式報(bào)道,1996年ULMSTEN 等[2]首次報(bào)道采用經(jīng)恥骨后途徑的尿道中段無(wú)張力吊帶術(shù)(tension-free vaginal tape, TVT)治療女性壓力性尿失禁,由于它安全、有效,受到廣大臨床醫(yī)師的認(rèn)可。隨后,2001年DELORME等[3]報(bào)道了經(jīng)閉孔途徑的尿道中段無(wú)張力吊帶術(shù)(trans-obturator tape,TOT),由于它避開(kāi)了盆腔重要器官,減少了膀胱穿孔的發(fā)生,術(shù)中無(wú)需膀胱鏡檢查,操作更加簡(jiǎn)單,學(xué)習(xí)曲線短等優(yōu)點(diǎn),越來(lái)越受到廣大臨床醫(yī)師特別是婦科醫(yī)師的青睞,但TOT對(duì)重度SUI療效差[4-6],我們率先采用TVT的換代產(chǎn)品——TVT-ExactTM治療重度女性SUI 66例,取得了良好的效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
1.1 一般資料 本組66例,年齡50~72歲,平均58歲;病程2~5年,平均3.5年;經(jīng)陰道分娩2~6次,平均3.4次;體重指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)(25.8±4.4)kg/m2;手術(shù)前后對(duì)患者進(jìn)行國(guó)際尿失禁咨詢委員會(huì)尿失禁問(wèn)卷簡(jiǎn)表(International Consultation Committee on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form,ICI-Q-SF)和尿失禁生活質(zhì)量問(wèn)卷(Incontinence Quality of Life Questionnaire,I-QOL)評(píng)分(表1);尿動(dòng)力學(xué)檢查:膀胱逼尿肌的順應(yīng)性及穩(wěn)定性良好,最大尿流率(maximum flow rate, Qmax)(32.1±13.4)mL/s,殘余尿量(post-void residual, PVR)0~56 mL,平均18.6 mL,由于腹壓漏尿點(diǎn)壓(abdominal leakage point pressure, ALPP)在非生理情況下測(cè)量的精確性和可重復(fù)性較差,本組42例患者測(cè)腹壓下尿道漏尿壓力 (valsalva or abdominal leak-point pressure,VLPP)為(75.2±15.1)cm H2O。根據(jù)2011版SUI臨床診療指南,按癥狀嚴(yán)重程度進(jìn)行SUI臨床分度:66例患者均起立活動(dòng)或臥位體位變化時(shí)即有尿失禁,嚴(yán)重地影響患者的生活及 社交活動(dòng),需長(zhǎng)期佩戴尿墊生活,診斷為重度真性SUI。其中26例患者因子宮肌瘤行單純子宮切除術(shù)后;18例患者合并有盆腔器官脫垂(pelvic organ prolapse,POP):按POP-Q定量分級(jí)系統(tǒng)評(píng)定,Ⅰ級(jí)2例、Ⅱ級(jí)14例、Ⅲ級(jí)2例,其中1例TVT-O手術(shù)后失敗、1例自體原位陰道前壁吊帶術(shù)后失敗、1例外院影像尿動(dòng)力學(xué)檢查診斷為尿道內(nèi)括約肌缺陷(intrinsic sphincter deficiency, ISD)型 SUI。
1.2 手術(shù)材料及器械 TVT-ExactTM(tension-free vaginal tape)吊帶系統(tǒng),為美國(guó)強(qiáng)生公司產(chǎn)品,包括由單股大孔聚丙烯材質(zhì)制造的網(wǎng)帶和一次性使用穿刺桿。
1.3 手術(shù)方法 采用腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉或靜脈復(fù)合麻醉,截石位。排空膀胱,距尿道外口1 cm處陰道前壁與尿道之間注入1/1 000腎上腺素鹽水有利于分離,縱行切開(kāi)陰道前壁約1.5 cm,鈍銳性結(jié)合分離陰道前壁與尿道旁間隙,直到可以清楚觸及恥骨降支。于下腹壁、恥骨聯(lián)合旁左右各兩橫指處分別做0.3 cm小切口。金屬導(dǎo)尿管排空膀胱尿液,并向穿刺對(duì)側(cè)推開(kāi)尿道及膀胱,穿刺桿插入TVT-ExactTM穿刺鞘并固定,經(jīng)陰道尿道側(cè)窩穿破尿生殖膈后,緊貼恥骨后面向上穿刺,經(jīng)腹部皮膚切口穿出;保留穿刺鞘,退出穿刺桿,同樣方法穿刺對(duì)側(cè),膀胱鏡觀察無(wú)尿道膀胱損傷后,退出膀胱鏡;向上拔出穿刺鞘并于吊帶連接部剪斷,拉緊吊帶并調(diào)整松緊度,膀胱注水300 mL,按壓膀胱區(qū),有少許液體滴出為宜,拔除吊帶外塑料套,剪去腹壁切口外多余吊帶??晌湛p線連續(xù)鎖邊縫合陰道壁。留置F18導(dǎo)尿管,陰道內(nèi)碘伏紗布填塞。18例合并POP的患者同時(shí)給予腹腔鏡下Mesh網(wǎng)片陰道骶骨前固定術(shù),糾正盆腔器官脫垂,具體手術(shù)方法在這里不詳述。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 應(yīng)用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件,手術(shù)前后ICI-Q-SF及I-QOL評(píng)分的比較采用配對(duì)樣本t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。
66例手術(shù)均順利完成,單純TVT-ExactTM手術(shù)時(shí)間(35.0±12.0)min;術(shù)中出血量(15.0±6.0)mL。術(shù)中無(wú)1例發(fā)生尿道、膀胱、腸管損傷、髂血管損傷及大出血(失血量>300 mL);術(shù)后第1天拔除陰道塞紗,第2天拔除尿管觀察排尿情況,根據(jù)壓力誘發(fā)試驗(yàn)無(wú)漏尿發(fā)生的SUI客觀治愈標(biāo)準(zhǔn):66例患者均治愈,患者對(duì)手術(shù)療效滿意。3例患者拔除尿管后出現(xiàn)排尿困難、分段排尿,延長(zhǎng)留置尿管時(shí)間2周后癥狀消失。術(shù)后第6周返院復(fù)查ICI-Q-SF和I-QOL評(píng)分(表1),手術(shù)前后比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。術(shù)后Qmax(18.6±7.8)mL/s,PVR 0~48 mL、平均22.6 mL。術(shù)后隨訪2~21個(gè)月,平均16.6個(gè)月,無(wú)尿失禁復(fù)發(fā),無(wú)盆腔血腫、吊帶排斥、吊帶調(diào)整、感染、長(zhǎng)期疼痛等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。
表1 手術(shù)前后 ICI-Q-SF及I-QOL評(píng)分比較 (分)
無(wú)張力經(jīng)陰道尿道中段吊帶術(shù)為SUI的治療帶來(lái)了全新的革命,目前主要有經(jīng)恥骨后和經(jīng)閉孔兩種途徑,很多尿道中段吊帶手術(shù)方式都是在這兩種途徑基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行改進(jìn)和革新。TVT是經(jīng)恥骨后途徑的經(jīng)典術(shù)式,需要經(jīng)尿道旁和膀胱恥骨后間隙穿刺放置吊帶,對(duì)尿道產(chǎn)生“U”型懸吊。 TOT是經(jīng)閉孔途徑的經(jīng)典術(shù)式,需要經(jīng)閉孔穿刺放置吊帶,避開(kāi)了盆腔重要器官,對(duì)尿道產(chǎn)生“H”型懸吊。由于經(jīng)閉孔途徑穿刺避開(kāi)了盆腔重要器官,避免了尿道、膀胱、腸管及髂血管等結(jié)構(gòu)的損傷,無(wú)需術(shù)中膀胱鏡檢查,操作簡(jiǎn)便,學(xué)習(xí)曲線短,有逐漸成為女性SUI外科治療金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的趨勢(shì)[7]。但近年來(lái)越來(lái)越多的報(bào)道認(rèn)為:對(duì)于重度SUI,經(jīng)恥骨后途徑吊帶術(shù)的近期和遠(yuǎn)期療效要優(yōu)于經(jīng)閉孔途徑吊帶術(shù)[4-6],我們的臨床觀察也發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)于臨床分度為重度的SUI患者,早期采用TVT-O吊帶術(shù)治療,臨床療效遠(yuǎn)低于TVT吊帶術(shù),尤其對(duì)于肥胖(BMI>28)的重度SUI患者,TVT-O療效更差,但缺乏臨床隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究證據(jù)。盡管也有報(bào)道認(rèn)為TVT和TVT-O治療女性SUI的中遠(yuǎn)期療效無(wú)明顯差異[8-9],可能與列入研究隊(duì)列的患者大多數(shù)是輕、中度SUI有關(guān),沒(méi)有按臨床分度進(jìn)行手術(shù)療效的對(duì)比研究。
為進(jìn)一步提高手術(shù)療效,自2013年4月開(kāi)始,我院對(duì)收治的女性SUI患者進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的臨床分度和BMI評(píng)估,對(duì)于BMI>28和重度SUI患者全部采用TVT-ExactTM吊帶術(shù)治療,取得了良好效果。TVT-ExactTM懸吊系統(tǒng)是TVT的改良,仍然需要經(jīng)尿道旁及恥骨后穿刺,但穿刺桿明顯減細(xì),直徑約5 mm,弧度更加合理,更有利于保護(hù)盆腔重要器官,由于穿刺桿及穿刺鞘直徑變細(xì),可以兩側(cè)穿刺成功后只進(jìn)行一次膀胱鏡檢查,明顯縮短了手術(shù)時(shí)間;TVT-ExactTM網(wǎng)帶采用大孔、單股編織工藝,有利于細(xì)胞組織通過(guò),降低感染機(jī)會(huì),網(wǎng)帶周緣激光切割修整后更具延展及柔韌性,最大限度地避免了術(shù)后吊帶侵蝕和吊帶調(diào)整的發(fā)生。
本組資料顯示:TVT-ExactTM保持了TVT原有的經(jīng)恥骨后穿刺路徑,對(duì)尿道產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)有力的“U” 型懸吊,對(duì)重度SUI、尿道內(nèi)括約肌缺陷型SUI及以往尿失禁手術(shù)失敗者均有效,對(duì)穿刺桿和吊帶的技術(shù)革新,明顯降低了手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和手術(shù)時(shí)間,本組66例患者,無(wú)1例發(fā)生術(shù)中盆腔器官損傷及髂血管損傷大出血。盡管也有腸管損傷導(dǎo)致患者死亡的個(gè)案報(bào)道,我們認(rèn)為:抗壓力性尿失禁手術(shù)屬于改善患者生活質(zhì)量的手術(shù)治療,手術(shù)安全是第一位的,病例選擇尤為重要,對(duì)于有盆腔手術(shù)史、盆腔粘連、盆腔放療后的患者,經(jīng)恥骨后途徑的抗壓力性尿失禁手術(shù)要慎重或避免,嚴(yán)格的病例選擇重大的手術(shù)并發(fā)癥可以完全避免。T-ExactTM不僅適應(yīng)證廣泛、療效確切,而且避免了經(jīng)閉孔穿刺后引起的頑固性大腿根部疼痛,雖然有報(bào)道TVT-O的革新產(chǎn)品TVT-AbbrevoTM可以明顯減少術(shù)后大腿根部疼痛的發(fā)生[10],但遠(yuǎn)期療效尚需觀察。
最近有學(xué)者回顧性研究比較T-ExactTM和TVT的療效和安全性,認(rèn)為兩種手術(shù)的成功率和膀胱損傷的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率(8%和6%)沒(méi)有明顯差別,但手術(shù)時(shí)間T-ExactTM明顯縮短,術(shù)后恥骨后疼痛發(fā)生率也明顯少于TVT[11]。綜上所述,TVT-ExactTM作為TVT的改良術(shù)式,既保持了原有的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì):適應(yīng)證廣、療效確切、無(wú)術(shù)后大腿根部頑固性疼痛;又明顯降低了手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),縮短了手術(shù)時(shí)間。該法值得臨床推廣,尤其對(duì)于重度SUI患者和過(guò)于肥胖的患者更加適用, 操作更加簡(jiǎn)單、微創(chuàng)、并發(fā)癥少、安全有效。
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(編輯 王 瑋)
Efficacy and safety of TVT-ExactTMprocedure in the treatment of severe female stress urinary incontinence
HE Fei,WU Shao-wen,CHEN Song-lin,YANG Qing-shan,SONG Ming-zhe,CHEN Hai,ZHANG Xiao-zhong
(Zhong-shan Urological Hospital of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen 518045, China)
Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of TVT-ExactTMfor the treatment of severe female stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Methods A total of 66 patients with severe SUI underwent TVT-Exact surgery during April 2013 and March 2015. The patients aged 50~72 years (mean 58 years), and duration of SUI was 2~5 years (mean 3.5 years). All patients were followed up for 2~21 months (mean 16.6 months). All patient’s ICI-Q-SF score and I-QOL score were collected to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TVT-Exact treatment. Results All operations were successful. The operation time was (35.0±12.0) min and intraoperative blood loss was (15.0±6.0)mL. All cases were cured, and the results of pressure induced tests were negative. The pre-operative, post-operative ICI-Q-SF and I-QOL scores were 16.0±2.0,0.5±1.0 and 18.5±10.2,8.4±8.6, respectively. The difference was statically significant (P<0.05). During the operation, no bladder, urethra, or iliac vessels were injured. Three cases suffering postoperative dysuria received catheter indwelling for 2 weeks and then recovered. No postoperative complications such as pelvic hematoma, sling rejection, sling adjustment, infection, long-term pain occurred. Conclusions The TVT-ExactTMsling is a safe, simple, min-invasive and effective surgery for female severe stress urinary incontinence.
severe;stress urinary incontinence;TVT-ExactTM; female
2016-07-13
2016-09-12
深圳市衛(wèi)生計(jì)生系統(tǒng)重點(diǎn)學(xué)科建設(shè)資助項(xiàng)目(No.201506097)
賀飛(1973-),男(漢族),碩士,副主任醫(yī)師.研究方向:女性泌尿(壓力性尿失禁、盆底重建)及尿控.E-mail:szhefei@sohu.com
R695.1
A
10.3969/j.issn.1009-8291.2016.11.006