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脂肪細(xì)胞型脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性疾病的研究進(jìn)展

2017-01-13 09:58畢海寧強(qiáng)綜述叢樹艷審校
關(guān)鍵詞:脂肪酸硬化斑塊

畢海寧, 郭 鑫, 李 強(qiáng)綜述, 叢樹艷審校

脂肪細(xì)胞型脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性疾病的研究進(jìn)展

畢海寧, 郭 鑫, 李 強(qiáng)綜述, 叢樹艷審校

脂肪細(xì)胞型脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白(Adipocyte Fatty Acid Binding Protein,A-FABP,又名FABP4或aP2)屬于脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白家族,被認(rèn)為是由脂肪細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞分泌的一種脂肪因子,在機(jī)體內(nèi)發(fā)揮調(diào)節(jié)作用。近年許多國(guó)內(nèi)外研究報(bào)道表明,脂肪細(xì)胞型脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白與多種代謝及炎癥相關(guān)疾病密切相關(guān),如動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、肥胖、胰島素抵抗、2型糖尿病、高血壓、心功能不全等,并在疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中起到重要作用。本文將對(duì)近期關(guān)于A-FABP在介導(dǎo)代謝及炎癥過(guò)程中的致病機(jī)制及一些相關(guān)疾病目前研究進(jìn)展等方面進(jìn)行敘述。

1 A-FABP的結(jié)構(gòu)、分布及生理功能

脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白是一組同源低分子量的細(xì)胞內(nèi)胞漿蛋白,分子量為14-15kD,含125-134個(gè)氨基酸,并且作為脂肪分子伴侶參與細(xì)胞內(nèi)脂肪酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)及其他信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路過(guò)程。FABPs具有組織特異性,按來(lái)源不同一般分為9類,分別為肝型、心型、脂肪細(xì)胞型、表皮細(xì)胞型、腦型、小腸型、回腸型、髓磷脂型和睪丸型。脂肪細(xì)胞型脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白由Hunt[1]于1986年最早發(fā)現(xiàn)于小鼠的脂肪細(xì)胞,其為定位在8q21的單拷貝基因,含有4個(gè)外顯子和3個(gè)內(nèi)含子。A-FABP的分子中心具有高親和力的結(jié)合位點(diǎn),能夠與油酸、視黃酸、花生四烯酸等分子相結(jié)合[2],從而發(fā)揮其功能。

A-FABP分布廣泛,可存在于各種正常組織中,如脂肪組織、皮膚、胎盤等[3],約占全部可溶性蛋白質(zhì)的6%。其主要在哺乳動(dòng)物已分化的脂肪細(xì)胞[4]和巨噬細(xì)胞[5]中高度表達(dá),也可出現(xiàn)在巨噬細(xì)胞或單核細(xì)胞來(lái)源的樹突狀細(xì)胞中[6]。在脂肪細(xì)胞中,隨著細(xì)胞的分化,A-FABP的表達(dá)和活性將增加,并反向進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)脂肪細(xì)胞分化這一過(guò)程,因此A-FABP也被認(rèn)為是脂肪細(xì)胞分化程度的標(biāo)志物[7]。在巨噬細(xì)胞中,其表達(dá)程度會(huì)隨著細(xì)胞內(nèi)Toll樣受體的激活而有所增加[8]。A-FABP的表達(dá)可由脂肪酸、胰島素、氧化性低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)。目前研究發(fā)現(xiàn),一些藥物也可以調(diào)節(jié)血清A-FABP水平,3-羥基-3-甲基戊二酸單酰輔酶A還原酶(HMG-CoA)還原酶抑制劑[9]及血管緊張素II受體阻斷劑[10]可降低A-FABP的濃度,而過(guò)氧化物酶增殖活化受體(PPAR)激動(dòng)劑能增加A-FABP的表達(dá)和分泌,可能是由于A-FABP基因的啟動(dòng)子序列內(nèi)包含PPAR反應(yīng)元件,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致其被直接激活[11]。

2 A-FABP與脂肪代謝的關(guān)系

A-FABP已經(jīng)被定義為參與各種關(guān)鍵細(xì)胞反應(yīng)過(guò)程的分子,如攝入或儲(chǔ)存脂肪酸、調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān)基因表達(dá)、促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖和細(xì)胞分化等。目前認(rèn)為,A-FABP是由脂肪細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞分泌的脂肪因子[12],雖然其作為一種細(xì)胞內(nèi)蛋白,但在人體血清中仍可以測(cè)定出它的濃度水平[13]。其主要作為脂質(zhì)伴侶,可逆性地與飽和及不飽和長(zhǎng)鏈脂肪酸結(jié)合后,促進(jìn)脂肪酸的代謝和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。它還與促炎因子白三烯C4(LT-C4)的產(chǎn)生[14]、白介素6/血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(IL-6/VEGF)的表達(dá)[15]、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的血管生成[16]、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊的破裂[17]等過(guò)程相關(guān)聯(lián)。A-FABP的減少主要引起游離脂肪酸外流的減少以及脂肪酸相關(guān)葡萄糖利用的增加[18]。另外有研究分析發(fā)現(xiàn),女性A-FABP的水平要明顯高于男性,可能是由于女性體內(nèi)有更多的脂肪組織[19],也有人認(rèn)為雄激素在男性體內(nèi)對(duì)A-FABP進(jìn)行負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié),在女性中則起到正向調(diào)節(jié)作用[20]。

3 A-FABP的研究現(xiàn)狀

現(xiàn)有大量文獻(xiàn)證明血清中A-FABP水平的增加與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、肥胖、胰島素抵抗、2型糖尿病、高血壓、心功能不全、缺血性卒中密切相關(guān)。有時(shí)可作為疾病發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。

3.1 A-FABP與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的關(guān)系 大量以載脂蛋白E缺陷(Apo E(-/-))的小鼠作為研究對(duì)象的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究顯示,A-FABP在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化中發(fā)揮重要作用。Makowski等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn)ApoE基因和A-FABP基因同時(shí)敲除的小鼠與單純ApoE缺陷的小鼠相比,雙基因缺陷使動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊的面積減小,并降低了腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)等導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生的化學(xué)誘導(dǎo)物質(zhì)及炎癥反應(yīng)因子的表達(dá)。當(dāng)予Apo E(-/-)小鼠口服A-FABP活性抑制劑后,巨噬細(xì)胞內(nèi)一些炎癥因子的表達(dá)也明顯減少,并且使動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊有所變小[22]。而當(dāng)給予這些小鼠易導(dǎo)致肥胖和動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的高脂肪飲食時(shí),雙基因缺陷小鼠的存活率可大大被提高[23]。

另外通過(guò)大量分子機(jī)制方面的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),A-FABP可以調(diào)節(jié)巨噬細(xì)胞的功能、促進(jìn)泡沫細(xì)胞的形成和炎癥反應(yīng)的發(fā)生。A-FABP通過(guò)影響巨噬細(xì)胞內(nèi)介導(dǎo)膽固醇流出的PPAR-LXR-ABCA1通道促進(jìn)泡沫細(xì)胞的形成。而A-FABP的缺失會(huì)導(dǎo)致PPAR活性增強(qiáng),并使其下游的肝X受體α(LXR-α)、三磷酸腺苷結(jié)合盒A1(AB-CA1)及載脂蛋白E表達(dá)增加,從而顯著增加膽固醇的流出,減少巨噬細(xì)胞向泡沫細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化[24]。巨噬細(xì)胞中A-FABP在Toll樣受體的介導(dǎo)下表達(dá)增加,使甘油三酯和膽固醇沉積,促進(jìn)泡沫細(xì)胞的形成及動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生。Toll樣受體激動(dòng)劑誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞因子和趨化因子,并且觸發(fā)系統(tǒng)炎癥反應(yīng),使A-FABP在巨噬細(xì)胞內(nèi)的基因表達(dá)增加,從而加速了動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊的形成[8]。另一方面,樹突狀細(xì)胞中的A-FABP還能夠調(diào)節(jié)IKK-NF-κB傳導(dǎo)通路并且激發(fā)T細(xì)胞,因?yàn)闃渫粻罴?xì)胞和T細(xì)胞均參與到動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生及致病過(guò)程中[25],進(jìn)而推測(cè)A-FABP也可能參與其中。在A-FABP缺失的巨噬細(xì)胞中,包括單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白1(MCP-1)、TNF-α、IL-6在內(nèi)的多種細(xì)胞因子或炎癥趨化因子的分泌顯著減少,一些促進(jìn)炎癥反應(yīng)的酶如環(huán)氧合酶2(COX-2)、誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)等的表達(dá)和功能也出現(xiàn)明顯的下調(diào)[24]。ox-LDL可以誘導(dǎo)單核細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞內(nèi)A-FABP的mRNA及蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá),而A-FABP的缺失減少了應(yīng)答ox-LDL泡沫細(xì)胞的產(chǎn)生,并能增加膽固醇的外流,進(jìn)一步阻止泡沫細(xì)胞的形成。

許多臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),A-FABP主要位于人主動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化局部病灶的組織中,動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊的不穩(wěn)定性及炎癥反應(yīng)的產(chǎn)生與A-FABP的表達(dá)關(guān)系密切,可以通過(guò)其濃度水平評(píng)估動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化程度和相關(guān)疾病發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。A-FABP的水平與血管動(dòng)脈硬化程度的許多指標(biāo)如血管內(nèi)膜的厚度、冠脈粥樣硬化斑塊的體積等具有相關(guān)性[26]。一項(xiàng)針對(duì)無(wú)心血管疾病及糖耐量異常的中國(guó)人群的研究顯示,女性血清A-FABP水平與頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)中膜厚度(C-IMT)呈正相關(guān),可用來(lái)評(píng)估亞臨床動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的程度[27]。在不穩(wěn)定型動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊內(nèi),巨噬細(xì)胞中A-FABP的表達(dá)增加[28],同時(shí)Wouter[29]及其他研究者[30]發(fā)現(xiàn),血清A-FABP呈現(xiàn)高水平的個(gè)體,其動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊的易損性即不穩(wěn)定性也將會(huì)增加。

3.2 A-FABP與心血管病的關(guān)系 目前臨床及實(shí)驗(yàn)室證據(jù)均表明,A-FABP在介導(dǎo)心血管性疾病中發(fā)揮了重要的作用。A-FABP通過(guò)激活內(nèi)皮一氧化碳合成酶(eNO)導(dǎo)致了內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的損傷,引起脂肪誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮功能受損。對(duì)Apo E缺陷的小鼠予A-FABP抑制劑進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)期治療后,能夠改善其內(nèi)皮依賴性的大血管的舒張功能,而不影響血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞非依賴性的舒張功能[31]。Lamounier-Zepter 等[32]指出當(dāng)A-FABP釋放到血液中時(shí),將會(huì)對(duì)心臟周圍細(xì)胞及組織直接造成影響,因?yàn)锳-FABP對(duì)心肌收縮產(chǎn)生一種鈣離子依賴性的抑制效應(yīng),從而降低了心肌細(xì)胞的收縮能力。過(guò)度表達(dá)的A-FABP不僅能夠引起左心室重構(gòu)[33]影響心臟射血功能,而且即使在健康人群中也能夠?qū)е伦笮氖沂鎻埞δ艿漠惓34]。

高水平的血清A-FABP被認(rèn)為與冠心病的一些重要標(biāo)志相關(guān),如冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜厚度、冠脈粥樣硬化負(fù)荷及硬化的冠脈血管數(shù)量等。Tuncman[35]認(rèn)為當(dāng)A-FABP啟動(dòng)子序列內(nèi)出現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致A-FABP表達(dá)減少的基因突變時(shí),冠心病的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)將會(huì)降低。Maximillian等[36]通過(guò)一項(xiàng)對(duì)1069例冠心病患者的十年研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),血清A-FABP可能是具有嚴(yán)重動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的個(gè)體再發(fā)心血管事件甚至死亡的高危因素。Rhee等[37]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)血清A-FABP濃度與病變冠狀動(dòng)脈支數(shù)成正比,這種相關(guān)性甚至在平衡了年齡、性別、BMI等混雜因素后依然存在,表明血清A-FABP的濃度水平可作為冠心病發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。一項(xiàng)在1847例中國(guó)人群中進(jìn)行的前瞻性研究也提出,A-FABP水平的升高獨(dú)立于其他傳統(tǒng)冠心病危險(xiǎn)因素,可以作為預(yù)測(cè)冠心病發(fā)生發(fā)展的一項(xiàng)指標(biāo)[38]。而Masayuki通過(guò)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血清A-FABP在65歲以下男性中與冠心病密切相關(guān),且可以作為其獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,但年齡大于65歲時(shí)這種相關(guān)性并不明顯[39]。心衰患者體內(nèi)可檢測(cè)出高水平A-FABP,并且其血清濃度隨著NYHA分級(jí)的增加而增高[40],相關(guān)研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)A-FABP與NT-proBNP也具有顯著的相關(guān)性。

另外,越來(lái)越多的臨床試驗(yàn)開(kāi)始關(guān)注A-FABP與冠心病以外的血管事件的相關(guān)性。Hideki Ota等[41]通過(guò)對(duì)18例正常血壓和30例未經(jīng)治療的原發(fā)性高血壓患者血清A-FABP濃度的測(cè)定,發(fā)現(xiàn)A-FABP會(huì)促進(jìn)血壓的升高并加速高血壓患者動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的進(jìn)程,同時(shí),在具有高血壓家族史而血壓正常的年輕人中A-FABP傾向于高表達(dá)。

3.3 A-FABP與代謝性疾病的關(guān)系 通過(guò)對(duì)A-FABP缺陷小鼠的進(jìn)一步研究,人們發(fā)現(xiàn)A-FABP具有維持糖及脂肪代謝等功能,且能誘發(fā)胰島素抵抗、增強(qiáng)脂質(zhì)觸發(fā)的炎性反應(yīng)。Hotamislihil等[42]指出,A-FABP基因缺陷使小鼠不易出現(xiàn)代謝性相關(guān)疾病,如高胰島素血癥、高血糖、胰島素抵抗,并能明顯提高肥胖小鼠外周胰島β細(xì)胞的功能,同時(shí)改善胰島素抵抗并降低體內(nèi)甘油三酯和膽固醇水平。在對(duì)于A-FABP基因敲除的大鼠及使用A-FABP抑制劑治療的動(dòng)物模型等研究中,發(fā)現(xiàn)A-FABP并非直接導(dǎo)致體重的增加,而是對(duì)胰島素抵抗及高甘油三酯血癥的發(fā)生和進(jìn)展起到促進(jìn)作用[12]。

隨著越來(lái)越多的臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)的進(jìn)行,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)A-FABP與代謝性疾病有著密切的關(guān)系。一項(xiàng)對(duì)中國(guó)人群進(jìn)行的5 y隨訪[43]發(fā)現(xiàn),高于基線水平的A-FABP是代謝綜合征發(fā)生發(fā)展的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,Xu等提出A-FABP水平是預(yù)測(cè)代謝綜合征的指標(biāo)之一,且這種預(yù)測(cè)作用獨(dú)立于肥胖和胰島素抵抗。另外,發(fā)現(xiàn)血清A-FABP水平和腹圍、血壓、血脂異常、空腹胰島素水平及胰島素抵抗指數(shù)呈現(xiàn)正向相關(guān)性,且隨構(gòu)成代謝綜合征數(shù)量的增多而升高。另外,一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)達(dá)十年的前瞻性研究顯示,血清A-FABP可作為預(yù)測(cè)2型糖尿病發(fā)生發(fā)展的一個(gè)獨(dú)立指標(biāo)[44]。糖尿病周圍神經(jīng)病變和大血管病變也與高水平的血清A-FABP有關(guān)[45]。

3.4 A-FABP與腦血管疾病的關(guān)系 針對(duì)A-FABP與腦血管相關(guān)性的研究也在進(jìn)行。Tso等[46]進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),A-FABP與急性腦卒中的發(fā)生可能存在相關(guān)性,并且與增高急性腦卒中發(fā)病3 m的病死率有密切關(guān)系,并指出,血清A-FABP的水平與急性缺血性卒中患者NIHSS評(píng)分密切相關(guān),表明A-FABP水平可能反映了缺血性事件的嚴(yán)重程度。謝玉等[47]通過(guò)一項(xiàng)病例對(duì)照研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高血清A-FABP、低APN以及高A-FABP/APN比值可能是大動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化型、小動(dòng)脈閉塞型患者發(fā)生卒中的新型危險(xiǎn)因素,且血清A-FABP增高和APN下降的患者,調(diào)節(jié)糖脂代謝及炎癥反應(yīng)的能力下降,比對(duì)照組病情更為嚴(yán)重,NIHSS評(píng)分也較高。另一項(xiàng)關(guān)于A-FABP和超敏C-反應(yīng)蛋白與急性腦卒中的研究[48]也指出,急性腦卒中患者體內(nèi)呈現(xiàn)高水平A-FABP,且嚴(yán)重程度愈高,即改良RANKIN量表評(píng)分大于3分組,血清A-FABP濃度愈高。在伴有頸動(dòng)脈硬化的患者中,無(wú)論是體內(nèi)還是粥樣硬化斑塊內(nèi),都有高濃度的A-FABP,而且和斑塊的不穩(wěn)定性及患者遠(yuǎn)期發(fā)生腦卒中的不良預(yù)后有關(guān)[49]。

4 展 望

目前對(duì)A-FABP進(jìn)行的大量臨床試驗(yàn)已經(jīng)證實(shí),血清A-FABP的升高與肥胖、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、胰島素抵抗、2型糖尿病、高血壓、心功能不全密切相關(guān),其濃度水平可用來(lái)反映疾病的嚴(yán)重程度。而對(duì)于A-FABP對(duì)急性腦梗死發(fā)病和預(yù)后的影響尚缺乏大量臨床證據(jù),A-FABP能否可以同樣用來(lái)評(píng)估急性腦梗死患者病情的嚴(yán)重程度及預(yù)后,能否通過(guò)干預(yù)其參與的脂肪代謝過(guò)程或使其成為一個(gè)靶點(diǎn)使急性腦梗死患者早期獲益,都值得更深入的研究,這對(duì)腦梗死的治療、改善預(yù)后及二級(jí)預(yù)防方面有一定指導(dǎo)意義。降低血清A-FABP水平是否能夠預(yù)防腦梗死的復(fù)發(fā)也需要更多的臨床研究,另外,A-FABP和其他生物分子之間的相互作用,以及在與炎癥反應(yīng)的調(diào)節(jié)作用及血管性疾病的致病機(jī)制方面,在未來(lái)都需要進(jìn)一步探討。

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2016-11-20;

2017-03-07

(中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,遼寧 沈陽(yáng) 110000)

叢樹艷,E-mail:congshuyan@hotmail.com

1003-2754(2017)03-0285-04

R743.1

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