馮武煥 ,呂 爽, 王 虎 ,朱永利 ,關(guān) 旭,于世鋒 ,張國龍
(1.西安市農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣中心,西安 710061;2.西安市農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全檢驗(yàn)監(jiān)測中心,西安 710077)
西安市菜田施肥現(xiàn)狀與土壤肥力狀況
馮武煥1,呂 爽1, 王 虎1,朱永利1,關(guān) 旭1,于世鋒2,張國龍1
(1.西安市農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣中心,西安 710061;2.西安市農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全檢驗(yàn)監(jiān)測中心,西安 710077)
為摸清西安市菜田施肥及土壤養(yǎng)分現(xiàn)狀, 按不同種植年限,調(diào)查了西安市8個(gè)涉農(nóng)區(qū)縣露地、大棚和日光溫室全部菜田(共422個(gè)樣本)肥料施用情況,并采集0~20 cm土樣進(jìn)行土壤養(yǎng)分、pH及鹽分分析。結(jié)果表明,露地蔬菜氮、磷、鉀肥平均用量分別為N 327.0 kg/hm2、P2O5186.0 kg/hm2、K2O 138.0 kg/hm2,氮、磷肥用量偏高,鉀肥用量適宜。大棚蔬菜氮、磷、鉀肥平均用量分別為N 868.5 kg/hm2、P2O5544.5 kg/hm2、K2O 496.5 kg/hm2,日光溫室蔬菜氮、磷、鉀肥平均用量分別為N 883.5 kg/hm2、P2O5684.0 kg/hm2、K2O 724.5 kg/hm2,設(shè)施蔬菜化肥用量嚴(yán)重超量,特別是磷肥最為嚴(yán)重。隨種植年限增長,露地蔬菜氮、磷、鉀肥施用量有明顯提高趨勢,而大棚與日光溫室蔬菜化肥施用量與種植年限長短關(guān)系不大;菜田有機(jī)質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)均屬于較低水平,應(yīng)加大有機(jī)肥投入;露地蔬菜土壤養(yǎng)分質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)適中,設(shè)施蔬菜土壤養(yǎng)分質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)屬于偏高水平,這與施肥現(xiàn)狀調(diào)查中設(shè)施蔬菜過量施用化肥的結(jié)果相一致;設(shè)施蔬菜土壤硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)超過露地蔬菜的2.2~2.3倍,鹽分質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)超過露地蔬菜的2.2~3.3倍,土壤硝酸鹽和鹽分累積十分明顯,對蔬菜生產(chǎn)已形成潛在不良影響。今后應(yīng)嚴(yán)格控制化肥的施用,通過測土配方施肥技術(shù)優(yōu)化施肥結(jié)構(gòu)、用量與比例,防止土壤次生鹽漬化等的發(fā)生。
設(shè)施蔬菜;施肥現(xiàn)狀;土壤養(yǎng)分;土壤鹽分
近年來,隨著都市型現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的迅猛發(fā)展,西安市農(nóng)業(yè)種植結(jié)構(gòu)不斷調(diào)整和優(yōu)化, 蔬菜生產(chǎn)已成為郊區(qū)農(nóng)民增收的重要支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),西安市菜田總面積2.9萬 hm2,全年蔬菜播種面積6萬hm2左右,總產(chǎn)250萬t左右。種植蔬菜種類主要為白菜、菠菜、甘藍(lán)、豇豆、大蒜、芹菜、黃瓜、番茄、辣椒等。土壤是蔬菜生產(chǎn)的基礎(chǔ),人類生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)也極其深刻地影響著菜田土壤肥力的維持和提高。
由于種植蔬菜效益較高,菜農(nóng)投入也大,蔬菜肥料用量遠(yuǎn)高于其生長需求量[1]。不合理的過量施肥方式不僅造成資源浪費(fèi),也降低蔬菜品質(zhì)、危害人體健康,同時(shí)對生態(tài)環(huán)境也是一種潛在威脅[2-5]。因此,全面了解西安市菜田施肥及土壤養(yǎng)分現(xiàn)狀,對蔬菜安全生產(chǎn), 保護(hù)人體健康和生態(tài)環(huán)境具有重要意義。
1.1 施肥調(diào)查與土壤取樣方法
2014年11月-2015年3月,陸續(xù)調(diào)查了西安市8個(gè)涉農(nóng)區(qū)縣的菜田化肥及有機(jī)肥施用現(xiàn)狀,其中露地種植調(diào)查樣本227個(gè),大棚種植調(diào)查樣本124個(gè),日光溫室調(diào)查樣本71個(gè),并按1~5 a、6~10 a、11~15 a、大于15 a 4個(gè)種植年限,對3種蔬菜種植模式化肥施用情況分別進(jìn)行調(diào)查。同時(shí),對所有調(diào)查樣本采集0~20 cm土樣進(jìn)行有機(jī)質(zhì)、堿解氮、有效磷、速效鉀、pH、鹽分和硝酸鹽等項(xiàng)目分析。
1.2 土壤測試方法
土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)、堿解氮、有效磷、速效鉀的測定均采用常規(guī)方法[6]。土壤鹽分用V(水)∶m(土)=5∶1的水土比,DDSJ-308A電導(dǎo)率儀測定( 直接用土壤浸出液的電導(dǎo)率來表示土壤水溶性鹽總量) , 硝酸鹽氮測定用(水土比5∶1) 1 mol/L氯化鉀溶液提取,UV-1601紫外可見分光光度計(jì)測定,土壤pH用(水土比2.5∶1) 酸度計(jì)測定。
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理與分析
采用Microsoft Excel 2007軟件對試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。
1.4 土壤鹽分和肥力分級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
根據(jù)所采土樣養(yǎng)分和鹽分測定值正態(tài)分布情況,依據(jù)作者多年來對西安市大田和菜田土壤養(yǎng)分狀況的研究和實(shí)踐,參考全國及有關(guān)省市對土壤養(yǎng)分分級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的研究資料[7],初步提出西安市菜田土壤鹽分和肥力分級參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(表1、表2)。
表1 菜田土壤鹽分分級參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
表2 菜田土壤養(yǎng)分質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分級參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
2.1 菜田化肥施用現(xiàn)狀與分析
調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示(表3),露地蔬菜氮肥施用量為N 0~1 363.5 kg/hm2,平均為N 327.0 kg/hm2;大棚蔬菜氮肥施用量為N 0~2 536.5 kg/hm2,平均為N 868.5 kg/hm2;日光溫室蔬菜氮肥施用量為N 0~2 599.5 kg/hm2,平均為N 883.5 kg/hm2。露地蔬菜氮肥施用量與全市大田作物氮肥平均施用量N 366.3 kg/hm2相當(dāng)[8],而大棚與日光溫室蔬菜氮肥施用量遠(yuǎn)高于露地蔬菜和大田作物,均是露地蔬菜的2.7倍。露地蔬菜隨種植年限增長,氮肥施用量有明顯提高趨勢,而大棚與日光溫室蔬菜氮肥施用量與種植年限長短關(guān)系不大。
露地蔬菜磷肥施用量為P2O50~1 230.0 kg/hm2,平均為P2O5186.0 kg/hm2;大棚蔬菜磷肥施用量為P2O50~2 706.0 kg/hm2,平均為P2O5544.5 kg/hm2;日光溫室蔬菜磷肥施用量為P2O50~2 455.5 kg/hm2,平均為P2O5684.0 kg/hm2。露地蔬菜磷肥施用量與全市大田作物磷肥平均施用量P2O5200.1 kg/hm2相當(dāng)[8],而大棚與日光溫室蔬菜磷肥施用量遠(yuǎn)高于露地蔬菜和大田作物,分別是露地蔬菜的2.9倍和3.7倍。露地蔬菜隨種植年限增長,磷肥施用量有明顯提高趨勢,而大棚與日光溫室蔬菜磷肥施用量與種植年限長短關(guān)系不大。
露地蔬菜鉀肥施用量為K2O 0~1 312.5 kg/hm2,平均為K2O 138.0 kg/hm2;大棚蔬菜鉀肥施用量為K2O 0~2 325.0 kg/hm2,平均為K2O 496.5 kg/hm2;日光溫室蔬菜鉀肥施用量為K2O 0~1 477.5 kg/hm2,平均為K2O 724.5 kg/hm2。露地蔬菜鉀肥施用量遠(yuǎn)高于全市大田作物鉀肥平均施用量K2O 34.1 kg/hm2[8],是大田作物鉀肥施用量的4.0倍。而大棚和日光溫室蔬菜鉀肥施用量遠(yuǎn)高于露地蔬菜,分別是露地蔬菜的3.6倍和5.3倍。露地蔬菜隨種植年限增長,鉀肥施用量有明顯提高趨勢,而大棚與日光溫室蔬菜鉀肥施用量與種植年限長短關(guān)系不大。
作物的施肥量及比例與作物種類、產(chǎn)量水平、土壤類型和肥力狀況等有關(guān)。上海市[9]提出露地蔬菜氮、磷、鉀建議施肥量分別為N 45~270 kg/hm2、P2O530~90 kg/hm2、K2O 0~105 kg/hm2。張福鎖等[10]提出露地蔬菜氮、磷、鉀建議施肥量分別為N 90~360 kg/hm2、P2O545~180 kg/hm2、K2O 90~450 kg/hm2。綜合參考上述資料可看出,西安市露地蔬菜氮肥施用量屬于偏高水平,種植年限短的菜田(1~5 a)氮肥用量要適當(dāng)控制,種植年限長的菜田(大于5 a)氮肥用量要較大幅度降低。露地蔬菜磷肥施用量屬于較高水平,對種植年限短的菜田要適當(dāng)控制磷肥用量,種植年限長的菜田要大幅度降低磷肥用量。露地蔬菜鉀肥施用量屬于中等偏下水平,對種植年限短的菜田可適當(dāng)提高鉀肥用量,對種植年限長的菜田要適當(dāng)控制鉀肥用量。
張福鎖等[10]提出設(shè)施蔬菜氮、磷、鉀建議施肥量分別為N 150~900 kg/hm2、P2O545~450 kg/hm2、K2O 300~960 kg/hm2;農(nóng)業(yè)部2013年春季主要作物科學(xué)施肥技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見,提出設(shè)施蔬菜氮、磷、鉀建議施肥量分別為N 225~570 kg/hm2、P2O5120~375 kg/hm2、K2O 300~675 kg/hm2。綜合上述資料可看出,西安市設(shè)施蔬菜氮肥用量屬于較高水平,生產(chǎn)中要較大幅度降低氮肥用量。磷肥用量屬于極高水平,生產(chǎn)中要大幅度降低磷肥用量。鉀肥用量屬于偏高水平,生產(chǎn)中要嚴(yán)格控制鉀肥用量。
2.2 菜田土壤鹽分、pH、硝酸鹽和肥力狀況
2.2.1 土壤有機(jī)質(zhì) 從表4可看出,露地蔬菜土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為 6.9~39.1 g/kg,平均為18.7 g/kg,從養(yǎng)分分級參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來看,高水平占4.4%,中水平占34.4%,低水平占61.2%;大棚蔬菜土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為7.6~36.9 g/kg,平均為 17.5 g/kg,高水平占2.4%,中水平占21.8%,低水平占75.8%;日光溫室蔬菜土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為8.4~44.7 g/kg,平均為17.9 g/kg,高水平占4.2%,中水平占28.2%,低水平占67.6%。3種種植模式土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)差異不大,比大田作物平均值16.6 g/kg略高[11],菜田有機(jī)質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)總體處于中等偏低水平。隨種植年限增長,日光溫室蔬菜土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)呈先升后降趨勢,露地和大棚蔬菜土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)有下降趨勢。
2.2.2 土壤堿解氮 從表4可看出,露地蔬菜土壤堿解氮質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為22.5~129.1 mg/kg,平均為73.1 mg/kg,從土壤養(yǎng)分分級參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來看,高肥力占18.5%,中肥力占56.4%,低肥力占25.1%;大棚蔬菜土壤堿解氮質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為24.1~127.4 mg/kg,平均為76.3 mg/kg,高肥力占23.4%,中肥力占58.9%,低肥力占17.7%;日光溫室蔬菜土壤堿解氮質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為33.2~127.7 mg/kg,平均為79.5 mg/kg,高肥力占31.0%,中肥力占46.5%,低肥力占22.5%;3種種植模式土壤堿解氮質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)差異不大,與大田作物(75.0 mg/kg)[11]相當(dāng),菜田土壤堿解氮質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)總體處于中等水平。隨種植年限增長,露地和大棚蔬菜土壤堿解氮質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)變化不大,但日光溫室土壤堿解氮質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)明顯提高(種植年限超過10 a),可能與日光溫室氮肥施用量過高有關(guān)。
2.2.3 土壤有效磷 從表4可看出,露地蔬菜土壤有效磷質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為9.8~165.1 mg/kg,平均為55.0 mg/kg,從土壤養(yǎng)分分級參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來看,高肥力占10.6%,中肥力占36.5%,低肥力占52.9%,土壤有效磷質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)屬于中等偏下水平;大棚蔬菜土壤有效磷質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為11.8~230.4 mg/kg,平均為78.1 mg/kg,高肥力占28.2%,中肥力占37.9%,低肥力占33.9%,土壤有效磷質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)屬于中等偏上水平;日光溫室蔬菜土壤有效磷質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為16.9~469.3 mg/kg,平均為161.3 mg/kg,高肥力占67.6%,中肥力占22.5%,低肥力占9.9%,土壤有效磷質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)屬于極高水平。菜田土壤有效磷質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)均遠(yuǎn)高于大田土壤平均值24.6 mg/kg[11],設(shè)施蔬菜土壤有效磷質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)處于較高水平,這一結(jié)果與施肥調(diào)查中設(shè)施蔬菜磷肥過量施用的結(jié)論相一致[12]。隨種植年限增長,露地蔬菜土壤有效磷質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)略有提高,大棚蔬菜土壤有效磷質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)有較大幅度提高,日光溫室蔬菜土壤有效磷質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)提高幅度非常大(種植年限超過10 a),說明設(shè)施蔬菜土壤有效磷累積隨種植年限增長十分明顯。
2.2.4 土壤速效鉀 從表4可看出,露地蔬菜土壤速效鉀質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為35.8~578.0 mg/kg,平均為207.8 mg/kg,從土壤養(yǎng)分分級參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來看,高肥力占45.8%,中肥力占25.6%,低肥力占28.6%,土壤速效鉀質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)屬于中等偏上水平;大棚蔬菜土壤速效鉀質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為30.8~484.8 mg/kg,平均為218.1 mg/kg,高肥力占60.5%,中肥力占20.2%,低肥力占19.3%,土壤速效鉀質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)屬于較高水平;日光溫室蔬菜土壤速效鉀質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為93.6~504.6 mg/kg,平均為274.9 mg/kg,高肥力占83.1%,中肥力占15.5%,低肥力占1.4%,土壤速效鉀質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)屬于高水平;露地、大棚、日光溫室蔬菜土壤速效鉀質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)均高于大田土壤179 mg/kg[11],設(shè)施蔬菜土壤速效鉀質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)處于較高水平,這與施肥調(diào)查中設(shè)施蔬菜過量施用鉀肥的結(jié)論相一致。隨種植年限增長,日光溫室蔬菜土壤速效鉀質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)呈增加趨勢,大棚蔬菜土壤速效鉀質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)變化不明顯,露地蔬菜土壤速效鉀質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)呈下降趨勢。
2.2.5 土壤硝酸鹽、鹽分和pH 從表4可看出,露地蔬菜土壤硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為0.0~190.1 mg/kg,平均為24.4 mg/kg,大棚蔬菜土壤硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為3.6~188.6 mg/kg,平均為55.4 mg/kg,日光溫室蔬菜土壤硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為1.9~161.1 mg/kg,平均為54.8 mg/kg。大棚和日光溫室土壤硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別是露地的2.3倍和2.2倍,說明設(shè)施蔬菜土壤硝酸鹽的累積十分明顯,這與設(shè)施蔬菜過量施用氮肥的調(diào)查結(jié)果相一致。隨種植年限增長,露地蔬菜土壤硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)呈先升后降變化,設(shè)施蔬菜總體呈下降趨勢,與魏迎春等[13]設(shè)施蔬菜土壤硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)隨種植年限增長呈顯著增加的研究結(jié)果不一致。
露地蔬菜土壤電導(dǎo)率為26.6~537.0 μS/cm,平均為128.9 μS/cm;大棚蔬菜土壤電導(dǎo)率為25.2~1 090.0 μS/cm,平均為255.7 μS/cm;日光溫室蔬菜土壤電導(dǎo)率為11.9~1 510.9 μS/cm,平均為422.5 μS/cm。露地蔬菜土壤電導(dǎo)率與全市大田土壤電導(dǎo)率143.0 μS/cm相當(dāng),大棚和日光溫室蔬菜土壤電導(dǎo)率分別是露地蔬菜土壤的2.0倍和3.3倍,說明設(shè)施蔬菜土壤鹽分累積十分明顯。隨種植年限增長,露地蔬菜土壤電導(dǎo)率基本沒有變化,大棚和日光溫室蔬菜土壤電導(dǎo)率前期(1~5 a)比露地蔬菜大幅度提高,隨后呈逐年下降趨勢,這與王輝等[14]、曾希柏等[15]的研究結(jié)果一致。
露地蔬菜土壤pH為5.8~8.7,平均為8.0;大棚蔬菜土壤pH為6.4~8.7,平均為8.0;日光溫室蔬菜土壤pH為6.7~8.9,平均為8.1。日光溫室和大棚蔬菜土壤pH與露地蔬菜沒有明顯區(qū)別,且比全市大田土壤pH 7.8略高,這與多數(shù)研究結(jié)果種植設(shè)施蔬菜后土壤pH降低的結(jié)論不一致[12,16-18 ]。隨著種植年限的增長,露地、大棚和日光溫室蔬菜土壤pH均呈先降而后升的變化,這與曾希柏等[15]研究結(jié)果有相似之處。
土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)是衡量土壤肥力高低的重要指標(biāo)之一。據(jù)調(diào)查,西安市菜田施用的有機(jī)肥主要為優(yōu)質(zhì)雞糞,其次為牛糞、豬糞、農(nóng)家肥等,露地菜田一般施用農(nóng)家肥22.5~50.0 t或優(yōu)質(zhì)雞糞7.5~37.5 t,設(shè)施菜田一般施用優(yōu)質(zhì)雞糞15.0~75.0 t,配合施用商品有機(jī)肥0.75~6.0 t,總體看,有機(jī)肥用量偏低。西安市所有菜田有機(jī)質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)均屬于較低水平,這與菜田有機(jī)肥投入不足的調(diào)查結(jié)果相一致。陳倫壽等[19]提出,理想菜田的土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)應(yīng)在30 g/kg以上,對比之下西安市所有菜田有機(jī)質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)偏低,生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)加大有機(jī)肥的投入。
西安市當(dāng)前菜田特別是設(shè)施蔬菜化肥施用嚴(yán)重超量,這不僅未達(dá)到增產(chǎn)的目的,而且造成嚴(yán)重的化肥資源浪費(fèi),更為嚴(yán)重的是帶來一系列環(huán)境問題。一是土壤硝酸鹽嚴(yán)重累積。設(shè)施蔬菜耕層土壤硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)超過露地蔬菜的2.2~2.3倍,且硝酸鹽有明顯向下遷移的趨勢[12],這勢必導(dǎo)致蔬菜產(chǎn)品和淺層地下水中硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)提高[20-21],對人體健康帶來潛在不良影響;二是土壤鹽分嚴(yán)重累積。設(shè)施蔬菜土壤鹽分質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)超過露地的2.0~3.3倍,特別是日光溫室蔬菜土壤鹽分質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)平均值已接近作物生長障礙臨界點(diǎn)500 μS/cm[22],設(shè)施蔬菜中超過該臨界點(diǎn)的土壤樣點(diǎn)占總樣本的比例達(dá)7.6 %,說明設(shè)施蔬菜土壤次生鹽漬化現(xiàn)象十分明顯,對蔬菜生產(chǎn)已形成潛在威脅。
西安市菜田化肥施用由最初的單質(zhì)肥料到后來的二元、三元復(fù)合肥再演變到現(xiàn)在的大、中、微量元素多元復(fù)合肥,施肥現(xiàn)狀調(diào)查及土壤養(yǎng)分狀況分析均表明,由于多元復(fù)合肥養(yǎng)分質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)固定,生產(chǎn)中菜農(nóng)根據(jù)作物需求對養(yǎng)分不足的補(bǔ)充較少,因此,過量施用化肥及化肥施用結(jié)構(gòu)、比例不協(xié)調(diào),是蔬菜生產(chǎn)中存在的主要問題。鑒于此,在蔬菜生產(chǎn)中,要針對每個(gè)田塊的實(shí)際進(jìn)行測土配方施肥,根據(jù)土壤養(yǎng)分狀況分類指導(dǎo)肥料的施用,達(dá)到嚴(yán)格控制化肥用量并使化肥施用結(jié)構(gòu)與比例相協(xié)調(diào)的目的,從而杜絕化肥的濫施濫用問題。
4.1 西安市露地蔬菜氮、磷肥用量偏高,鉀肥用量適宜,化肥用量隨種植年限增長顯著增加。土壤氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)適中,隨種植年限增長養(yǎng)分質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)變化不明顯??偟膩砜?,種植年限短的露地菜田(少于5 a),氮、磷肥用量要適當(dāng)控制,可適當(dāng)提高鉀肥用量,對種植年限長的露地菜田(多于5 a),氮、磷肥用量要大幅度降低,適當(dāng)控制鉀肥用量;設(shè)施蔬菜化肥超量施用現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重,化肥用量與種植年限長短關(guān)系不大。土壤氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)屬于偏高水平,隨種植年限增長養(yǎng)分質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)呈顯著增加趨勢。總的來看,設(shè)施蔬菜要大幅度降低氮、磷肥用量特別是磷肥用量,嚴(yán)格控制鉀肥用量。通過測土配方施肥技術(shù)優(yōu)化菜田施肥結(jié)構(gòu)、用量與比例,從而防止盲目施肥帶來的肥料浪費(fèi)和生態(tài)環(huán)境污染問題。
4.2 菜田有機(jī)質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)偏低,必須通過增施有機(jī)肥等措施培肥地力,從而提高菜田綜合生產(chǎn)能力。
4.3 設(shè)施蔬菜與露地菜田相比,土壤硝酸鹽、鹽分質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)累積十分明顯,對蔬菜生產(chǎn)已形成潛在威脅,必須通過控制化肥用量、優(yōu)化施肥結(jié)構(gòu)、灌水洗鹽、深翻土壤及實(shí)行輪作等措施加以防控。
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(責(zé)任編輯:潘學(xué)燕 Responsible editor:PAN Xueyan)
Fertilizers Application and Nutrient Status of Soil in the Vegetable Field of Xi’an City
FENG Wuhuan1,Lü Shuang1, WANG Hu1, ZHU Yongli1, GUAN Xu1, YU Shifeng2and ZHANG Guolong1
(1.Xi’an Agricultural Technology Extension Centre,Xi’an 710061, China; 2.Xi’an Agricultural Product Quality Test Center, Xi’an 710077, China)
The fertilizer application in open field, plastic tunnel and greenhouse vegetable production in eight agricultural counties of Xi’an city was surveyed. The nutrients mass fractions, pH and soluble salts in top soil (0-20 cm) with different growing years were determined, in order to clarify the fertilizer application and soil nutrient status in Xi’an vegetable fields. The results showed that the average fertilizer application was N 327.0 kg/hm2, P2O5186.0 kg/hm2and K2O 138.0 kg/hm2in open field, N 868.5 kg/hm2, P2O5544.5 kg/hm2and K2O 496.5 kg/hm2in plastic tunnel, and N 883.5 kg/hm2, P2O5684.0 kg/hm2and K2O 724.5 kg/hm2in greenhouse, respectively. Excessive nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and feasible amount of potassium fertilizer were used in open field. Excessive fertilizers, especially the phosphates was used in plastic tunnel and greenhouse. The application of three main fertilizers increased greatly with the increasing of planting years in open field. However, there is little correlation between the planting years and the amounts of fertilizer application in plastic tunnel and greenhouse. The mass fraction of organic matter in vegetable field was at lower level. It is urgent to increase organic fertilizer to maintain the healthy development of vegetable production. The nutrient mass fraction in open field soil is moderate, but in plastic tunnel and greenhouse soil is higher, which are in agreement with the survey results of fertilizer application in local vegetable production. The nitrate mass fraction in plastic tunnel and greenhouse soil is 2.2-2.3 fold and salt mass fraction 2.2-3.3 fold compared to the open-field soil. The obvious accumulation of salt and nitrate in soil is threatening vegetable production. It is suggested that fertilizer application in vegetable production should be strictly controlled and follow soil testing and fertilizer recommendation technology to optimize fertilization constitution and amounts, and coordinate the N-P2O5-K2O ratio to prevent soil secondary salinization.
Greenhouse vegetable; Fertilizers application; Soil nutrient; Soil soluble salts
FENG Wuhuan, male, professor. Research area:agricultural environment protection.E-mail:fwh20136@126.com
Lü Shuang,female,Ph.D.Research area:soil and fertilizer.E-mail:gracelv79@163.com
2016-04-15
2016-05-25
西安市農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)研發(fā)項(xiàng)目(NC1402)。
馮武煥,男,推廣研究員,主要從事農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境保護(hù)研究。E-mail:fwh20136@126.com
呂 爽,女,博士,主要從事土壤肥料研究。E-mail:gracelv79@163.com
日期:2016-12-12
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1220.S.20161212.1117.040.html
S146
A
1004-1389(2016)12-1876-08
Received 2016-04-15 Returned 2016-05-25
Foundation item Research and Development Item of Xi’an Agricultural Technology(No.NC1402).