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人類皰疹病毒β亞家族感染與腦膠質(zhì)瘤關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展

2017-01-13 18:24陳陸馗
關(guān)鍵詞:皰疹病毒膠質(zhì)瘤核酸

顧 斌,陳陸馗

(東南大學(xué)附屬中大醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,江蘇南京210009)

人類皰疹病毒β亞家族感染與腦膠質(zhì)瘤關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展

顧 斌,陳陸馗

(東南大學(xué)附屬中大醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,江蘇南京210009)

0 引言

腦膠質(zhì)瘤是最常見的惡性腦腫瘤,高致殘率及致死率是其主要臨床特征,惡性程度與病理分級正相關(guān)[1].迄今為止,腦膠質(zhì)瘤的病因研究主要集中在電離輻射、基因多態(tài)性、DNA的損傷修復(fù)、細(xì)胞調(diào)亡等.近年來,越來越多的學(xué)者將研究目光投向了具有嗜神經(jīng)特性的人類皰疹病毒(human herpes virus,HHV)β亞家族感染因素.該觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為人類皰疹病毒β亞家族的病毒感染可能通過影響細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號通路而改變原癌基因和/或抑癌基因的表達(dá),從而促使細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化或影響腦膠質(zhì)瘤的惡性行為.本文將主要討論人類皰疹病毒β亞家族的病毒感染與腦腫瘤的相關(guān)性.

1 人類皰疹病毒β亞家族與腦膠質(zhì)瘤的關(guān)系

人類皰疹病毒屬于皰疹,是一類DNA病毒,主要分為 3個(gè)亞家族:α 亞家族(HSV-1、HSV-2、VZV)、β 亞家族(CMV、HHV-6、HHV-7)、γ 亞家族(EBV、HHV-8).γ亞家族目前已被確認(rèn)可導(dǎo)致惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生,EBV可導(dǎo)致鼻咽癌和Burkitt淋巴瘤,而HHV-8被認(rèn)為可引發(fā)艾滋病卡波西氏肉瘤.雖然人類皰疹病毒β亞家族尚未被確認(rèn)可導(dǎo)致惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生,但相關(guān)研究依然懷疑其與腦膠質(zhì)瘤相關(guān).

1.1 人類巨細(xì)胞病毒 人類巨細(xì)胞病毒(human cytomegalovirus,HCMV)系人類皰疹病毒β亞家族成員之一,在腦膠質(zhì)瘤與病毒感染相關(guān)性的研究中所受關(guān)注程度最高,同時(shí)也備受爭議[2].目前認(rèn)為HCMV感染與腦膠質(zhì)瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展存在相關(guān)性的證據(jù)主要基于PCR、FISH等對病毒核酸的檢測以及免疫組化對病毒抗原的檢測.Wrensch等[3-4]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞患者血清中HCMV IgG抗體陽性率高達(dá)62%~66%,在健康對照者血清中其總陽性率為57%,具有一定的差異性.Cobbs等[5]運(yùn)用巢式 PCR法在9例膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤標(biāo)本中檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)有7例呈現(xiàn)HCMV核酸陽性,F(xiàn)ISH法檢測進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證HCMV核酸在8例膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤基2例彌漫性纖維星形細(xì)胞瘤中均呈陽性,而在正常腦組織中HCMV核酸均呈陰性.由于蛋白是基因功能的體現(xiàn)者,Cobbs等又采用免疫組化法檢測HCMV相關(guān)蛋白在腦膠質(zhì)瘤中的表達(dá)情況.HCMV IE1-72、p52/76及 pp65蛋白在膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤標(biāo)本中均呈陽性,它們在彌漫性纖維星形細(xì)胞瘤及間變性星形細(xì)胞瘤標(biāo)本中亦均呈陽性,但在腦膜瘤及正常腦組織中均呈陰性[5].然而,Sabatier等[6]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤標(biāo)本中HCMV核酸及蛋白的陽性率僅有不到10%.Poltermann及 Lau等[7-8]在22例及72例膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤標(biāo)本中均未檢測到 HCMV的核酸或是蛋白.但是,Mitchell與Scheurer[9-10]兩個(gè)研究小組宣稱采用與 Cobbs 研究小組相同的檢測方法可在膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤標(biāo)本中檢測到HCMV核酸及蛋白.Scheurer等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn) HCMV蛋白在腦膠質(zhì)瘤標(biāo)本中的陽性率與惡性程度成正相關(guān).Mitchell等[9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)HCMV在膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤標(biāo)本中陽性率也因檢測方法不同而有所差異.Scheurer等[10]認(rèn)為標(biāo)本固定方法、PCR中DNA模板使用量、免疫組化中抗體濃度等的差異可能是造成不同研究小組間結(jié)果不一致的原因.

HCMV感染可通過對細(xì)胞凋亡、細(xì)胞遷移、促血管生成、端粒酶活性等的影響發(fā)揮“腫瘤調(diào)節(jié)”的作用[11].HCMV UL36、UL123/124 及 UL37 蛋白可以通過Caspase、線粒體等多種途徑抑制細(xì)胞凋亡[12].HCMV亦可通過提高Akt激酶活性而增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞遷移力[13-14].HCMV感染腫瘤細(xì)胞后可導(dǎo)致宿主細(xì)胞端粒酶的表達(dá)量及活性增加[15-16].一方面,HCMV 可致血小板反應(yīng)蛋白1、2等血管生成的負(fù)向調(diào)節(jié)因子表達(dá)下調(diào),從而促進(jìn)腫瘤血管生成[17-18].另一方面,HCMV通過促進(jìn)TNF-α、CD40的表達(dá)來上調(diào)VEGF、IL8的表達(dá),從而促進(jìn)膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤的血管生成[19].

1.2 人類皰疹病毒6型(HHV-6) HHV-6系人類皰疹病毒β亞家族成員之一,可分為A、B兩個(gè)亞型[20-21].HHV-6B 已被公認(rèn)為嬰幼兒玫瑰疹的病原體[22].HHV-6A不僅是一種嗜B淋巴細(xì)胞病毒,同時(shí)具有較強(qiáng)的嗜神經(jīng)特性[23-24],可以感染膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞及神經(jīng)細(xì)胞[25-26].HHV-6可將其基因組整合于宿主細(xì)胞染色體的特性被認(rèn)為可能是其引發(fā)相關(guān)疾病的致病機(jī)制[27-28].人類在嬰幼兒時(shí)期普遍被 HHV-6 感染,因此人群中 HHV-6 IgG 血清陽性率>90%[29-31].但是Cuomo等[32]運(yùn)用間接免疫熒光法檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)腦腫瘤患者血清中HHV-6 IgG陽性率明顯高于對照組,具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義.Cuomo等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤中HHV-6核酸陽性率達(dá)45%,HHV-6早期抗原p41陽性率為40%.Crawford等[33]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在兒童腦膠質(zhì)瘤標(biāo)本中HHV-6的核酸及蛋白陽性率明顯高于對照組,PCR陽性率59%,F(xiàn)ISH陽性率55%,免疫組化陽性率40%.Crawford等[34]又在成人腦膠質(zhì)瘤標(biāo)本中發(fā)現(xiàn)HHV-6陽性率與兒童腦膠質(zhì)瘤中的發(fā)現(xiàn)相似,PCR陽性率為47%、FISH陽性率為47%、免疫組化陽性率為27%.研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),與其他腦腫瘤相比,腦膠質(zhì)腫瘤中HHV-6核酸及蛋白的陽性率更高.然而,Neves等[35]采用定量PCR未能在正常小腦組織及毛細(xì)胞型星形細(xì)胞瘤標(biāo)本中檢測到HHV-6核酸.Chi等[36]的研究結(jié)果顯示在腦膠質(zhì)瘤標(biāo)本中檢測到了HHV-6的核酸及蛋白,同時(shí)在1例囊性變膠質(zhì)瘤的囊液中分離到1株病毒,初步鑒定為HHV-6A亞型.雖然目前仍缺乏相關(guān)研究進(jìn)一步證明HHV-6在腦膠質(zhì)瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用,但HHV-6長期潛伏感染于神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并且可將其基因整合于宿主細(xì)胞染色體的特性可能使其成為一個(gè)潛在的腫瘤調(diào)節(jié)因子.

1.3 人類皰疹病毒7型(HHV-7) HHV-7是新發(fā)現(xiàn)的皰疹病毒,亦屬于β亞家族.關(guān)于HHV-7與腦膠質(zhì)瘤關(guān)系的文獻(xiàn)相對較少.目前僅有兩個(gè)研究小組檢測HHV-7核酸在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)腫瘤標(biāo)本中的陽性率,分別為3%(1/35)及16%(14/88),與對照組無明顯差異[35,37].

2 討論

人類皰疹病毒β亞家族與腦膠質(zhì)瘤的相關(guān)性研究越來越受到關(guān)注,主要集中于以下三個(gè)問題:①在腦膠質(zhì)瘤標(biāo)本中檢測病毒核酸及蛋白的結(jié)果缺乏一致性;②未能獲得病毒或者病毒基因直接轉(zhuǎn)化正常膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的證據(jù);③未能建立有效的動物模型用于研究.

目前腦膠質(zhì)瘤標(biāo)本中檢測人類皰疹病毒β亞家族核酸及蛋白的陽性率大相徑庭主要是與各研究小組在標(biāo)本的組織完整性、固定條件、切片厚度、抗體稀釋度、抗體孵育條件等實(shí)驗(yàn)質(zhì)控上不一致有關(guān)[10].譬如,使用不同的PCR方法(巢式PCR、定量PCR)檢測HHV-6核酸陽性率的比較中發(fā)現(xiàn)靈敏度差異最多達(dá)5倍[9,38].造成病毒核酸及蛋白陽性率差異的原因也可能與人類皰疹病毒β亞家族病毒潛伏感染的地理分布差異有關(guān).通過對大樣本腦組織連續(xù)切片的病毒基因組及(或)蛋白的檢測可以辨別病毒與腦膠質(zhì)瘤間的聯(lián)系是否與病毒的組織或細(xì)胞嗜性相關(guān),或者僅是病毒的伴隨現(xiàn)象而已.由于人類皰疹病毒β亞家族在人生命早期即建立的持續(xù)感染,僅憑PCR陽性結(jié)果是不能確定病毒來源于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的,這時(shí)就需要原位雜交或免疫組化對病毒核酸或蛋白進(jìn)行定位研究.

人類皰疹病毒β亞家族在腦膠質(zhì)瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用尚需要進(jìn)一步研究.HCMV理論上具有致神經(jīng)腫瘤機(jī)制,其最大的問題是缺乏細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化的證據(jù)[2].從臨床治療的角度出發(fā),運(yùn)用逆向思維進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)性的治療也許可以獲得一定的答案.目前正在進(jìn)行的兩項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)分別采用更昔洛韋和HCMV PP65修飾的樹突狀細(xì)胞疫苗治療膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤,而患者臨床預(yù)后的改善支持了“HCMV與腦膠質(zhì)瘤相關(guān)”的假設(shè).當(dāng)然,我們也可以認(rèn)為這樣的試驗(yàn)性治療結(jié)果僅僅是一個(gè)輔助效果而與病毒感染無關(guān).作者在研究HHV-6病毒基因與腦膠質(zhì)瘤的關(guān)系中發(fā)現(xiàn),HHV-6在體外可以成功感染膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞及腦膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞,并且發(fā)揮“腫瘤調(diào)節(jié)”作用,HHV-6 U94/rep基因具有抑制腫瘤惡性行為的作用,而HHV-6 DR7基因則具有與其相反的功能[26,39-41].

確立人類皰疹病毒β亞家族對腦膠質(zhì)瘤的“腫瘤調(diào)節(jié)”作用仍需要更多的研究支持.首先,建立一個(gè)具有統(tǒng)一質(zhì)控標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的多研究中心合作的采用PCR、原位雜交即免疫組化檢測并定位病毒核酸即蛋白.其次,通過大樣本組織連續(xù)切片以及深度測序研究探討病毒的嗜性特點(diǎn).最后,對病毒檢測陽性的腦膠質(zhì)瘤患者的試驗(yàn)性的抗病毒治療亦或是基于病毒抗原的免疫治療都是必要的.

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Sdudy advances on the relationship between human β-herpesvirus subfamily infection and glioma

GU Bin,CHEN Lu-Kui
Department of Neurosurgery,Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China

Brain glioma is one of malignant tumors with high fatality and disability rate.Although the genetic and molecular mechanisms of glioma have been partially understood,little is known about studies related to the causes of brain glioma.In recent years,many studies had detected nucleic acids and antigens of human β-herpesvirus subfamily in glioma tissues, therefore viral infection was thought to be one of factors in the development of glioma.However, the view was still controversial,because different investigators might have differences in their detection methods.Because of neuroticism and high seropositive rates in the population,it is difficult to establish the epidemiological relationship between viral infection and glioma.Although there was no direct evidence of the association between human β-herpesvirus subfamily and glioma, the concept of“virus-related tumor modulation” might have certain value in studying of glioma.The research progress on the relationship between human β-herpesvirus subfamily and glioma through retrieving and analyzing the articles were summarized.

glioma; human β-herpesvirus subfamily; virus-related tumor modulation

腦膠質(zhì)瘤一直被認(rèn)為是人類致死率及致殘率最高的原發(fā)性腦腫瘤.迄今為止,與腦膠質(zhì)瘤相關(guān)的分子機(jī)制已被逐步揭示,但與其發(fā)病原因相關(guān)的研究仍然較少.近年來有多個(gè)研究小組在腦膠質(zhì)瘤組織中檢測到人類皰疹病毒β亞家族的核酸及抗原,因此病毒感染被認(rèn)為可能是腦膠質(zhì)瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的因素之一.但是這一觀點(diǎn)仍存在爭議,主要是由于各研究小組所采用的檢測法的靈敏性及特異性不同,同時(shí)僅以具有嗜神經(jīng)特性的人類皰疹病毒β亞家族在人群中的高血清陽性率在流行病學(xué)上建立病毒感染與腦膠質(zhì)瘤的關(guān)系是不夠的.缺乏“細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化”的直接證據(jù)阻礙了人類皰疹病毒β亞家族與腦膠質(zhì)瘤的聯(lián)系,但是關(guān)于“病毒的腫瘤調(diào)節(jié)”作用被提出仍具有一定的意義.本文檢索分析相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),討論人類皰疹病毒β亞家族感染與腦膠質(zhì)瘤關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展.

腦經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤;人類皰疹病毒β亞家族;病毒的腫瘤調(diào)節(jié)

R739.41

A

2095-6894(2017)12-53-04

2017-05-20;接受日期:2017-06-10

國家自然科學(xué)基金(81301698,81471780,81671819);江蘇省衛(wèi)生廳科技項(xiàng)目(Z201409)

顧 斌.博士,主治醫(yī)師.研究方向:人類皰疹病毒6型感染與神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤.E-mail:gubiiin@ 163.com

陳陸馗.教授,主任醫(yī)師,博士生導(dǎo)師.E-mail:neuro_clk@ hotmail.com

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