薛洋,鐘鏑,李國(guó)忠
卒中的發(fā)生及復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)存在性別差異,這種差異可能與不同性別間的生理結(jié)構(gòu)、生活方式以及對(duì)同一危險(xiǎn)因素體現(xiàn)的卒中易感性不同有關(guān)[1]。目前,缺血性卒中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估主要依賴基于危險(xiǎn)因素的評(píng)分系統(tǒng)。常用的心房顫動(dòng)患者的卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)評(píng)分包括CHADS2(Congestive heart failure,Hypertension,Age≥75,Diabetes,Stroke)評(píng)分和CHA2DS2-VASc(Congestive heart failure,Hypertension,Age≥75,Diabetes,Stroke,Vascular disease,Age 65~74,Sex category)評(píng)分、艾森卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(Essen Stroke Risk score,ESRS)評(píng)分以及ABCD2(Age,Blood pressure,Clinical features,Duration,Diabetes)評(píng)分。這些評(píng)分中,只有CHA2DS2-VASc評(píng)分納入女性性別作為獨(dú)立評(píng)分項(xiàng),其余評(píng)分均未納入性別因素,可能造成評(píng)分的預(yù)測(cè)效度出現(xiàn)性別差異。因此,本文就缺血性卒中危險(xiǎn)因素及上述4種卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)分中的性別差異的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)展情況予以綜述,以期了解不同性別對(duì)各危險(xiǎn)因素的卒中易感性差異,以及各評(píng)分預(yù)測(cè)效度的性別偏倚。
1.1 性激素 研究顯示,女性絕經(jīng)前卒中發(fā)病率低于男性,而絕經(jīng)后的發(fā)病率與男性無(wú)明顯差異[2],這與生理劑量的雌二醇對(duì)年輕成年女性的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用有關(guān)[3]。腦缺血后雌激素通過(guò)以下途徑發(fā)揮神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用:①激活雌激素反應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)元件,從而增強(qiáng)B淋巴細(xì)胞瘤-2基因(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)、選擇性阿爾茨海默病指示因子1(selective Alzheimer's disease indicator-1,seladin-1)等與細(xì)胞增殖分化[4]及神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用相關(guān)[5]的基因轉(zhuǎn)錄。②G蛋白偶聯(lián)雌激素受體(G protein-coupled estrogen receptor,GPER)通過(guò)第二信使調(diào)節(jié)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)[6],發(fā)揮神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用[7]。③星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞調(diào)節(jié)谷氨酸再攝取,減輕興奮性中毒[8]。孕激素也可能對(duì)大腦線粒體有神經(jīng)保護(hù)特性。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)大腦中動(dòng)脈閉塞1 h的小鼠單次給予孕激素8 mg/kg,對(duì)雌雄小鼠煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NAD+)呼吸鏈、雌鼠黃素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(flavin adenine dinucleotide,F(xiàn)AD)呼吸鏈的功能損傷有修復(fù)作用[9]。
同樣,男性體內(nèi)的雄激素水平隨年齡增長(zhǎng)而降低,研究認(rèn)為,雄激素耗竭可能是老年男性卒中的危險(xiǎn)因素[10]。有研究顯示,男性缺血性卒中患者的雄激素水平較同齡健康男性低[11],睪酮替代治療可使腦缺血的發(fā)生時(shí)間延遲[12],這些研究提示生理劑量的雄激素可能是男性卒中的保護(hù)因素。雄激素的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用相關(guān)機(jī)制可能包括抑制神經(jīng)元凋亡[13]、降低神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的毒性損傷[14]及減少高度磷酸化的Tau蛋白[15]等。
1.2 性別相關(guān)微小核糖核酸 血漿微小核糖核酸(micro ribonucleic acid,miRNA)是卒中的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物[16-17]。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),老年雌鼠腦缺血后,血漿miR-15a、miR-19b、miR-32、miR-136和miR-199a-3p這5種miRNA顯著升高,而老年雄性腦缺血鼠不升高[16],提示這些miRNA可能與雌性卒中的神經(jīng)損傷作用相關(guān)。另有研究提出,老年雌性大鼠腦缺血后的神經(jīng)損傷作用與miRNA-Let7f靶點(diǎn)——類胰島素生長(zhǎng)因子-1(insulin-like growth factor-1,IGF-1)丟失有關(guān);抑制miRNA-Let7f可減輕雌鼠的腦缺血損傷,保護(hù)其感覺(jué)運(yùn)動(dòng)功能,但對(duì)雄性腦缺血鼠無(wú)此作用[18]。因此,有研究認(rèn)為miRNA-Let7f參與了雌性動(dòng)物腦缺血后的神經(jīng)損傷反應(yīng)[19]。
2.1 高血壓病 不同性別的高血壓病患者,女性的卒中發(fā)病及復(fù)發(fā)易感性更高。一項(xiàng)歷時(shí)4年、包括22個(gè)國(guó)家的3000例卒中患者的病例對(duì)照研究顯示,自訴血壓超過(guò)160/90 mmHg的人群較低于此值的人群,女性的卒中危險(xiǎn)比(hazard ratio,HR)為4.89[95%可信區(qū)間(confidence interval,CI)3.79~6.32],男性HR為3.88(95%CI3.22~4.68),女性較男性更易發(fā)生卒中[20]。中國(guó)卒中登記研究數(shù)據(jù)顯示,與同性別的無(wú)高血壓病人群相比,伴有高血壓?。ㄑ獕海?40/90 mmHg)的女性卒中復(fù)發(fā)的相對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比(relative ratio,RR)為1.24(95%CI0.71~2.17),高于男性(RR1.12,95%CI0.80~1.57)[21]。
2.2 糖尿病 不同性別的糖尿病患者,女性較男性更易發(fā)生卒中。美國(guó)一項(xiàng)隊(duì)列研究顯示,與同性別的無(wú)糖尿病人群相比,女性糖尿病患者的卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加3.5倍,男性增加2.1倍[22]。Zhao等[23]對(duì)2005-2014年中國(guó)2360例伴有糖尿病的缺血性卒中患者的預(yù)后研究顯示,女性3個(gè)月、1年、3年的卒中復(fù)發(fā)率分別為10.3%、29.2%和54.4%,高于男性(10.2%、28.8%和54.4%),但差異無(wú)顯著性;各時(shí)間點(diǎn)病死率,女性(7.9%、12.2%和21.9%)均顯著高于男性(5.2%、8.2%和16.1%),表明糖尿病可對(duì)女性卒中患者造成更大的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
2.3 心房顫動(dòng) 有研究顯示,女性為心房顫動(dòng)(atrial fibrillation,AF)患者發(fā)生卒中的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[24]。AF患者中,女性心源性卒中的比例高于男性(31.5%vs26.4%)[25]。英國(guó)一項(xiàng)2259例AF患者(女性占46%)卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的研究顯示,95%的女性處于中至高風(fēng)險(xiǎn),此比例高于男性(90%)[26]。中國(guó)一項(xiàng)針對(duì)75歲以上卒中患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與無(wú)AF者相比,女性AF患者1年卒中復(fù)發(fā)的RR為2.32(95%CI1.31~4.12),高于男性的1.48(95%CI0.99~2.18)[21]。以上研究均表明,女性AF患者較男性體現(xiàn)出更高的卒中發(fā)病及復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。而Clalit衛(wèi)生服務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)顯示相反結(jié)論,在65~74歲、75~84歲的AF患者中,男性的2年卒中發(fā)病率均高于女性(1.64%vs1.38%,1.70%vs1.59%),即65歲以上男性AF患者體現(xiàn)出更高的卒中易感性[27]。
2.4 高脂血癥 英國(guó)一項(xiàng)歷時(shí)18年的針對(duì)2903例成人的隊(duì)列研究顯示,單純高甘油三酯血癥的女性,心腦血管病死亡率為1.75%,顯著高于正常血脂水平者(1.1%);而在男性中上述比例分別為0.4%和0.93%,均低于女性[28]。哥本哈根一項(xiàng)對(duì)于13 951例人群的研究指出,與三酰甘油為1.00~1.99 mmol/L者相比,>5 mmol/L者,男性卒中RR為2.3(95%CI1.2~4.3),女性RR為3.9(95%CI1.3~11.1)[29]。這些研究提示,患高甘油三酯血癥的女性,心腦血管疾病發(fā)病及死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較男性更高。
2.5 年齡 年齡與男性卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的相關(guān)性更大。弗雷明翰心臟研究(Framingham Heart Study)指出,<85歲的各年齡段男性,卒中發(fā)病率均高于女性;85歲及以后女性發(fā)病率較男性高,但研究者認(rèn)為這可能與女性預(yù)期壽命長(zhǎng)有關(guān)[30]。Wang等[31]對(duì)2006-2012年中國(guó)卒中患者的流行病學(xué)研究顯示,相比于女性,<65歲、65~74歲、≥75歲的男性卒中HR分別為1.5(95%CI1.1~2.1)、1.2(95%CI0.8~1.8)、1.4(95%CI1.0~2.0),提示相同年齡段的患者,男性更易發(fā)生卒中。
2.6 心肌梗死及心力衰竭 Hachet等[32]對(duì)2001-2010年8485例心肌梗死(myocardial infarction,MI)患者的隨訪研究顯示,與男性相比,女性患者住院期間、出院1年內(nèi)卒中事件的比值比(odd ratio,OR)分別為1.86(95%CI1.30~2.67)和2.89(95%CI1.60~5.61),認(rèn)為女性性別為MI后卒中的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。另一項(xiàng)關(guān)于1 924 413例MI患者(男∶女=3∶2)的研究也顯示,39.9%女性出現(xiàn)缺血性卒中,女性較男性更易發(fā)生卒中,OR為1.32(95%CI1.29~1.35)[33]。Morris等[34]對(duì)110例心力衰竭(heart failure,HF)患者的1.3年隨訪研究顯示,女性相對(duì)男性患者的卒中OR為3.1(95%CI1.4~6.9)。Olivotto等[35]對(duì)969例肥厚型心肌病患者進(jìn)行6.2年的隨訪研究顯示,20例(2%)出現(xiàn)非致死性卒中,其中女性14例(4%),男性6例(1%);與男性相比,女性更易出現(xiàn)HF及卒中死亡事件(HR1.5,95%CI1.11~2.00)。綜上所述,伴MI或HF的女性,其卒中易感性可能高于男性。
2.7 吸煙 男性中吸煙者的比例明顯高于女性,但女性吸煙者的卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高于男性。Peters等[36]對(duì)13項(xiàng)研究的大樣本薈萃分析顯示,與不吸煙者相比,女性吸煙者的卒中OR為1.17(95%CI1.12~1.22),男性為1.08(95%CI1.03~1.13)。2009-2011年中國(guó)810例卒中患者的預(yù)后研究也顯示,與不吸煙者相比,吸煙的女性患者的1年卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高于男性[HR1.08(95%CI0.55~2.10)vs1.02(95%CI0.69~1.05)][21]。綜上所述,吸煙與女性卒中及卒中復(fù)發(fā)的相關(guān)性可能更大,女性吸煙者較男性存在更高的卒中易感性。
2.8 外周動(dòng)脈疾病 通常以踝肱指數(shù)(ankle brachial index,ABI)<0.90為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷外周動(dòng)脈疾?。╬eripheral arterial disease,PAD)[37]。健康A(chǔ)BC(Health,Aging and Body Composition;Health ABC)研究[38]中2797例受試者的隨訪數(shù)據(jù)顯示,與ABI≥0.90者相比,ABI<0.90的女性,卒中HR為2.58(95%CI1.35~4.92),顯著高于男性的1.17(95%CI0.56~2.47)。另一項(xiàng)對(duì)482例PAD患者的5年隨訪研究顯示,60歲以下人群中,女性心腦血管事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為男性的5倍(HR4.9,95%CI1.8~13.6)[39]。以上研究提示,伴有PAD的女性,其卒中易感性高于男性。
3.1 CHADS2評(píng)分 CHADS2評(píng)分用于非瓣膜性AF患者的卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估及危險(xiǎn)分層,為包括5個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素的6分量表[40],其中年齡≥75歲、高血壓病、糖尿病、心力衰竭各1分,既往缺血性卒中/短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)為2分。目前,有關(guān)CHADS2評(píng)分性別差異的直接對(duì)比實(shí)驗(yàn)尚少見(jiàn)。研究認(rèn)為,女性為AF患者發(fā)生卒中的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,更易形成心源性栓塞[24],但CHADS2評(píng)分未納入女性這一危險(xiǎn)因素,可能對(duì)女性AF患者的卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)存在低估。Rietbrock等[41]將CHADS2評(píng)分加入女性性別、將年齡≥75歲亞項(xiàng)擴(kuò)大為≥40歲,其受試者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲線下面積(area under ROC curve,AUC)較前增加(0.72vs0.68),即對(duì)卒中事件的預(yù)測(cè)效度提高,提示CHADS2評(píng)分本身可能會(huì)低估女性AF患者的卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
3.2 CHA2DS2-VASc評(píng)分 CHA2DS2-VASc評(píng)分是基于CHADS2的改良,加入了性別、血管疾病(如MI、PAD)、年齡65~74歲這3項(xiàng)危險(xiǎn)因素,提高了對(duì)AF患者卒中事件的預(yù)測(cè)效度。但Chao等[42]研究顯示,男性無(wú)論有無(wú)AF,卒中發(fā)病率均為1.6%,而女性AF患者的卒中發(fā)病率明顯高于無(wú)AF者(4.4%vs0.7%)。后續(xù)對(duì)評(píng)分為1分的男性、2分的女性患者的隨訪研究發(fā)現(xiàn),冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病在男性中所占風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高(HR:男2.060vs女1.984),MI、PAD與女性卒中關(guān)系更顯著(HR:男1.681vs女2.152)[43]。Huang等[44]對(duì)CHA2DS2-VASc為1分者的研究也顯示,高血壓病患者的卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最大,其次為65~74歲及女性人群。綜上所述,CHA2DS2-VASc評(píng)分預(yù)測(cè)卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能存在性別偏倚,各亞項(xiàng)如冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病、血管疾病、高血壓病在男女中所代表的卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也不同。
3.3 ESRS ESRS為包含8個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素的9分量表,用于評(píng)價(jià)非心源性缺血性卒中患者的卒中復(fù)發(fā)及血管事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[42]。其中,年齡65~75歲、高血壓病、糖尿病、MI病史、其他心臟疾?。ǔ釳I、AF)、缺血性卒中/TIA病史、PAD病史、吸煙史各占1分,年齡>75歲占2分。目前,有關(guān)ESRS在不同性別間預(yù)測(cè)效度差異的研究少見(jiàn)。但根據(jù)文獻(xiàn),ESRS各項(xiàng)中除年齡為男性的卒中易感因素外[29,31],其余各項(xiàng)均在女性者體現(xiàn)了更高的卒中易感性[20-23,32-39],故我們推測(cè),ESRS評(píng)分相同的患者,女性的復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能高于男性,ESRS可能會(huì)低估男性的復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。日本學(xué)者將ESRS加入男性性別、腰圍>90 cm、卒中病因?qū)W分型(小動(dòng)脈閉塞型除外)3項(xiàng)危險(xiǎn)因素,對(duì)3588例患者進(jìn)行改良后的ESRS評(píng)分,結(jié)果顯示改良ESRS預(yù)測(cè)男性患者卒中復(fù)發(fā)的AUC為0.639,高于女性患者的0.596及總體水平的0.632;預(yù)測(cè)心血管事件的AUC為0.641,同樣高于女性的0.623及總體人群的0.060[45],提示性別同樣可能影響ESRS的預(yù)測(cè)效度,ESRS可能對(duì)男性患者的卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)存在低估。
3.4 ABCD2評(píng)分 ABCD2評(píng)分是針對(duì)TIA患者的短期卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測(cè)制定,包括3個(gè)卒中危險(xiǎn)因素(年齡>60歲、血壓≥140/90 mmHg、糖尿?。⑴R床表現(xiàn)及癥狀持續(xù)時(shí)間[46]。所涉及的危險(xiǎn)因素在男女間體現(xiàn)的卒中易感性不同[20-23,30-31],因此我們推測(cè),ABCD2評(píng)分對(duì)卒中事件的預(yù)測(cè)效度也可能存在性別偏倚,但目前尚少見(jiàn)相關(guān)研究。Vilanova等[47]研究認(rèn)為,男性為MI的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(HR2.72,95%CI1.02~7.30),ABCD2評(píng)分可能低估了男性TIA患者的MI風(fēng)險(xiǎn),建議改進(jìn)量表并將男性性別納入。
綜上所述,不同性別人群對(duì)同一卒中危險(xiǎn)因素,體現(xiàn)出不同的卒中易感性。目前常用的卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)分系統(tǒng),多為基于危險(xiǎn)因素制定,但大多未納入性別因素,可能導(dǎo)致評(píng)分的預(yù)測(cè)效度存在性別偏倚。CHADS2評(píng)分、CHA2DS2-VASc評(píng)分可能存在對(duì)女性患者卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的低估,ESRS及ABCD2評(píng)分可能低估男性患者的卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。臨床上根據(jù)這些評(píng)分判定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、指導(dǎo)治療時(shí),應(yīng)考慮不同性別間的差異,以選擇更有效的個(gè)體化方案。性別作為卒中的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,應(yīng)被更多評(píng)分的制定者采用,以提高評(píng)分工具對(duì)不良事件的預(yù)測(cè)效度。
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