龔磊++周光軍

[上下文語境線索法（context）]

同學(xué)們在做詞義猜測題時，經(jīng)常會遇到有些猜測詞義的題目解題的依據(jù)在本段無法找到，要在上一自然段或下一自然段中才能找到。此類題目需要根據(jù)上下文語境選擇恰當(dāng)答案。我們可以根據(jù)文中的定義猜生詞，或利用上下文給出的同義詞或反義詞進(jìn)行判斷。

例1 （2016·全國卷丙卷）Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see， and often taste， a wide variety of apples. To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets， it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence， such as Decio which was grown by the Romans. Although it doesnt taste of anything special， its still worth a try， as is the knobbly（多疙瘩的） Cats Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else.

There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette， but youll need a warm， sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it， so its a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.

10. What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean？

A. A practical idea. B. A vain hope.

C. A brilliant plan. D. A selfish desire.

解析 B。根據(jù)But ... to grow it，說明Orleans Rainette這個品種對生長條件要求很高，產(chǎn)量自然很少，大部分的蘋果愛好者吃不到，所以是“空想”。

[根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系判斷（logical connection）]

在解答詞義猜測題時，我們還可以根據(jù)文中畫線詞與前后內(nèi)容的邏輯關(guān)系，如因果關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折對比關(guān)系等來判斷題目的答案。我們要特別注意表示邏輯關(guān)系的信號詞和短語，也可以借助畫線詞前后的標(biāo)點符號，如分號、破折號、引號等，確定前后之間的邏輯關(guān)系。

例2 （2015·浙江卷） In addition to being more in touch with the food shes eating， another joy comes from passing this knowledge and this desire for good food to her children： “Influencing them and telling them your opinion on not only being careful what we eat but understanding the bigger picture，” she said， “that if we dont take care of the earth， no one will.”

58. What is the “the bigger picture” （Para.6） that Loe wishes her children to understand？

A. The knowledge about good food.

B. The way to live a grow-our-own life.

C. The joy of getting in touch with foods.

D. The responsibility to protect our earth.

解析 D。后文中引號內(nèi)的內(nèi)容that if we dont take care of the earth， no one will. 便是對畫線詞語的解釋，意思是關(guān)注地球，保護(hù)地球是我們的責(zé)任。

[上下文的指代關(guān)系（reference）]

閱讀的時候我們可以根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行選擇。有時代詞指代的對象相隔較遠(yuǎn)，要認(rèn)真查找；有時需要對前面提到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，才能得出代詞所指代的事。

例3 （2016·全國卷丙卷）Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine. By the time the group got up to leave， it was pouring outside. Weltys new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab. Heading back downtown toward her hotel， her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi.

“My friends said：‘Now we believe your stories，” Welty added. “And I said： ‘Now you know. These are the people that make me write them.”

6. The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 6 refers to Weltys .

A. readers B. parties C. friends D. stories

解析 D。畫線的them指代前面提到的人或物，根據(jù)Now we believe your stories可知，them指代的是Welty的小說里的故事，聽了Welty和兩個陌生人的關(guān)密西西比的談話后，Welty的朋友相信其小說里的故事都是來源于生活的。

例4 （2016·全國卷甲卷） Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. Book Crossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place， hoping that the book will have an adventure， traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.

10. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to？

A. The book. B. An adventure.

C. A public place. D. The identification number.

解析 A。代詞指代題。根據(jù)本句... hoping that the book will have an adventure， traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it那些留下書的人希望自己的書能夠隨著找到它的人走得更遠(yuǎn)?？芍渲械膇t指代前半句提到的同一事物the book。

[構(gòu)詞法（word-formation）]

我們還可以利用詞根或相關(guān)構(gòu)詞法知識，如轉(zhuǎn)換、派生與合成等構(gòu)詞法規(guī)則猜測單詞或短語的意思。

例5 （2015·陜西卷D篇）Parents who help their children with homework may actually be bringing down their school grades. Other forms of parental involvement， including volunteering at school and observing a childs class， also fail to help， according to the most recent study on the topic.

58. The underlined expression “parental involvement” in Paragraph 1 probably means .

A. parents expectation on childrens health

B. parents participation in childrens education

C. parents control over childrens life

D. parents plan for childrens future

解析 B。本題考查詞義猜測。根據(jù)畫線部分前面的help their children with homework和后面的including volunteering at school and observing a childs class可知，畫線部分的意思應(yīng)為“父母參與到孩子的教育中”。而parental involvement這一短語本身則是由parental（父母的）和involvement（參與）兩詞得來。

[常識（common sense）]

最后，同學(xué)們還可以根據(jù)結(jié)合日常生活中的常識和相關(guān)的英美文化背景知識，充分想象，合理發(fā)揮，將畫線部分的真實含義推斷出來。

例6 （2016·浙江卷）And so our paying plan unfolded. My mother bought the beautiful basket and put it safely in some hiding place I couldnt find. Each week I eagerly counted my growing saving increased by extra work here and there （washing the car， helping my mother make dinner， delivering or collecting things on my bike that already looked naked without the basket in front）. And then， weeks later， I counted， re-counted and jumped for joy. Oh， happy day！ I made it！ I finally had the exact amount wed agreed upon ...

58. By using “naked” （Paragraph 12）， the author seems to stress that the basket was .

A. something she could afford

B. something important to her

C. something impossible to get

D. something she could do without

解析 B。根據(jù)第十二段的句子washing the car，helping my mother make dinner， delivering or collecting things on my bike that already looked naked without the basket in front可知作者覺得沒有這個籃子，自行車看起來光禿禿的。使用naked這個詞，說明這個籃子對她來說是重要的、不可或缺的東西。