唐 斌 趙 源 蔡天一 冉 智 唐 娟 熊 英
(電子科技大學(xué)電子工程學(xué)院,成都, 611731)
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雷達(dá)抗有源干擾技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀與展望*
唐 斌 趙 源 蔡天一 冉 智 唐 娟 熊 英
(電子科技大學(xué)電子工程學(xué)院,成都, 611731)
雷達(dá)有源干擾為雷達(dá)目標(biāo)檢測(cè)、跟蹤與識(shí)別帶來(lái)了極大挑戰(zhàn),使得復(fù)雜電磁環(huán)境下雷達(dá)抗有源干擾技術(shù)研究迫在眉睫。雷達(dá)抗有源干擾技術(shù)囊括雷達(dá)信號(hào)與信息處理各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),是一項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)綜合技術(shù)。本文從系統(tǒng)與體制層面、波形設(shè)計(jì)與接收機(jī)層面以及信號(hào)與數(shù)據(jù)處理層面層次化地綜述了雷達(dá)抗有源干擾理論及其關(guān)鍵技術(shù),著重介紹了代表性成果及其最新進(jìn)展,評(píng)述了其中的公開問(wèn)題,對(duì)研究中現(xiàn)存的難點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了探討。隨后簡(jiǎn)述了現(xiàn)有雷達(dá)抗有源干擾效能評(píng)估方法及其不足。以此為基礎(chǔ),對(duì)現(xiàn)有部分方法存在的限制給出了可行的解決思路。最后本文展望了未來(lái)抗有源干擾的發(fā)展方向。
雷達(dá)有源壓制干擾; 雷達(dá)有源欺騙干擾; 雷達(dá)抗干擾
雷達(dá)電子對(duì)抗技術(shù)(Electronic counter measurements, ECM)的發(fā)展使軍用雷達(dá)面臨新的挑戰(zhàn)。隨著超大規(guī)模集成電路與固態(tài)電路等技術(shù)的發(fā)展,有源干擾表現(xiàn)出高功率、高逼真度及高智能化等特征,使雷達(dá)工作電磁環(huán)境變得更加惡劣,雷達(dá)的生存面臨巨大威脅。在此背景下,雷達(dá)系統(tǒng)對(duì)于抗有源干擾方法的需求日益提高。雷達(dá)有源干擾由干擾方輻射源主動(dòng)輻射能量干擾雷達(dá)工作,主要包括有源壓制干擾和有源欺騙干擾。有源壓制干擾通過(guò)發(fā)射高功率隨機(jī)信號(hào),在時(shí)域、頻域及變換域上掩蓋目標(biāo)回波,破壞雷達(dá)信息獲取的能力。如果壓制類干擾的功率足夠大,超過(guò)雷達(dá)接收機(jī)的處理能力,則可以導(dǎo)致雷達(dá)完全癱瘓,失去作戰(zhàn)能力。有源壓制干擾主要表現(xiàn)形式包括射頻噪聲干擾、阻塞干擾、瞄頻干擾、掃頻干擾、梳狀譜及靈巧噪聲干擾。數(shù)字射頻存儲(chǔ)技術(shù)(Digital radio frequency memory, DRFM)的發(fā)展進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)了有源欺騙干擾的實(shí)施。本文將有源欺騙干擾分為常規(guī)有源欺騙干擾和密集假目標(biāo)干擾。常規(guī)有源欺騙干擾包括距離假目標(biāo)干擾和速度假目標(biāo)干擾、距離-速度聯(lián)合假目標(biāo)干擾。通過(guò)在多個(gè)脈沖重復(fù)周期調(diào)制與真實(shí)目標(biāo)行為類似的時(shí)延和多普勒頻率可以產(chǎn)生距離波門拖引干擾(Range gate pull off, RGPO)、速度波門拖引干擾(Velocity gate pull off, VGPO)以及距離-速度聯(lián)合波門拖引干擾(Range-velocity gate pull off, R-VGPO)可有效對(duì)抗跟蹤雷達(dá)。密集假目標(biāo)干擾兼具有源欺騙干擾和有源壓制干擾的優(yōu)點(diǎn),該干擾樣式主要通過(guò)干擾機(jī)對(duì)截獲的雷達(dá)發(fā)射信號(hào)全脈沖或部分脈沖在時(shí)域重復(fù)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā),在一個(gè)脈沖重復(fù)周期甚至在一個(gè)脈寬內(nèi)形成密集的假目標(biāo),使雷達(dá)數(shù)據(jù)處理飽和。典型密集假目標(biāo)主要表現(xiàn)形式為密集轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)干擾。此外,間歇采樣干擾[1]、切片組合(Chopping and interleaving, C&I)和頻譜彌散(Smeared spectrum, SMSP)干擾[2]等新體制干擾可用來(lái)對(duì)抗線性調(diào)頻(Linear frequency modulation, LFM)雷達(dá)。作者認(rèn)為,假目標(biāo)和真實(shí)目標(biāo)在時(shí)域、頻域的分布通常存在以下兩種情況:(1)假目標(biāo)和真實(shí)目標(biāo)落在不同距離/速度波門內(nèi);(2)假目標(biāo)與真實(shí)目標(biāo)落在相同的距離/速度波門內(nèi),且假目標(biāo)與真實(shí)目標(biāo)時(shí)延差/頻率差大于雷達(dá)距離分辨率/多普勒分辨率。對(duì)于第一種情況,干擾和目標(biāo)回波通常可分,可首先進(jìn)行干擾感知,然后通過(guò)門控技術(shù)將所識(shí)別到的假目標(biāo)剔除;對(duì)于第二種情況,干擾和目標(biāo)回波通常是多域重疊的,此時(shí)難以進(jìn)行干擾感知。隨著電磁環(huán)境日趨惡化,該情況勢(shì)必成為未來(lái)抗干擾研究的重心。
在雷達(dá)發(fā)展初期,抗有源干擾技術(shù)作為雷達(dá)探測(cè)的附屬?zèng)]有得到足夠的重視。雷達(dá)主要通過(guò)頻率捷變、旁瓣對(duì)消等被動(dòng)響應(yīng)手段進(jìn)行抗干擾。隨著信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展,以雷達(dá)信號(hào)處理與數(shù)據(jù)處理為代表的主動(dòng)響應(yīng)手段有效地提高了雷達(dá)抗有源干擾能力。已有專著對(duì)抗有源干擾單項(xiàng)技術(shù)的工程實(shí)現(xiàn)給出了較為詳細(xì)的說(shuō)明[3,4]。雷達(dá)抗有源干擾既是一個(gè)工程問(wèn)題也是一個(gè)理論問(wèn)題,覆蓋雷達(dá)信號(hào)與信息處理的多個(gè)方面,是一項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)綜合技術(shù)。隨著信號(hào)處理技術(shù)的發(fā)展與硬件水平的提升,雷達(dá)抗干擾能力將會(huì)獲得進(jìn)一步提高。本文從雷達(dá)系統(tǒng)的不同層面出發(fā),綜述了系統(tǒng)與體制層面抗干擾、波形設(shè)計(jì)與接收機(jī)層面抗干擾、信號(hào)與數(shù)據(jù)處理層面抗干擾及抗有源干擾效能評(píng)估的最新理論成果及其應(yīng)用,描述了國(guó)內(nèi)外的研究進(jìn)展,討論了其中的公開問(wèn)題,最后展望了未來(lái)的研究方向。
1.1 系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)層面抗干擾
通過(guò)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)避免干擾進(jìn)入雷達(dá),是一種簡(jiǎn)單可行的抗有源干擾途徑。相關(guān)研究可以追溯到20世紀(jì)30年代。受理論發(fā)展限制,對(duì)于功能、結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的雷達(dá)系統(tǒng),雷達(dá)接收機(jī)帶寬較窄,且目標(biāo)多服從點(diǎn)態(tài)模型。此時(shí),系統(tǒng)層面抗干擾具有一定的效果。系統(tǒng)層面抗有源干擾措施主要包括:(1) 對(duì)于大功率飽和干擾,可通過(guò)調(diào)整接收機(jī)信號(hào)動(dòng)態(tài)范圍防止出現(xiàn)飽和狀態(tài)。相關(guān)的方法主要包括時(shí)間靈敏度控制、自動(dòng)增益控制、快時(shí)間常數(shù)以及寬限窄接收機(jī)等技術(shù)[3],但該類方法將影響雷達(dá)靈敏度和線性特性。(2) 干擾機(jī)在截獲新的雷達(dá)脈沖前無(wú)法預(yù)知雷達(dá)參數(shù)的變化,可采用重頻抖動(dòng)、重頻捷變和頻率捷變等技術(shù)避開干擾所在頻段。這類抗干擾措施也可有效地對(duì)抗距離/速度波門前拖干擾。然而,現(xiàn)代干擾機(jī)反應(yīng)時(shí)間更短,頻率覆蓋范圍更寬,該類方法將失效。(3) 旁瓣匿隱(Sidelobe blank,SLB)及旁瓣對(duì)消(Sidelobe cancellation, SLC)[4]通過(guò)設(shè)置輔助天線及輔助接收通道,估計(jì)干擾信號(hào)波形或干擾來(lái)波方向,可以進(jìn)行干擾抑制,但該類方法對(duì)于從主瓣進(jìn)入的干擾無(wú)能為力。(4) 脈沖體制雷達(dá)也具有一定的抗干擾能力,對(duì)脈沖多普勒(Pulse Doppler, PD)雷達(dá),可采用快速傅里葉變換(Fast Fourier transform, FFT)進(jìn)行目標(biāo)多普勒分析,實(shí)現(xiàn)在時(shí)間和多普勒軸上對(duì)目標(biāo)信號(hào)的二維處理,若假目標(biāo)的距離和速度不匹配,則由二維跟蹤可以容易地剔除假目標(biāo)。此外,單脈沖技術(shù)的應(yīng)用使得傳統(tǒng)的針對(duì)圓錐掃描體制依靠幅度調(diào)制來(lái)產(chǎn)生角度欺騙干擾的方法對(duì)單脈沖雷達(dá)完全失效。(5) 跟蹤雷達(dá)通常裝備干擾檢測(cè)器檢測(cè)噪聲調(diào)制類干擾存在,通過(guò)在感興趣的目標(biāo)兩側(cè)設(shè)置波門,干擾檢測(cè)器可以觸發(fā)雷達(dá)系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)入干擾跟蹤模式;前沿跟蹤技術(shù)被專門用于對(duì)付距離波門后拖干擾;當(dāng)精確的距離信息并非重要參數(shù)時(shí)(如目標(biāo)指示雷達(dá)),可采用保護(hù)波門技術(shù),待假目標(biāo)信號(hào)移開后,系統(tǒng)會(huì)重置波門并維持對(duì)感興趣目標(biāo)的跟蹤。系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)層面抗干擾核心思想為提高雷達(dá)檢測(cè)概率,當(dāng)干擾為高斯、平穩(wěn)和線性時(shí)具有一定的效果,而在大功率壓制干擾、密集假目標(biāo)干擾等情況下,該類措施將無(wú)能為力。
1.2 新體制雷達(dá)
新體制雷達(dá)的出現(xiàn)使得干擾進(jìn)入雷達(dá)接收機(jī)的概率進(jìn)一步降低,新體制雷達(dá)通過(guò)提高系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜度,在提高雷達(dá)性能的同時(shí)兼具抗干擾潛力。早期出現(xiàn)的雙/多基雷達(dá)本身具有較強(qiáng)的抗有源干擾能力,然而時(shí)間、空間同步的瓶頸限制其進(jìn)一步發(fā)展;文獻(xiàn)[5]提出了一種在欺騙干擾環(huán)境下利用自適應(yīng)相控陣技術(shù)進(jìn)行目標(biāo)跟蹤的算法;文獻(xiàn)[6]研究了隨機(jī)噪聲圖像雷達(dá)的抗干擾能力;文獻(xiàn)[7]通過(guò)多通道的合成孔徑雷達(dá)(Synthetic aperture Radar, SAR)圖像實(shí)現(xiàn)欺騙干擾的抑制,通過(guò)成像雷達(dá)圖像匹配抗干擾是一種抗有源欺騙干擾較為有效的思路;分布式MIMO (Multiple input multiple output)雷達(dá)由于其較低的發(fā)射波形截獲概率,亦具有較強(qiáng)的抗干擾能力。在此基礎(chǔ)上,文獻(xiàn)[8]利用頻率分集陣列(Frequency diversity array, FDA)提出了一種基于MIMO-FDA的自適應(yīng)對(duì)消技術(shù),進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)了新體制雷達(dá)抗干擾的研究進(jìn)程。認(rèn)知雷達(dá)[9,10]具有環(huán)境感知與學(xué)習(xí)推理決策能力,是近年來(lái)新體制雷達(dá)研究的另一熱點(diǎn)。認(rèn)知雷達(dá)通過(guò)實(shí)時(shí)頻譜分析,利用環(huán)境參數(shù)綜合決定是否改變工作參數(shù),有效地避開干擾頻段,提高雷達(dá)的抗干擾能力,并降低雷達(dá)被發(fā)現(xiàn)和攻擊的可能性。作為認(rèn)知雷達(dá)的擴(kuò)展,認(rèn)知雷達(dá)網(wǎng)能夠分析干擾環(huán)境,自適應(yīng)地切換系統(tǒng)工作模式,如采用單基發(fā)射多基接收、多基收發(fā)分置等體制,從根本上避免了雷達(dá)網(wǎng)受到干擾的可能。
1.3 天線極化抗干擾
有源干擾極化狀態(tài)由干擾機(jī)天線的極化方式?jīng)Q定,干擾天線極化方式通常與雷達(dá)天線極化方式不同,為利用極化信息抗有源干擾提供了理論前提。文獻(xiàn)[11]在20世紀(jì)70年代首先提出了自適應(yīng)極化對(duì)消器的概念及系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)方案,開啟了極化抗有源干擾這一新研究領(lǐng)域。在國(guó)內(nèi)相關(guān)研究中,國(guó)防科技大學(xué)在雷達(dá)極化抗干擾方面處于領(lǐng)先地位。抗有源壓制干擾方面,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者主要從極化濾波器設(shè)計(jì)展開研究。文獻(xiàn)[12~18]分別從最大信干噪比準(zhǔn)則、輸出干擾功率最小、輸出目標(biāo)信號(hào)功率最大以及輸出信干噪聲比最大等角度研究了極化濾波的最優(yōu)化問(wèn)題。最優(yōu)極化濾波方法需要先驗(yàn)已知目標(biāo)回波和干擾的極化參數(shù),然而這些參數(shù)通常需要估計(jì)得到。文獻(xiàn)[19]研究了針對(duì)干擾抑制和目標(biāo)匹配的聯(lián)合處理問(wèn)題,提出了干擾背景下的收發(fā)最優(yōu)極化求解方法。文獻(xiàn)[20~23]分別針對(duì)高頻地波雷達(dá)和典型拋物面天線,研究了頻域-極化域的聯(lián)合濾波方法。在此基礎(chǔ)上,多域?yàn)V波成為了極化抗有源壓制干擾的新思路??褂性雌垓_干擾方面,國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者利用假目標(biāo)與真實(shí)目標(biāo)在極化特性上的差異開展有源假目標(biāo)干擾感知與抑制方法研究。文獻(xiàn)[24~26]分析有源欺騙干擾和目標(biāo)回波在極化域的瞬態(tài)散射矩陣差異,分別通過(guò)極化濾波和極化投影進(jìn)行干擾抑制;文獻(xiàn)[27]采用交叉極化陣列進(jìn)行干擾抑制,在降低設(shè)備量的同時(shí)保持較高抗干擾性能;文獻(xiàn)[28]利用干擾和目標(biāo)回波散射矩陣差異,采用盲分離抑制干擾;文獻(xiàn)[29~31]分別利用目標(biāo)與固定極化假目標(biāo)干擾在散射特性上的差異,干擾信號(hào)和目標(biāo)回波的瞬態(tài)極化投影矢量在脈間的變化規(guī)律,真假目標(biāo)極化散射矩陣的奇異性差別,實(shí)現(xiàn)了真/假目標(biāo)的有效鑒別;文獻(xiàn)[32]研究了基于極化編碼的有源假目標(biāo)干擾鑒別方法。
極化抗干擾通過(guò)有源干擾與目標(biāo)回波極化方式差異進(jìn)行抗干擾,具有較強(qiáng)的穩(wěn)健性,相關(guān)技術(shù)日趨成熟,主要應(yīng)用于對(duì)空監(jiān)視、導(dǎo)彈制導(dǎo)及成像雷達(dá)。然而,限制其發(fā)展的主要因素在于實(shí)施條件較為苛刻。特別地,當(dāng)干擾方采用全極化發(fā)射天線時(shí),抗干擾性能將有所下降。此外,針對(duì)于寬帶雷達(dá)的極化抗干擾應(yīng)用尚未展開廣泛研究。
1.4 雷達(dá)組網(wǎng)抗干擾
雷達(dá)組網(wǎng)通過(guò)將多部不同體制、不同工作參數(shù)的雷達(dá)利用信息融合技術(shù)進(jìn)行目標(biāo)檢測(cè)、跟蹤、鑒別。布站方式靈活、頻段豐富等優(yōu)勢(shì)使該體制具有很強(qiáng)的抗有源干擾潛力。文獻(xiàn)[33]開創(chuàng)性地研究了組網(wǎng)雷達(dá)中的抗干擾技術(shù);文獻(xiàn)[34]基于定量分析的非線性規(guī)劃模型,利用不同頻率、不同體制的雷達(dá)組網(wǎng)進(jìn)行干擾抑制;文獻(xiàn)[35]采用超混沌正交多相編碼信號(hào)對(duì)抗針對(duì)SAR組網(wǎng)雷達(dá)的欺騙式干擾;文獻(xiàn)[36]針對(duì)密集假目標(biāo)干擾,從優(yōu)化相控陣調(diào)度角度提出了幾項(xiàng)抗干擾措施,可有效降低計(jì)算量;文獻(xiàn)[37]從數(shù)據(jù)融合的角度分析了網(wǎng)絡(luò)化雷達(dá)抗有源干擾潛力。此外,還有大量的文獻(xiàn)從雷達(dá)網(wǎng)信號(hào)處理及信息融合的角度研究其抗干擾措施。然而,雷達(dá)組網(wǎng)抗干擾的工程化應(yīng)用仍存在限制。一方面,時(shí)間校準(zhǔn)和空間對(duì)齊仍是數(shù)據(jù)融合領(lǐng)域亟需解決的問(wèn)題之一,由該問(wèn)題衍生的雷達(dá)網(wǎng)協(xié)同探測(cè)理論尚未完善;另一方面,現(xiàn)代有源干擾技術(shù)的發(fā)展使得網(wǎng)對(duì)網(wǎng)的智能化干擾成為可能,文獻(xiàn)[38~40]討論了協(xié)同干擾對(duì)抗對(duì)空情報(bào)雷達(dá)網(wǎng),即通過(guò)干擾機(jī)的協(xié)同運(yùn)動(dòng)來(lái)欺騙雷達(dá)網(wǎng);最后,干擾機(jī)的小型化使得靈巧干擾更易于實(shí)現(xiàn),在空域分散分布的小型干擾機(jī)可發(fā)射覆蓋各個(gè)頻帶的有源干擾信號(hào),給抗干擾帶來(lái)挑戰(zhàn)。
2.1 發(fā)射波形管理抗干擾
國(guó)外學(xué)者對(duì)發(fā)射波形管理抗有源欺騙干擾開展了少量研究,文獻(xiàn)[41]通過(guò)頻率選擇進(jìn)行欺騙干擾的抑制;文獻(xiàn)[42]假設(shè)距離波門前拖干擾利用雷達(dá)前一時(shí)刻發(fā)射的脈沖,提出采用發(fā)射脈沖間相互正交或準(zhǔn)正交的隨機(jī)相位擾動(dòng)LFM信號(hào),從而進(jìn)行抗干擾。這些措施和認(rèn)知雷達(dá)抗干擾思路類似,即通過(guò)對(duì)干擾效果的響應(yīng)管理發(fā)射波形。作為一種改進(jìn)思路,分集理論可以打破雷達(dá)方在抗干擾被動(dòng)的局面。脈沖分集技術(shù)不僅可以增加干擾方截獲與存儲(chǔ)雷達(dá)信號(hào)的難度,而且可以通過(guò)對(duì)發(fā)射與接收信號(hào)集的分析與處理獲得干擾信息,因而被應(yīng)用于雷達(dá)有源欺騙干擾抑制。該思路最早由Akhtar提出,文獻(xiàn)[43~45]從波形分集的角度抑制雷達(dá)有源欺騙干擾,通過(guò)發(fā)射正交脈沖編碼信號(hào)實(shí)現(xiàn)欺騙干擾的對(duì)消;文獻(xiàn)[46]采用正交頻分復(fù)用(Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, OFDM)信號(hào)進(jìn)行雷達(dá)抗欺騙干擾;針對(duì)新型密集假目標(biāo)干擾,文獻(xiàn)[47]提出了慢時(shí)域脈沖分集假目標(biāo)干擾抑制算法;文獻(xiàn)[48~49]針對(duì)慢時(shí)域算法在快變環(huán)境中的性能下降問(wèn)題,提出了快-慢時(shí)域聯(lián)合脈沖分集干擾抑制算法;文獻(xiàn)[50]針對(duì)部分脈沖轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)技術(shù),提出一種時(shí)-頻域聯(lián)合脈沖分集方法,該算法即使在干擾機(jī)具備瞬時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)能力的情況下也能有效地對(duì)消假目標(biāo)?,F(xiàn)有脈沖分集抗干擾性能對(duì)比如表1所示。
表1 脈沖分集抗干擾性能對(duì)比
從脈沖分集抗有源欺騙干擾發(fā)展歷程可以看出,該類抗干擾算法研究重心已從單一的時(shí)域信號(hào)集設(shè)計(jì)轉(zhuǎn)向慢時(shí)域、頻域及其聯(lián)合域分集波形設(shè)計(jì),其結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單且計(jì)算量相對(duì)較低。特別地,文獻(xiàn)[51]創(chuàng)造地將數(shù)字水印技術(shù)應(yīng)用于分集碼的設(shè)計(jì),進(jìn)一步提高了抗干擾性能。然而分集信號(hào)將提高雷達(dá)復(fù)雜度,影響雷達(dá)基本功能,這個(gè)缺點(diǎn)將嚴(yán)重阻礙其工程實(shí)現(xiàn)。
2.2 天線空時(shí)自適應(yīng)處理抗干擾
空時(shí)自適應(yīng)處理技術(shù)(Space-time adaptive processing, STAP)技術(shù)最早用于機(jī)載雷達(dá)的雜波抑制。隨著陣列技術(shù)的發(fā)展,一些新體制雷達(dá)通過(guò)設(shè)置多個(gè)雷達(dá)接收陣元,利用陣列處理方法估計(jì)有源干擾的特征參數(shù),能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)干擾信號(hào)的對(duì)消與抑制[52,53]。文獻(xiàn)[54,55]利用STAP技術(shù),針對(duì)數(shù)字相控陣體制雷達(dá),分別研究了跟蹤雷達(dá)和搜索雷達(dá)的欺騙干擾抑制技術(shù);文獻(xiàn)[56]將STAP技術(shù)用于干擾條件下的角度估計(jì),可以提高單脈沖雷達(dá)的抗干擾性能。MIMO雷達(dá)技術(shù)的發(fā)展大大提高了系統(tǒng)的自由度,應(yīng)運(yùn)而生的MIMO-STAP技術(shù)具有很強(qiáng)的抗干擾能力[57]。文獻(xiàn)[58]基于局部STAP有效估計(jì)出干擾源的方位;文獻(xiàn)[59]對(duì)MIMO雷達(dá)雜波加有源干擾協(xié)方差矩陣的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了分析,證明了MIMO雷達(dá)在干擾和雜波抑制上的優(yōu)越性;文獻(xiàn)[60]利用知識(shí)輔助MIMO-STAP,進(jìn)一步提高自由度,在密集壓制干擾下仍具有較好的性能。STAP類抗干擾方法通過(guò)在特定方向設(shè)置零陷,從空域?yàn)V除干擾。其缺點(diǎn)較為明顯:由于不具有距離維的自由度,當(dāng)干擾和目標(biāo)同向時(shí)(如自衛(wèi)式干擾),將嚴(yán)重影響真實(shí)目標(biāo)檢測(cè)概率。上文提到的MIMO-FDA通過(guò)引入時(shí)域自由度,為解決該問(wèn)題開辟了新思路。
體制和系統(tǒng)層面抗干擾旨在避免有源干擾進(jìn)入雷達(dá)接收機(jī),當(dāng)干擾進(jìn)入雷達(dá)射頻后端時(shí),以上方法均難以奏效。信號(hào)與數(shù)據(jù)處理層面抗干擾利用干擾與目標(biāo)回波表征的差異,輔以信息層面目標(biāo)行為差異進(jìn)行干擾抑制。該類措施可改善雷達(dá)抗干擾性能。
3.1 信號(hào)處理層面抗有源壓制干擾
在信號(hào)層面,有源壓制干擾與目標(biāo)回波表征有很大的差異,在統(tǒng)計(jì)分布、時(shí)域、頻域及變換域特征區(qū)分度較高,為抗干擾提供了理論依據(jù)。國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)雷達(dá)抗有源壓制式干擾的研究集中在以下4個(gè)方面:
(1) 強(qiáng)干擾背景下的目標(biāo)檢測(cè)。文獻(xiàn)[61,62]最早研究了通過(guò)改變采樣率從噪聲中提取信號(hào);文獻(xiàn)[63]研究了基于隨機(jī)共振的弱目標(biāo)檢測(cè)方法,將強(qiáng)噪聲轉(zhuǎn)化為對(duì)目標(biāo)檢測(cè)有利的部分。該類方法初衷是研究低信噪比下微弱目標(biāo)檢測(cè),當(dāng)干擾功率過(guò)強(qiáng)時(shí)將失效。
(2) 多域?yàn)V波與子空間分離。這類方法主要利用目標(biāo)回波和干擾的多域表征差異進(jìn)行抗干擾。文獻(xiàn)[64~66]針對(duì)LFM信號(hào),利用分?jǐn)?shù)階傅里葉變換(Fractional Fourier transform, FrFT)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)?zāi)B(tài)分解(Empirical mode decomposition, EMD)抑制壓制類干擾;文獻(xiàn)[67]通過(guò)匹配濾波和小波變換對(duì)干擾進(jìn)行抑制;文獻(xiàn)[68]研究了FrFT和多項(xiàng)式FFT等方法來(lái)抑制窄帶干擾,但該方法只適用于單頻或多頻干擾的抑制;文獻(xiàn)[69]針對(duì)噪聲調(diào)幅干擾,通過(guò)建立過(guò)完備原子庫(kù),采用加權(quán)匹配跟蹤方法達(dá)到了自適應(yīng)抑制干擾的目的;文獻(xiàn)[70,71]利用多通道的接收信號(hào),借助盲源分離技術(shù)抑制干擾,但該方法對(duì)單通道接收機(jī)的情況失效;文獻(xiàn)[72,73]建立了映射原則,研究了目標(biāo)回波和干擾的典范相關(guān)分析特征向量差異性,分離出回波從而抑制干擾。文獻(xiàn)[74,75]設(shè)計(jì)斜投影算子,并通過(guò)極化濾波的方法抑制干擾,該方法能較高程度地保留目標(biāo)回波信息。對(duì)于利用多域?yàn)V波與子空間分離的方法,分辨率成為影響性能的最重要因素之一。
(3) 自適應(yīng)干擾重構(gòu)對(duì)消。當(dāng)干信比極高時(shí),干擾將表現(xiàn)為接收信號(hào)的主要成分。在這一假設(shè)下,可以通過(guò)重構(gòu)干擾分量進(jìn)行自適應(yīng)干擾對(duì)消。文獻(xiàn)[76]針對(duì)PD雷達(dá)所受脈沖干擾,對(duì)雷達(dá)接收信號(hào)進(jìn)行慢時(shí)域?yàn)V波,通過(guò)門限判決的方式區(qū)分目標(biāo)回波和干擾,從而對(duì)消干擾。國(guó)內(nèi)最早由作者所在團(tuán)隊(duì)從這個(gè)角度開展相關(guān)算法研究,文獻(xiàn)[77~79]研究了射頻噪聲干擾和頻譜阻塞干擾的抑制方法。利用兩種干擾信號(hào)的特征,針對(duì)性地提出了干擾重構(gòu)的方式,并在時(shí)域和頻域?qū)ο蓴_。在此基礎(chǔ)上研究了用相位匹配實(shí)現(xiàn)干擾環(huán)境下LFM信號(hào)的檢測(cè)。文獻(xiàn)[80]改進(jìn)了最小均方誤差算法,提高了對(duì)消性能。然而,該類方法要求干擾必須是恒模信號(hào),當(dāng)存在接收機(jī)帶寬限制時(shí)性能將有所降低。
(4) 對(duì)于LFM雷達(dá),解線調(diào)類抗干擾技術(shù)可顯著提高雷達(dá)性能,作者所在團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)該類方法展開了大量的研究。文獻(xiàn)[81]提出基于解線調(diào)-EMD干擾抑制方法,該方法在低干信比條件下,可在跟蹤狀態(tài)下抑制有源欺騙干擾;文獻(xiàn)[82]利用分段解線調(diào)的方式對(duì)壓制類干擾進(jìn)行抑制,在較低干信比情況下,具有較理想的干擾抑制效果;文獻(xiàn)[83]針對(duì)成像雷達(dá)寬帶噪聲干擾,利用解線調(diào)和特征空間濾波進(jìn)行干擾抑制。
還有部分文獻(xiàn)從空域?yàn)V波、極化與旁瓣對(duì)消的角度對(duì)抗有源壓制干擾,上文已經(jīng)有所提及,此處不再贅述。隨著雷達(dá)組網(wǎng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,組網(wǎng)雷達(dá)抗有源壓制干擾逐漸受到國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者的重視,文獻(xiàn)[84]用序貫濾波跟蹤算法加強(qiáng)了組網(wǎng)雷達(dá)的跟蹤能力;文獻(xiàn)[85]針對(duì)遠(yuǎn)距離支援干擾,根據(jù)干擾強(qiáng)度作自適應(yīng)調(diào)整,提高了組網(wǎng)雷達(dá)跟蹤目標(biāo)的能力。從信號(hào)處理的角度抗有源壓制干擾仍有較多不足:首先,大部分抗干擾算法需要假設(shè)干擾是恒模信號(hào),這在實(shí)際對(duì)抗場(chǎng)景下是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的;其次,隨著干擾帶寬、發(fā)射功率的增加,干擾可以在多域遮蓋目標(biāo)回波,在不具備先驗(yàn)信息的情況下很難將干擾和目標(biāo)回波分離開;最后,解線調(diào)類方法使干擾抑制模塊輸出分量攜帶發(fā)射信號(hào)特征,將影響微弱目標(biāo)的檢測(cè)。這些瓶頸限制了抗有源壓制干擾算法的工程化實(shí)現(xiàn),也勢(shì)必是未來(lái)研究需要突破的難點(diǎn)。
3.2 信號(hào)及數(shù)據(jù)處理層面抗有源欺騙干擾
有源欺騙干擾反對(duì)抗主要分為干擾感知和干擾抑制。作者提出了干擾感知的概念,囊括了有源干擾的檢測(cè)與識(shí)別。有源欺騙干擾抑制研究的開展在大多數(shù)情況下都需要干擾感知提供的先驗(yàn)信息,二者相輔相成。
3.2.1 有源欺騙干擾薄弱環(huán)節(jié)
一方面,現(xiàn)代雷達(dá)通常兼具多種功能,雷達(dá)檢報(bào)從最初僅具有距離和方位信息到現(xiàn)代雷達(dá)可以提供距離、方位、速度和目標(biāo)識(shí)別等信息,雷達(dá)功能的豐富使得假目標(biāo)行為失配、雷達(dá)反射面積(Radar cross section, RCS)調(diào)制失常與微多普勒特征失常等特征明顯暴露。另一方面,現(xiàn)代有源欺騙干擾通常由DRFM輔助產(chǎn)生,通過(guò)DRFM干擾機(jī)的工作流程分析可知,干擾機(jī)對(duì)截獲的雷達(dá)發(fā)射信號(hào)進(jìn)行距離、多普勒調(diào)制,產(chǎn)生欺騙干擾。文獻(xiàn)[86]對(duì)每個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)干擾機(jī)引入的失真給出了詳細(xì)的分析。由于干擾機(jī)的頻率變換環(huán)節(jié)、射頻功率放大器等器件的非線性,引入的非線性失真對(duì)調(diào)制產(chǎn)生的信號(hào)進(jìn)行二次調(diào)制,所產(chǎn)生的假目標(biāo)帶有干擾機(jī)的指紋特征,這種特征為信號(hào)層面有源欺騙干擾感知提供了依據(jù)。
3.2.2 有源欺騙干擾感知方法
由干擾薄弱環(huán)節(jié)分析可將現(xiàn)有的干擾感知算法概括為以下4種思路。
(1) Hill等最早于1992年在文獻(xiàn)[87]分析了DRFM欺騙干擾的量化特性,采用高階統(tǒng)計(jì)量提取欺騙干擾的特征參數(shù),開創(chuàng)了從DRFM相位量化的角度來(lái)識(shí)別欺騙干擾的先河;文獻(xiàn)[88,89]分析了DRFM離散延時(shí)特性對(duì)RGPO信號(hào)產(chǎn)生的諧波效應(yīng),建立了RGPO的時(shí)域、頻域數(shù)學(xué)模型,分析了基于DRFM干擾機(jī)的諧波失真,為后續(xù)研究完善了理論基礎(chǔ);文獻(xiàn)[90~92]討論了相位量化和時(shí)延離散化對(duì)干擾信號(hào)頻譜的影響,將干擾信號(hào)進(jìn)一步建模為信號(hào)錐模型,研究了基于自適應(yīng)相參估計(jì)和基于廣義似然比檢驗(yàn)的兩種不同的感知方法,遺憾的是,該算法僅在模數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換器(Analog to digital convertor, ADC)量化位數(shù)小于4位的條件下有效,當(dāng)ADC量化位數(shù)大于4位時(shí),干擾諧波分量減弱,檢測(cè)性能將急劇下降;文獻(xiàn)[93~96]將此方法推廣到了陣列信號(hào)中,利用改進(jìn)的自適應(yīng)檢測(cè)器在確保系統(tǒng)的恒虛警特性的基礎(chǔ)上在有源欺騙干擾背景下檢測(cè)目標(biāo),然而當(dāng)量化位數(shù)大于4位時(shí),此方法仍然難以有效識(shí)別欺騙干擾。文獻(xiàn)[97~98]在相位量化模型基礎(chǔ)上,分析了R-VGPO干擾在實(shí)際生成過(guò)程中相位量化和多普勒調(diào)制對(duì)頻譜特性的影響,利用原子分解理論實(shí)現(xiàn)了雷達(dá)欺騙式干擾感知。不難看出,隨著干擾機(jī)量化位數(shù)的增加,量化引入的諧波分量將急劇減小。作者所在團(tuán)隊(duì)提出了利用干擾機(jī)功率放大器非線性失真分析進(jìn)行有源欺騙干擾感知的思路[86],利用實(shí)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)分析取得了一定的效果。
(2) 目標(biāo)回波由于反射系數(shù)、照射角度等不同將具有一定的幅度調(diào)制特征,轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)式假目標(biāo)很難模擬這一特征。除了幅度起伏度的差異,有源欺騙干擾在多域、多維度下均可能與目標(biāo)回波存在差異?;谶@一假設(shè),文獻(xiàn)[99]基于頻率分集技術(shù)研究了RGPO干擾鑒別算法,該算法基于目標(biāo)起伏特性鑒別真實(shí)目標(biāo)與假目標(biāo),具體表現(xiàn)為目標(biāo)回波幅度服從Rayleigh分布,而由DRFM轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)的距離拖引干擾在短時(shí)間內(nèi)幅度保持不變,利用廣義極大似然(General likelihood ratio test, GLRT)模型完成干擾信號(hào)檢測(cè);作者所在團(tuán)隊(duì)與合作單位在以上研究的啟發(fā)下,在文獻(xiàn)[100~103]中利用距離欺騙干擾信號(hào)和目標(biāo)回波在能量與起伏特性方面的差異,提取了統(tǒng)計(jì)特征、高階矩特征和雙譜特征以及組合特征因子,通過(guò)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)識(shí)別器對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)式欺騙干擾進(jìn)行識(shí)別,得到了較好的欺騙式干擾感知性能;文獻(xiàn)[104~105]利用R-VGPO干擾與目標(biāo)回波在信號(hào)強(qiáng)度、起伏特性以及多普勒頻移的差異進(jìn)行干擾感知;文獻(xiàn)[106]分析了欺騙干擾和目標(biāo)回波在接收信號(hào)波形上的幾何圖像特征差異,提取了展度、包絡(luò)的起伏特特征和灰度長(zhǎng)短軸投影特征,利用免疫神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)分類器實(shí)現(xiàn)了雷達(dá)有源干擾的有效識(shí)別;文獻(xiàn)[107]針對(duì)距離拖引、速度拖引和距離-速度同步拖引干擾,根據(jù)其拖引過(guò)程的幅度特性、時(shí)域和頻域展寬特性進(jìn)行識(shí)別。
需要指出的是,利用時(shí)域、頻域特征進(jìn)行干擾感知的方法在低干噪比下性能下降。為了解決這一問(wèn)題,學(xué)者將研究重心轉(zhuǎn)向變換域。文獻(xiàn)[108]基于速度拖引干擾的信號(hào)模型,研究了一種基于小波分解的識(shí)別速度拖引干擾的方法;文獻(xiàn)[109, 110]分析二維頻譜的變化進(jìn)行VGPO的檢測(cè),而且可以獲得VGPO的拖引參數(shù);文獻(xiàn)[111]假設(shè)欺騙干擾信號(hào)能量強(qiáng)于目標(biāo)回波,基于小波分析,研究了VGPO干擾和噪聲調(diào)頻干擾下雷達(dá)目標(biāo)的識(shí)別;文獻(xiàn)[112]在二維頻譜上用小波分解技術(shù)提取不同尺度下的相像系數(shù),分別利用最近鄰分類器、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和最小二乘支持向量機(jī)對(duì)RGPO,VGPO和噪聲干擾進(jìn)行了有效識(shí)別;文獻(xiàn)[113,114]在估計(jì)SMSP干擾和C&I干擾調(diào)頻斜率的基礎(chǔ)上,采用匹配傅里葉變換和模糊函數(shù)進(jìn)行干擾識(shí)別。此外,當(dāng)單一域性能下降時(shí),可采用多域聯(lián)合提高干擾感知性能。利用這個(gè)思想,作者所在團(tuán)隊(duì)在文獻(xiàn)[115]提取了時(shí)域、頻域、小波域和雙譜域的數(shù)十種特征參數(shù),實(shí)現(xiàn)了多種干擾的綜合感知;文獻(xiàn)[116]從真實(shí)目標(biāo)回波和復(fù)合欺騙干擾的數(shù)學(xué)模型出發(fā),提取了分形維數(shù)、復(fù)雜度及相象系數(shù)等特征,對(duì)加性、乘性和卷積性復(fù)合干擾進(jìn)行了有效的識(shí)別。國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者利用有源欺騙干擾的統(tǒng)計(jì)特征與多域/多維度聯(lián)合特性展開了大量的研究。然而,該類方法受對(duì)抗場(chǎng)景模型影響較大,對(duì)干擾樣式的要求過(guò)于苛刻,低信噪比(干噪比)下魯棒性較差,容易在復(fù)雜電磁環(huán)境下失效。
(3) 利用假目標(biāo)行為特征從雷達(dá)數(shù)據(jù)處理層面進(jìn)行干擾感知。文獻(xiàn)[117]采用固定增益卡爾曼濾波算法實(shí)現(xiàn)了RGPO環(huán)境下的目標(biāo)跟蹤算法;文獻(xiàn)[118,119]針對(duì)電子干擾下相控陣?yán)走_(dá)跟蹤機(jī)動(dòng)目標(biāo)的基準(zhǔn)問(wèn)題(即在虛警背景下抗遠(yuǎn)距離支援干擾及RGPO干擾)研究了最佳跟蹤算法,隨后基于交互多模型概率數(shù)據(jù)互聯(lián)濾波 (Interacting multiple model probabilistic data association filter, IMMPDAF)濾波器解決在欺騙干擾環(huán)境下的目標(biāo)跟蹤問(wèn)題;文獻(xiàn)[120]在二元假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)框架下,從理論上提出分解與融合(Decomposition and fusion, DF)方法,在距離欺騙式干擾及雜波干擾下正確跟蹤目標(biāo);文獻(xiàn)[121]利用多頻譜測(cè)量結(jié)果分析時(shí)延-多普勒失配,利用偏差的馬氏距離與閾值比較判別是否受到了距離拖引或速度拖引干擾;文獻(xiàn)[122]根據(jù)多普勒頻率的變化規(guī)律,認(rèn)為VGPO干擾多普勒變化率有規(guī)律,而真實(shí)目標(biāo)的多普勒變化率無(wú)規(guī)律,利用多普勒頻率比較法進(jìn)行VGPO干擾的鑒別。
(4) 改進(jìn)雷達(dá)網(wǎng)數(shù)據(jù)融合算法進(jìn)行虛假航跡感知。干擾機(jī)協(xié)同干擾產(chǎn)生的虛假航跡成為組網(wǎng)雷達(dá)最大的威脅之一。文獻(xiàn)[123~127]針對(duì)于電子戰(zhàn)飛行器(Electronic combat air vehicle, ECAV)協(xié)同控制引入的誤差,研究了虛假航跡干擾鑒別方法,取得了一定的效果。不論是信號(hào)處理層面還是數(shù)據(jù)處理層面,有源干擾感知的核心在于研究干擾與目標(biāo)回波可分離性。這種可分離性的分析也為后續(xù)有源欺騙干擾抑制提供依據(jù)。
3.2.3 有源欺騙干擾抑制
國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者在有源欺騙干擾感知算法研究的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)有源欺騙干擾抑制展開了大量的研究,其思路可分為以下3類。
(1) 基于多域分離的雷達(dá)抗干擾,該類方法分析目標(biāo)回波信號(hào)和干擾的時(shí)域、頻域、聯(lián)合域及其變換域的可分離性,利用該性質(zhì)進(jìn)行干擾抑制。文獻(xiàn)[128~130]基于拖引干擾和轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)式假目標(biāo)的頻譜特征和匹配跟蹤算法抑制有源欺騙干擾,但該方法在欺騙干擾與目標(biāo)回波高度相關(guān)時(shí)失效;文獻(xiàn)[131]基于隨機(jī)調(diào)頻斜率研究了雷達(dá)有源欺騙干擾類型識(shí)別,利用瞬時(shí)互相關(guān)進(jìn)行干擾抑制;文獻(xiàn)[132~134]分別基于目標(biāo)回波信號(hào)霍夫分離度、匹配傅里葉分離度和譜分離度等參數(shù),分析了雷達(dá)有源欺騙干擾抑制,上述方法僅在單目標(biāo)下有較好的效果;文獻(xiàn)[135~137]基于解線調(diào)技術(shù)研究了DRFM干擾機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)式虛假目標(biāo)干擾抑制,在特定干擾環(huán)境下有效;文獻(xiàn)[138,139]分別基于狹義與廣義盲分離技術(shù),進(jìn)行雷達(dá)有源欺騙干擾的抑制,但上述方法對(duì)運(yùn)算資源需求甚大,并且要求干擾機(jī)ADC采用較低的量化位數(shù);文獻(xiàn)[140,141]基于校正譜分析和解線調(diào)技術(shù),研究導(dǎo)引頭抗干擾和速度波門抗干擾;文獻(xiàn)[142]基于FrFT,FFT及原子分解,研究了SMSP這類新體制干擾的抑制;文獻(xiàn)[143,144]假設(shè)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)式假目標(biāo)具有隨機(jī)相位,從而利用慢時(shí)域匹配濾波抑制欺騙干擾。
(2) 基于隨機(jī)理論和統(tǒng)計(jì)特征的雷達(dá)抗干擾?;谀繕?biāo)回波和雷達(dá)有源欺騙干擾統(tǒng)計(jì)特征差異實(shí)現(xiàn)干擾抑制。文獻(xiàn)[94,95]基于干擾和目標(biāo)回波統(tǒng)計(jì)特性差異,創(chuàng)新性地提出了一系列ECM信號(hào)背景下自適應(yīng)檢測(cè)器;文獻(xiàn)[96]將其擴(kuò)展到雷達(dá)組網(wǎng)的情況下,這類自適應(yīng)檢測(cè)器通過(guò)干擾背景下的自適應(yīng)目標(biāo)檢測(cè),剔除掉可能存在的假目標(biāo),為后續(xù)干擾抑制提供了一個(gè)可行的思路。然而,該類自適應(yīng)檢測(cè)器在低信噪和低干噪比下性能急劇惡化(通常需要信噪比/干噪比大于15 dB)。此外,對(duì)干擾量化位數(shù)的要求限制其應(yīng)用于實(shí)際對(duì)抗場(chǎng)景。
(3) 利用信息融合技術(shù)在數(shù)據(jù)處理層面進(jìn)行假目標(biāo)/虛假航跡剔除。文獻(xiàn)[145]提出了基于模糊數(shù)據(jù)融合理論雷達(dá)網(wǎng)數(shù)據(jù)關(guān)聯(lián)算法,采用隸屬函數(shù)和模糊矩陣實(shí)現(xiàn)跟蹤過(guò)程中點(diǎn)跡和航跡的關(guān)聯(lián)配對(duì),在一定程度上抑制了雷達(dá)有源欺騙干擾;文獻(xiàn)[146]針對(duì)MIMO雷達(dá),根據(jù)正交二相編碼調(diào)制的雷達(dá)發(fā)射信號(hào),實(shí)時(shí)地對(duì)目標(biāo)回波圖像進(jìn)行恒虛警檢測(cè)及數(shù)據(jù)融合,較好地剔除了假目標(biāo)。文獻(xiàn)[147]通過(guò)雷達(dá)多目標(biāo)跟蹤、航跡關(guān)聯(lián)檢驗(yàn)和串行濾波融合等步驟研究了網(wǎng)絡(luò)化雷達(dá)多假目標(biāo)剔除;文獻(xiàn)[148,149]提出了分布式干擾條件下基于雷達(dá)量測(cè)模型的目標(biāo)跟蹤技術(shù),提高了雷達(dá)跟蹤航跡的連續(xù)性和穩(wěn)定性;文獻(xiàn)[150]針對(duì)自衛(wèi)式轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)虛假航跡,利用角度信息與判決融合有效剔除了航跡假目標(biāo)。
雖然國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者已經(jīng)展開了大量的研究,但是雷達(dá)信號(hào)處理及數(shù)據(jù)處理層面抗有源欺騙干擾方法研究仍任重而道遠(yuǎn),其工程化限制依然明顯。首先,現(xiàn)有算法對(duì)模型的要求過(guò)于苛刻,穩(wěn)健性不強(qiáng);其次,現(xiàn)有算法資源消耗巨大,難以實(shí)時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn);最后,相比于系統(tǒng)及體制層面抗干擾,信號(hào)處理層面引入的波形失真和數(shù)據(jù)處理層面引入的量測(cè)誤差均約束算法實(shí)際應(yīng)用。
Johnston最早在文獻(xiàn)[151]提出了單部雷達(dá)系統(tǒng)的抗干擾改善因子,即采取抗干擾措施前后的信干比的比值來(lái)進(jìn)行抗干擾效能評(píng)估。衡量抗干擾效能另一個(gè)重要的指標(biāo)是回波保真度,即采取抗干擾措施前后目標(biāo)回波信號(hào)失真和信息的損失。對(duì)于具有目標(biāo)跟蹤能力的雷達(dá),文獻(xiàn)[119]指出當(dāng)角度誤差大于雙向波束寬度或距離、多普勒誤差大于1.5倍波門寬度時(shí),目標(biāo)跟蹤將失效,該準(zhǔn)則亦可以應(yīng)用于抗干擾效能評(píng)估中。國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)抗干擾效能評(píng)估開展了少量研究,研究重心主要集中在以下兩點(diǎn)。
(1) 效能評(píng)估參數(shù)的選取。文獻(xiàn)[152,153]基于遵循完備性、合理性和獨(dú)立性的原則,從偵察能力、信號(hào)處理能力方面分析雷達(dá)的抗干擾效果,但該方法忽略了時(shí)效性;文獻(xiàn)[154~160]分別利用抗干擾品質(zhì)因數(shù)、雷達(dá)探測(cè)性能改善和干擾壓制系數(shù)等指標(biāo)評(píng)估雷達(dá)的抗干擾效能。現(xiàn)有方法主要從戰(zhàn)術(shù)應(yīng)用準(zhǔn)則、功率準(zhǔn)則、信息準(zhǔn)則、概率準(zhǔn)則和時(shí)間準(zhǔn)則等角度去評(píng)估雷達(dá)系統(tǒng)的抗干擾性能。然而這些參數(shù)只能從某個(gè)方面反映雷達(dá)的抗干擾性能,不具備完備性。一套良好的評(píng)估參數(shù)應(yīng)滿足完備性、簡(jiǎn)練性、獨(dú)立性和冗余度低等原則。
(2) 評(píng)估模型的建立,即確定各個(gè)評(píng)估指標(biāo)的貢獻(xiàn)度。文獻(xiàn)[152,161~165]分別采用模糊數(shù)學(xué)理論、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析法、證據(jù)理論和模糊綜合評(píng)估法建立評(píng)估模型。作為最近研究的熱點(diǎn),作者認(rèn)為數(shù)據(jù)挖掘技術(shù)的發(fā)展也將成為雷達(dá)系統(tǒng)抗干擾效能評(píng)估的重點(diǎn)方法。需要指出的是,現(xiàn)有的評(píng)估模型具有較強(qiáng)的主觀性,在實(shí)際場(chǎng)景下是否恰當(dāng)仍有待商榷?,F(xiàn)有的雷達(dá)抗干擾效能評(píng)估體系仍不完善。特別地,對(duì)雷達(dá)網(wǎng)抗干擾效能評(píng)估還需要進(jìn)一步研究。
本文對(duì)雷達(dá)抗有源干擾理論框架進(jìn)行了層次化的描述,詳細(xì)闡述了抗有源干擾所涉及的關(guān)鍵技術(shù),綜述了國(guó)內(nèi)外研究成果、存在的公開問(wèn)題及最新的相關(guān)理論。在現(xiàn)有研究成果的支撐下,仍有很多研究方向需要進(jìn)一步完善。(1) 抗復(fù)合式干擾:多種干擾方式并存,已逐漸成為現(xiàn)代雷達(dá)干擾的主要手段。由于復(fù)合式干擾方式比較復(fù)雜,手段和方法不斷更新,較多用于雷達(dá)ECM,但相應(yīng)的ECCM研究較少。(2) 多層面信息融合下的組網(wǎng)雷達(dá)抗干擾?,F(xiàn)有的方法多集中于改進(jìn)雷達(dá)網(wǎng)點(diǎn)跡層面信息融合算法,使其具有抗干擾性能。該抗干擾思路雖然具有一定的效果,但常常需要進(jìn)行大量的點(diǎn)跡、航跡關(guān)聯(lián),面臨計(jì)算復(fù)雜度爆炸。僅在點(diǎn)跡層面進(jìn)行信息融合并沒(méi)有利用雷達(dá)組網(wǎng)的優(yōu)勢(shì),作者所在團(tuán)隊(duì)通過(guò)改進(jìn)專家理論,從判決融合、信號(hào)融合及多層面聯(lián)合信息融合進(jìn)行了嘗試,取得了一定的效果。(3) 抗高密集轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)型假目標(biāo)干擾。對(duì)該類干擾的對(duì)抗手段鮮有公開報(bào)道。雖然已經(jīng)有少量文獻(xiàn)對(duì)低密度密集假目標(biāo)干擾進(jìn)行討論,但這些算法仍要求干擾與目標(biāo)回波在某個(gè)特定域具有一定的可分性。而對(duì)于多域重疊的高密度密集假目標(biāo)干擾反對(duì)抗問(wèn)題有待解決。綜上所述,作為電子對(duì)抗領(lǐng)域中最堅(jiān)固的盾,雷達(dá)抗有源干擾理論完善與工程實(shí)現(xiàn)均具有廣闊的前景。未來(lái)雷達(dá)工程師的研究思路需要從根據(jù)雷達(dá)體制設(shè)計(jì)抗干擾算法轉(zhuǎn)向由抗干擾技術(shù)和需求指導(dǎo)雷達(dá)設(shè)計(jì)。
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唐斌(1964-),男,博士,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:電子對(duì)抗技術(shù)與系統(tǒng)、雷達(dá)抗干擾技術(shù),E-mail:bint@uestc.edu.cn。
趙源(1991-),男,博士研究生,研究方向:組網(wǎng)雷達(dá)抗有源干擾技術(shù)。
蔡天一(1983-),男,博士后,研究方向:雷達(dá)導(dǎo)引頭突防與對(duì)抗技術(shù)。
冉智(1993-),男,碩士研究生,研究方向:雷達(dá)抗有源干擾技術(shù)。
唐娟(1989-),女,碩士研究生,研究方向:雷達(dá)有源欺騙干擾反對(duì)抗技術(shù)。
熊英(1967-),女,教授,研究方向:電子對(duì)抗技術(shù)與系統(tǒng)、雷達(dá)抗干擾技術(shù)等。
Advances and Perspectives in Radar ECCM Techniques of Active Jamming
Tang Bin, Zhao Yuan, Cai Tianyi, Ran Zhi, Tang Juan, Xiong Ying
(School of Electronic Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China)
Radar active jamming brings a huge challenge for radar target detection, tracking and identification. This makes the development of radar electronic counter-counter measurements(ECCM) against active jamming urgent. The ECCM techniques concern about every procedure of Radar. This paper reviews the ECCM techniques including system design, waveform design, antenna design, signal processing and data processing. The latest developments of relative algorithms are discussed, and several major problems as well as the existing obstacles in Radar ECCM are introduced. The performance evaluation methods and their shortage are also briefly introduced. The feasible solutions to overcome these obstacles are given accordingly. In the end, the perspective and application of radar ECCM against active jamming are proposed.
active blanket jamming; active deceptive jamming; radar ECCM
總裝預(yù)研基金和總裝預(yù)研項(xiàng)目資助項(xiàng)目。
2016-06-01;
2016-07-04
TN95
A