張京京, 管 博, 范家誠, 李正炎,2??
(1.中國海洋大學(xué)環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,山東 青島 266100;2.中國海洋大學(xué)海洋環(huán)境與生態(tài)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,山東 青島 266100)
中國近海環(huán)境中三丁基錫水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)推導(dǎo)與生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)初步評價(jià)?
張京京1, 管 博1, 范家誠1, 李正炎1,2??
(1.中國海洋大學(xué)環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,山東 青島 266100;2.中國海洋大學(xué)海洋環(huán)境與生態(tài)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,山東 青島 266100)
中國近海環(huán)境中三丁基錫化合物(TBT)的廣泛使用對海洋生物產(chǎn)生了一定危害,但中國目前還沒有建立相關(guān)的水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)或標(biāo)準(zhǔn),妨礙了該污染物的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價(jià)。本文根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)篩選得到的59種生物的急性毒性數(shù)據(jù)和29種生物的慢性毒性數(shù)據(jù),采用物種敏感性分布模型推導(dǎo)了中國TBT的海水水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn),在此基礎(chǔ)上,應(yīng)用商值法和概率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價(jià)法對中國沿海地區(qū)水體中的TBT進(jìn)行了初步生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價(jià)。結(jié)果表明,中國近海環(huán)境中TBT的急性和慢性水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)分別為0.137和0.006μg/L;兩種評價(jià)方法結(jié)果均表明中國近海水體存在一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并且慢性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于急性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此中國近海環(huán)境中TBT的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)需要進(jìn)一步關(guān)注。
三丁基錫;水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn);物種敏感度分布法;生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價(jià);沿海水體
1960年代以來,有機(jī)錫被廣泛應(yīng)用于海洋船舶防污涂料、PVC穩(wěn)定劑、催化劑、防腐劑和殺蟲劑。有機(jī)錫是迄今為止引入海洋環(huán)境中毒性最大的化合物之一,其中三丁基錫化合物(Tributyltin,TBT)在有機(jī)錫化合物中毒性最大。TBT對海洋中多種生物有著長期有效的殺生效果,同時(shí)也對各種非目標(biāo)生物產(chǎn)生毒害作用[1]。研究表明,1 ng/L的TBT可導(dǎo)致海產(chǎn)腹足類發(fā)生性畸變,2 ng/L的TBT會抑制太平洋牡蠣(Crassostreagigas)的鈣代謝,而當(dāng)TBT濃度達(dá)到300 ng/D時(shí),可對多數(shù)水生生物產(chǎn)生明顯的內(nèi)分泌毒性效應(yīng)[2-4]。TBT具有脂溶性,易在生物體內(nèi)富集,其在藍(lán)貝(Mytilussp.)體內(nèi)的生物富集系數(shù)可高達(dá)100 000[5-6]。作為一種內(nèi)分泌干擾物,TBT會干擾水生生物體內(nèi)性激素的產(chǎn)生、釋放、代謝、排泄等過程,進(jìn)而影響生物的生殖功能[7]。因此,研究TBT在中國沿海水體中的分布并對其進(jìn)行生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價(jià)是很有必要的。
美國環(huán)境保護(hù)署(U.S Environmental Protection Agency)將生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價(jià)(Ecological Risk Assessment, ERA)定義為“評估由于一種或多種外界因素導(dǎo)致可能發(fā)生或正在發(fā)生的不利生態(tài)影響的過程”[8]。目前,用于生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估的方法主要有商值法和概率生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估法。2003年,歐盟委員會頒布了《風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價(jià)技術(shù)導(dǎo)則》(Technical Guidance Document on Risk Assessment, TGD),該導(dǎo)則詳細(xì)介紹了推導(dǎo)污染物水環(huán)境質(zhì)量基準(zhǔn)(WQC)即預(yù)測無效應(yīng)濃度值(Predicted NoEffect Concentration, PNEC)的方法和應(yīng)用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)商(Risk Quotient, RQ)對生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行表征的方法[9]。商值法是目前國際上應(yīng)用最為廣泛的確定性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估方法[10],是一種“點(diǎn)估計(jì)”方法。概率生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估(PERA)可以將風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價(jià)結(jié)論以連續(xù)分布曲線的形式得出,綜合考慮暴露濃度和效應(yīng)濃度的變異性和不確定性,對污染的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)作出整體評價(jià)[11],包括聯(lián)合概率曲線法及概率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)商等方法。
風(fēng)險(xiǎn)商為預(yù)測環(huán)境濃度值(Predicted Environmental Concentration, PEC)與PNEC的比值(RQ=PEC/PNEC),其中的PEC可以通過模型預(yù)測或者實(shí)地監(jiān)測得到,而PNEC可以通過兩種方法計(jì)算得到,即物種敏感度分布法(Species Sensitivity Distribution, SSD)和評價(jià)因子法(Assessment Factor, AF)[12]。SSD法是美國和歐洲1970年代發(fā)展起來的用于評估生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的方法[13]。在理論上,SSD法認(rèn)為生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的不同物種由于生理或地域等特征的不同而對同一劑量的同一污染物有著不同的劑量-效應(yīng)關(guān)系,即不同的物種對同一污染物存在著敏感性差異,而這些敏感性差異遵循某種概率分布(物種敏感性分布)。將不同物種對某種污染物的敏感性分布進(jìn)行函數(shù)擬合,通過計(jì)算即可求得能夠保護(hù)一定百分比物種的污染物濃度,進(jìn)而推算出基準(zhǔn)閾值[14-15]。評價(jià)因子法比較簡單,但該方法不能充分利用所收集的數(shù)據(jù),推導(dǎo)出的結(jié)果容易產(chǎn)生偏差,存在很大的不確定性,因此一般在毒性數(shù)據(jù)量較少不能滿足物種敏感性分布法時(shí)使用。
水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)(Water Quality Criteria, WQC)是水環(huán)境質(zhì)量基準(zhǔn)的簡稱,指水體中各物質(zhì)成分對水環(huán)境中的特定對象(水生生物或人)不產(chǎn)生有害效應(yīng)的最大濃度或劑量[16]。美國制定的水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)是雙值基準(zhǔn),包括基準(zhǔn)最大濃度(CriteriaMaximum Concentration, CMC)和基準(zhǔn)連續(xù)濃度(Criteria Continuous Concentration, CCC)。其中,基準(zhǔn)最大濃度考慮的是短期內(nèi)的急性毒性效應(yīng),而基準(zhǔn)連續(xù)濃度考慮的則是長期的慢性毒性效應(yīng)。雙值基準(zhǔn)在某些情況下(例如短期暴露)允許水生生物體內(nèi)污染物的含量超過基準(zhǔn)連續(xù)濃度但又不對該生物體產(chǎn)生不可接受的影響,從而避免“過保護(hù)”的問題,因此,雙值水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)被越來越多的人采用[17-18]。國外一些發(fā)達(dá)國家在幾十年前就已經(jīng)展開了水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)研究工作,并且形成了較為系統(tǒng)的水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)研究體系,而中國的水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)研究工作開始較晚[19]。近幾年中國一些研究者開始了水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估研究工作,并取得了一些成果[20-23]。
到目前為止,美國和加拿大等國家已經(jīng)制定了TBT海水水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)[24-25],而我國還沒有發(fā)布水體中TBT基準(zhǔn)或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的相關(guān)文件,有關(guān)TBT水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)的研究報(bào)道也很少,穆景利等[26]雖然通過SSD法推導(dǎo)出了我國海水水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)高值和水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)低值,但其選用的毒性數(shù)據(jù)涵蓋了淡水物種的毒性數(shù)據(jù)。美國環(huán)保署規(guī)定淡水生物的毒性數(shù)據(jù)不能用于推導(dǎo)海水水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)[27]。筆者認(rèn)為這樣推導(dǎo)出的水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)不適用于海水環(huán)境。因此,本文選取海水物種毒性數(shù)據(jù),通過SSD模型推導(dǎo)我國的TBT海水水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn),并在此基礎(chǔ)上分別用商值法和概率生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估法對我國近海環(huán)境中的TBT進(jìn)行生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價(jià)。
1.1 毒性數(shù)據(jù)的篩選
本文所采用的毒性數(shù)據(jù)來源于美國環(huán)保署ECOTOX毒性數(shù)據(jù)庫(http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/)、中國知網(wǎng)(http:// www.cnki.net/)和相關(guān)公開文獻(xiàn)。對毒性數(shù)據(jù)的篩選主要考慮了其可靠性、精確性和適當(dāng)性原則[28]。為保證所建立的水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)符合中國海水生物區(qū)系特征,本文所選物種均廣泛分布于中國沿海,包括本地物種和已經(jīng)在中國成功養(yǎng)殖并廣泛分布的物種。在所選用的數(shù)據(jù)中,用于毒性試驗(yàn)所使用的TBT化合物主要是三丁基氯化錫(TBTCl)和三丁基氧化錫(TBTO)。
在急性毒性數(shù)據(jù)獲取中,無脊椎動(dòng)物選取的指標(biāo)為48 h LC50或EC50(半數(shù)致死濃度或半數(shù)效應(yīng)濃度),而脊椎動(dòng)物和藻類選取的指標(biāo)為96 h LC50或EC50,在沒有符合條件的情況下再選擇其他時(shí)間的毒性終點(diǎn),但均不超過96 h。在慢性毒性數(shù)據(jù)獲取中,選取的脊椎動(dòng)物、無脊椎動(dòng)物和藻類的暴露時(shí)間分別為≥14、≥7和≥3 d,慢性毒性數(shù)據(jù)的終點(diǎn)是生長或繁殖的NOEC(無觀察效應(yīng)濃度),如果沒有可用的NOEC則用 1/2LOEC(最低可觀察效應(yīng)濃度)代替,當(dāng)對同一物種有多個(gè)可供選擇的毒理數(shù)據(jù)時(shí),則選擇暴露時(shí)間最長的 NOEC。對于同一物種、同一暴露時(shí)間和同一暴露終點(diǎn)的不同毒理數(shù)據(jù)則選擇這些數(shù)據(jù)的幾何均值。
1.2 SSD模型的擬合
SSD法是以不同生物的毒性數(shù)據(jù)(LC50/EC50/NOEC等)的對數(shù)值為橫坐標(biāo),以每個(gè)數(shù)值的累積概率為縱坐標(biāo)做散點(diǎn)圖,然后選擇一個(gè)曲線模型對其進(jìn)行擬合即得到SSD曲線[29]??捎玫那€模型有l(wèi)og-triangular、log-normal和log-logistic等,本文選用的是應(yīng)用范圍較廣的log-normal分布模型,因?yàn)樵谠撃P椭忻總€(gè)毒性數(shù)據(jù)都參與基準(zhǔn)值的定值,在某種程度上減輕了個(gè)別異常低值對最后水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)定值的影響[26]。本文利用荷蘭公共健康和環(huán)境研究所研發(fā)的ETX 2.0軟件對篩選的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理[30]。應(yīng)用Anderson-Darling檢驗(yàn)(A-D檢驗(yàn))和Kolmogorov-Sminov 檢驗(yàn)( K-S檢驗(yàn))對經(jīng)對數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換的毒性數(shù)據(jù)的正態(tài)分布擬合度進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。根據(jù)得到的SSD曲線來估計(jì)該污染物的危害濃度(Hazardous Concentriation, HCp)。HCp表示在此濃度下,生境中p%的生物會受到影響,而(100-p)%的生物是相對安全的[13,31],通常,危害濃度值選取HC5。根據(jù)歐盟委員會頒布的《風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價(jià)技術(shù)導(dǎo)則》(TGD),水體的PNEC可以通過下面的公式計(jì)算得到:
PNEC= HC5/AF。
其中AF為評價(jià)因子,反映數(shù)據(jù)的不確定性,其取值范圍為1~5[9]。本文根據(jù)所選物種的代表性、數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量及模型的擬合度將急性數(shù)據(jù)和慢性數(shù)據(jù)的AF均選為2。
1.3 生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價(jià)
1.3.1 商值法 本文首先利用商值法(RQ=PEC/PNEC)對水體中的TBT進(jìn)行生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估。由于我國沿海水體中TBT的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)不足,本文選用中國沿海水體中TBT的實(shí)測濃度(Measured Environmental Concentration, MEC)取代PEC進(jìn)行生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價(jià)。某一區(qū)域的急性和慢性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)商分別利用該區(qū)域TBT濃度的最高值和平均值計(jì)算得到。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等級的劃分依據(jù)為:當(dāng)RQ<0.1時(shí),表明水環(huán)境處于低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)狀;當(dāng)0.1≤RQ≤1時(shí),表明水環(huán)境處于中度風(fēng)險(xiǎn)狀態(tài);當(dāng)RQ>1時(shí),表明水環(huán)境處于高度風(fēng)險(xiǎn)狀態(tài)[32-33]。
1.3.2 概率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價(jià)法 概率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價(jià)法通過分析暴露濃度與毒性數(shù)據(jù)的概率分布曲線,考察污染物對生物的毒害程度,從而確定污染物對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。本文選用聯(lián)合概率曲線法用ETX 2.0軟件以污染物暴露濃度的累積函數(shù)為橫坐標(biāo),以受影響物種的比例為縱坐標(biāo)作圖[22]。由聯(lián)合概率曲線與橫坐標(biāo)軸之間的面積來表征污染物的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),該面積可用ETX2.0軟件計(jì)算。由TBT的急性毒性數(shù)據(jù)和各個(gè)區(qū)域TBT暴露濃度的最大值得出急性聯(lián)合概率曲線,由TBT的慢性毒性數(shù)據(jù)和各個(gè)區(qū)域TBT暴露濃度的平均值得出慢性聯(lián)合概率曲線。
2.1 TBT毒性數(shù)據(jù)
篩選出的TBT急性毒性數(shù)據(jù)涵蓋藻類、輪蟲、環(huán)節(jié)、節(jié)肢、棘皮、軟體和脊索等七大生物門類的59種生物(見表1)。急性毒性最大值出現(xiàn)在硅藻門下的丹麥細(xì)柱藻,為122μg/L,最小值出現(xiàn)在節(jié)肢動(dòng)物門下的糠蝦,為0.374μg/L。慢性毒性數(shù)據(jù)涵蓋藻類、節(jié)肢、輪蟲、軟體、棘皮和脊索等六大門類的29種生物(見表2)。慢性毒性最大值也出現(xiàn)在硅藻門下的丹麥細(xì)柱藻,為100μg/L,最小值出現(xiàn)在節(jié)肢動(dòng)物門下的湯氏紡錘水蚤,為0.009μg/L。沒被采用的數(shù)據(jù)未列出。
2.2 TBT的海水水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)
應(yīng)用log-normal模型將表1和表2中的毒性數(shù)據(jù)擬合成SSD曲線,急性毒性數(shù)據(jù)和慢性毒性數(shù)據(jù)的SSD曲線分別對應(yīng)圖1和圖2。根據(jù)SSD曲線可推導(dǎo)出TBT急、慢性毒性終點(diǎn)的HC5分別為0.273和0.011μg/L,對應(yīng)的95%置信區(qū)間分別為0.157~0.426μg/L和0.003~0.027μg/L。根據(jù)HC5和評價(jià)因子可以得到海水中TBT的急性水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)和慢性水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)分別為0.137和0.006μg/L。
表1 三丁基錫對海水生物的急性毒性數(shù)據(jù)
續(xù)表1
門類Phylum物種俗名Speciescommonname物種拉丁名Speciesscientificname種平均急性毒性/μg·L-1Speciesmeantoxicityvalue數(shù)據(jù)來源Datesource硅藻門瑪氏骨條藻Skeletonemamarinoi3.16[36]硅藻門丹麥細(xì)柱藻Leptocylindrusdanicus122[36]黃藻門赤潮異灣藻Heterosigmaakashiwo1.57[36]棘皮動(dòng)物門長海膽Echinometramathaei1.60[37]棘皮動(dòng)物門馬糞海膽Hemicentrotuspulcherrimus2.02[26]棘皮動(dòng)物門大連黃海膽Glyptocidariscrenularis14.2[38]輪蟲動(dòng)物門褶皺臂尾輪蟲Brachionusplicatilis12.8[39?40]環(huán)節(jié)動(dòng)物門海蚯蚓Arenicolacristata3.94[41]環(huán)節(jié)動(dòng)物門沙蠶Neanthesarenaceodentata6.46[42]環(huán)節(jié)動(dòng)物門沙蠶Armandiabrevis22.3[43]節(jié)肢動(dòng)物門豐年蟲Artemiasalina0.037[44]節(jié)肢動(dòng)物門糠蝦Acanthomysissculpta0.374[45]節(jié)肢動(dòng)物門火腿許水蚤Schmackeriapoplesia0.398[46]節(jié)肢動(dòng)物門日本虎斑猛水蚤Tigriopusjaponicus0.535[26,47?48]節(jié)肢動(dòng)物門湯氏紡錘水蚤Acartiatonsa0.948[35,49?50]節(jié)肢動(dòng)物門圓腮麥桿蟲CaprellapenantisR?thpe1.07[51]節(jié)肢動(dòng)物門黑褐新糠蝦Neomysisawatschensis1.45[26]節(jié)肢動(dòng)物門糠蝦Americamysisbahia1.51[52]節(jié)肢動(dòng)物門中華哲水蚤Calanussinicus1.59[53]節(jié)肢動(dòng)物門真寬水蚤Eurytemoraaffinis1.76[49,54]節(jié)肢動(dòng)物門糠蝦Metamysidopsiselongata3.02[42]節(jié)肢動(dòng)物門草蝦Palaemonetessp.3.86[55]節(jié)肢動(dòng)物門七足長腕蝦Heptacarpusfutilirostris5.00[56]節(jié)肢動(dòng)物門長腮麥稈蟲Caprellaequilibra5.88[51]節(jié)肢動(dòng)物門鉤蝦Gammarussp.11.1[49]節(jié)肢動(dòng)物門日本囊對蝦Marsupenaeusjaponicus14.9[56]節(jié)肢動(dòng)物門草蝦Palaemonetespugio19.0[57]節(jié)肢動(dòng)物門泥蟹Rhithropanopeusharrisii33.1[58]節(jié)肢動(dòng)物門濱蟹Hemigrapsusnudus78.9[59]軟體動(dòng)物門紫貽貝Mytilusedulis0.619[60]軟體動(dòng)物門扁蛤Mercenariamercenaria1.47[61]軟體動(dòng)物門紅樹牡蠣Isognomoncalifornicum2.01[37]軟體動(dòng)物門美洲巨蠣Crassostreavirginica3.53[61]軟體動(dòng)物門骨螺T.cluvigeru4.99[62]軟體動(dòng)物門方斑東風(fēng)螺幼體Babyloniaareolata15.1[63]脊索動(dòng)物門黑鯛Sparusmacrocephalus0.900[26]脊索動(dòng)物門太平洋鯡魚Brevoortiatyrannus4.32[64]脊索動(dòng)物門星斑川鰈Plarichthysstellatus9.00[49]脊索動(dòng)物門鲯鰍Coryphaenahippurus14.9[65]脊索動(dòng)物門乳色阿匍鰕虎魚Acanthogobiuslactipes17.5[26]脊索動(dòng)物門紅鰭笛鯛Lutjanuserythopterus17.8[66]脊索動(dòng)物門紅鱸Cyprinodonvariegatus23.1[49]
注:表中所列均為換算成TBT以后的濃度值。
Note: The toxicity values were given as TBT content.
表2 三丁基錫對海水生物的慢性毒性數(shù)據(jù)
注:表中所列均為換算成TBT以后的濃度值。
Note: The toxicity values were given as TBT content.
表3對不同國家的TBT海水水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行了比較,本文研究所得的海水TBT慢性基準(zhǔn)值與美國慢性基準(zhǔn)值相當(dāng),急性基準(zhǔn)值約為美國急性基準(zhǔn)值的二分之一。產(chǎn)生這種差異的原因可能有以下兩個(gè)方面:一方面,美國在推導(dǎo)急性水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)時(shí)沒有考慮藻類的毒性數(shù)據(jù);另一方面,中國和美國生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的生物存在地域性差異,因而會引起物種敏感性的不同,從而導(dǎo)致生物對TBT毒性效應(yīng)的反應(yīng)程度不同。本研究推導(dǎo)出的TBT慢性基準(zhǔn)值比加拿大公布的TBT慢性基準(zhǔn)值高很多,原因主要是兩者采用的推導(dǎo)方法不同。加拿大的推導(dǎo)方法為評價(jià)因子法,其水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)由最敏感物種的毒性效應(yīng)值除以評價(jià)因子10得到,該方法得出的基準(zhǔn)值主要取決于最敏感物種的毒性值,結(jié)果有很大的不確定性。本文則采用物種敏感度分布法,得出的結(jié)果更具有說服力。
圖1 TBT 的海水急性物種敏感性分布曲線
/μg·L-1
Note:①China;②Ainerica;③Canada
圖2 TBT 的海水慢性物種敏感性分布曲線
2.3 中國沿海水體中TBT的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價(jià)結(jié)果
本研究從已發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)及相關(guān)資料中搜集到中國沿海水體中TBT的環(huán)境暴露水平,其濃度范圍從低于檢測限至8.73μg/L不等,其中最高值出現(xiàn)在廣東惠陽港。各研究區(qū)域的具體位置以及TBT的濃度范圍和平均值見表4。
表4 中國沿海水體三丁基錫的濃度分布
注:“nd”表示低于檢測限?!皀d”means not been detected
①Jiaozhou Bay; ②Begau Bay; ③Shanhaiguan Port; ④Beihai; ⑤Yantai; ⑥Hongkong; ⑦Dalian; ⑧Xiamen Port; ⑨Shantou Port; ⑩Huiyang Port
2.3.1 商值法評價(jià)結(jié)果 圖3詳細(xì)描述了中國部分沿海地區(qū)的TBT急性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)商和慢性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)商。急性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)商范圍為0.25~63.7,平均為10.1;慢性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)商的范圍為0.67~498,平均為79.7;急性和慢性高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)區(qū)域分別占所研究區(qū)域的50%和90%;急性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)商和慢性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)商的最高值均出現(xiàn)在廣東惠陽港,主要是因?yàn)榛蓐柛勰隙闻c大亞灣相鄰,是廣東省著名的天然深水港,擁有大規(guī)模的石化碼頭,2 000年吞吐量達(dá)5 000萬t[82]。所研究的10個(gè)地區(qū)均存在不同程度的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。從圖3可以看出,東北部的秦皇島山海關(guān)港口、渤海灣、煙臺黃海娛樂城和膠州灣均處在急性中等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)狀態(tài),而東南部的廈門港、汕頭港、惠陽港和香港近岸則處在急性高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)狀態(tài),主要是因?yàn)橹袊鴸|南部沿海地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)比較發(fā)達(dá),船舶流通量大,而船舶防污漆的使用是海洋環(huán)境中TBT化合物的主要來源[83]。除了膠州灣處于慢性中等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)狀態(tài)以外,另外9個(gè)地區(qū)均處在慢性高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)狀態(tài),并且慢性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)商要遠(yuǎn)高于急性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)商,主要是因?yàn)門BT毒性大,即使其在水體中的濃度很低,經(jīng)過長期的作用也會對生物體產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的危害。
圖3 中國沿海水體TBT的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)商值分布
圖4 TBT對水生生物的急性聯(lián)合概率曲線
圖5 TBT對水生生物的慢性聯(lián)合概率曲線
2.3.2 概率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價(jià)結(jié)果 經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)中國近海環(huán)境中TBT經(jīng)log對數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)化后的暴露濃度服從正態(tài)分布。圖4和5分別為中國近海水體中TBT 對水生生物的急性和慢性聯(lián)合概率曲線。曲線離橫坐標(biāo)軸越近代表生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越低。由聯(lián)合概率曲線和橫坐標(biāo)軸之間的面積可得出中國近海水體急性和慢性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)值分別為16.64%和32.92%,表明水體存在一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。一般認(rèn)為,當(dāng)水體中受影響的物種超過5%時(shí)表明該水體存在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[84]。從圖中可以看出,中國近海水體中超過60%的水體存在急性風(fēng)險(xiǎn),超過90%的水體存在慢性風(fēng)險(xiǎn),且慢性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高于急性風(fēng)險(xiǎn),與商值法得到的結(jié)論相一致。
三丁基錫化合物在中國的廣泛使用及其對各種生物的不利影響,使其受到越來越多的關(guān)注。中國迄今尚未建立TBT的海水水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)。本研究篩選了中國本地物種的急性和慢性毒性數(shù)據(jù)并建立了SSD模型,根據(jù)模型擬合,推導(dǎo)出中國海水水體TBT的急性和慢性水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)分別為0.137和0.006μg/L。根據(jù)推導(dǎo)出的水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn),分別應(yīng)用商值法和概率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價(jià)法對中國部分沿海地區(qū)水體中的TBT進(jìn)行生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價(jià)。兩種評價(jià)方法的結(jié)果均表明,中國近海水體存在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并且慢性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于急性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。由商值法得出的結(jié)果表明,急慢性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)商最高值均出現(xiàn)在廣東惠陽港,急性和慢性高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)地區(qū)分別占所研究區(qū)域的50%和90%。由概率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價(jià)法得出急性和慢性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)地區(qū)所占比例分別超過60%和90%。由此可以看出,TBT在我國沿海地區(qū)已廣泛分布,其生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)需要進(jìn)一步關(guān)注。
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責(zé)任編輯 龐 旻
Derivation of Marine Water Quality Criteria and Preliminarye Cological Risk Assessment for Tributyltin in Coastal Waters of China
ZHANG Jing-Jing1, GUAN Bo1, FAN Jia-Cheng1, LI Zheng-Yan1,2
(1.College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100,China; 2.The Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100,China)
Tributyltin(TBT) is widely used in China and causes adverse effects to various marine species. The lack of water quality criteria for TBT in China, however, hinders the risk assessment for this pollutant. This study screened 59 acute data and 29 chronic data, which were used to derive the marine water quality criteria for TBT according to the SSD methodology. With the derived criteria, the ecological risk in surface waters of China was assessed with RQ methodology and probability ecological risk assessment method. The results demonstrated that the acute and chronic water quality criteria were 0.137μg/L and 0.006μg/L, respectively. Two methods both demonstrated that all the study area were in high risk status . And the chronic risk is much higher than the acute risk. The ecological risk of TBT therefore warrants further study.
tributyltin;water quality criteria;species sensitivity distribution;ecological risk assessment;coastal water
國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(41476090)資助 Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41476090)
2016-03-09;
2016-04-28
張京京(1991-),女,碩士生。E-mail:1531895018@qq.com
?? 通訊作者:E-mail:zhengyan@ouc.edu.cn
X171.5
A
1672-5174(2017)01-032-11
10.16441/j.cnki.hdxb.20160097
張京京, 管博, 范家誠, 等. 中國近海環(huán)境中三丁基錫水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)推導(dǎo)與生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)初步評價(jià)[J]. 中國海洋大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版), 2017, 47(1): 32-42.
ZHANG Jing-Jing, GUAN Bo, FAN Jia-Cheng, et al. Derivation of marine water quality criteria and preliminaryecological risk assessment for tributyltin in coastal waters of China[J]. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 2017, 47(1): 32-42.