董 明,徐曉倩,陳 軍
(天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院:1肺部腫瘤外科;2健康管理中心,天津300052)
LDCT篩查肺磨玻璃結(jié)節(jié)的影像學(xué)特征及臨床診療進(jìn)展
董 明1,徐曉倩2,陳 軍1
(天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院:1肺部腫瘤外科;2健康管理中心,天津300052)
目前,低劑量 CT(low-dose computed tomography,LDCT)被認(rèn)為是一種有效地肺癌篩查手段,特別是對(duì)高危人群而言,能夠有效降低肺癌的死亡率.基于目前美國(guó)國(guó)家肺癌篩查實(shí)驗(yàn)(National Lung Screening Trial, NLST)的結(jié)果[1],肺癌的 LDCT 篩查已經(jīng)在美國(guó)和中國(guó)展開;同時(shí),還有一些國(guó)家也在考慮開展這項(xiàng)工作[2-3].對(duì)于我國(guó)的篩查工作而言,如何判斷肺部結(jié)節(jié)的良惡性顯然是篩查項(xiàng)目的成敗關(guān)鍵.肺磨玻璃結(jié)節(jié)(ground-glass opacity nodules, GGO-nodules)由于其自身潛在惡變及異質(zhì)性的特點(diǎn)給篩查結(jié)果的判斷帶來(lái)了不小的挑戰(zhàn)[4].本文將與我國(guó)目前開展的LDCT篩查工作相結(jié)合,著眼于GGO-nodules的影像學(xué)特征、病理特點(diǎn)及臨床處理原則作一綜述.
GGO-nodules是指CT表現(xiàn)為模糊的混濁致密影,局部呈云霧狀表現(xiàn),密度輕度增加,但仍可見血管及支氣管結(jié)構(gòu).肺磨玻璃影(ground-glass opacity,GGO)是一類非特異性的影像學(xué)表現(xiàn),涉及多種不同的病理過程.這類影像學(xué)改變是由細(xì)胞及肺泡壁組織液增多造成的,代表著肺泡及肺間質(zhì)的變化.拋開惡性病變,GGO樣的改變往往與肺感染、肺間質(zhì)水腫、肺間質(zhì)性疾病有關(guān)[5].將這類病理學(xué)的改變與患者病史、隨訪過程中的影像學(xué)變化相結(jié)合,對(duì)診斷GGO-nodules尤為重要.事實(shí)上,氣道的CT表現(xiàn)往往由于其內(nèi)含有空氣,顯得密度更低,而周圍異常肺實(shí)質(zhì)的密度相對(duì)較高.肺部混濁影的發(fā)生往往是由于氣道內(nèi)空氣流量變小,伴或不伴軟組織密度增高造成的.因此,空氣腔的減少,被細(xì)胞或組織液等高密度物質(zhì)替代是造成肺部混濁致密影的主因[6].
GGO-nodules在影像學(xué)上分為兩種亞型:①純磨玻璃結(jié)節(jié),不含實(shí)性成分;②部分實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié),包含純磨玻璃結(jié)節(jié),并混有一定實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié)成分[7],這種部分實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié)也成為混合磨玻璃結(jié)節(jié).對(duì)于病理確診惡性的混合磨玻璃結(jié)節(jié)而言,其實(shí)性成分往往表現(xiàn)出組織侵襲性,而磨玻璃成分往往是原位腺癌(adenocarci-noma in situ,AIS).磨玻璃結(jié)節(jié)向?qū)嵭越Y(jié)節(jié)的轉(zhuǎn)化往往被認(rèn)為是很強(qiáng)的惡性腫瘤學(xué)證據(jù)[4].有研究[8]顯示,通過計(jì)算結(jié)節(jié)實(shí)性成分的比例,可以分辨出侵襲性和非侵襲性惡性腫瘤性疾?。瓽GO-nodules往往生長(zhǎng)較慢,即使發(fā)生由原位腺癌向浸潤(rùn)性腺癌的轉(zhuǎn)變,往往也需要很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間,這也提示對(duì)這類影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)患者長(zhǎng)期隨訪的重要性.
根據(jù)近期世界衛(wèi)生組織(World Health Organization,WHO)的分類,腺癌分為癌前病變[包括非典型腺瘤樣增生(atypical adenomatous hyperplasia,AAH)和AIS],微浸潤(rùn)腺癌(minimally invasive adenocarcinoma,MIA)和浸潤(rùn)性腺癌(invasive adenocarcinoma, IAC)[9].總得來(lái)講,目前認(rèn)為腺癌按照一種循序漸進(jìn)的惡變方式,由AAH轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)锳IS,最終轉(zhuǎn)化為浸潤(rùn)性腺癌.
非典型腺瘤樣增生是局部(結(jié)節(jié)<5 mm)肺泡Ⅱ型上皮細(xì)胞非典型增生,有時(shí)會(huì)伴有Clara細(xì)胞肺泡壁和支氣管壁的生長(zhǎng).AAH在CT上表現(xiàn)為純磨玻璃結(jié)節(jié),可單發(fā)或多發(fā),密度低,是可以在CT上最早發(fā)現(xiàn)的癌前病變.原位腺癌表現(xiàn)為小的(<3 cm)孤立癌灶,包含純貼壁式生長(zhǎng)成分,無(wú)血管、基質(zhì)及胸膜浸潤(rùn).其細(xì)胞類型主要是非粘液型,核異性也不明顯.AIS在CT上通常表現(xiàn)為純磨玻璃結(jié)節(jié),可伴有空泡,少數(shù)可表現(xiàn)為實(shí)性或部分實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié),可單發(fā)或多發(fā).微浸潤(rùn)腺癌是一類小(<3 cm)而孤立的癌灶,浸潤(rùn)范圍<5 mm[10].然而,浸潤(rùn)范圍大小的測(cè)量非常困難,特別是有多個(gè)癌灶存在的情況下,應(yīng)與CT表現(xiàn)相結(jié)合[11].其細(xì)胞類型主要是非粘液型,CT上可表現(xiàn)為純磨玻璃結(jié)節(jié)或部分實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié)[12].微浸潤(rùn)腺癌不侵入淋巴管、血管或胸膜,無(wú)壞死灶,也不會(huì)通過空氣腔擴(kuò)散.AIS和MIA的預(yù)后極好,5年生存率接近100%.
AIS和MIA的病理診斷不應(yīng)該以小范圍活檢或通過細(xì)胞學(xué)診斷而定,需要完成整個(gè)癌灶情況的評(píng)估.明確AIS是否存在組織浸潤(rùn)及MIA浸潤(rùn)范圍的大小,且與CT影像相結(jié)合,則更加有助于明確診斷.例如,純GGO結(jié)節(jié)活檢顯示為貼壁式生長(zhǎng),則診斷更傾向于AIS或MIA,但如果GGO結(jié)節(jié)含有>5 mm實(shí)性成分,則診斷更傾向于貼壁為主的腺癌[13].
浸潤(rùn)性腺癌可以根據(jù)不同的分化階段分為不同的亞型:貼壁為主型,乳頭狀為主型,微乳頭狀為主型,腺泡型為主型,實(shí)體型等.這些亞型對(duì)指導(dǎo)預(yù)后非常重要,實(shí)體型和微乳頭狀腺癌預(yù)后極差,乳頭狀和腺泡型腺癌預(yù)后較好,貼壁型則預(yù)后最佳[14].以前粘液性細(xì)支氣管肺泡癌歸為貼壁型生長(zhǎng)的浸潤(rùn)性粘液樣腺癌,現(xiàn)已成為浸潤(rùn)性腺癌的一個(gè)特定亞組.這種病理分型方式目前已經(jīng)被病理學(xué)專家反復(fù)驗(yàn)證[15].除了貼壁型腺癌在CT上表現(xiàn)為部分實(shí)性或?qū)嵭越Y(jié)節(jié),其余亞型幾乎皆表現(xiàn)為實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié).
目前,研究[16]認(rèn)為,GGO 結(jié)節(jié)大小及變化是良惡性的一個(gè)表現(xiàn).如果長(zhǎng)徑增加超過2 mm的GGO結(jié)節(jié)常被認(rèn)為是惡性腫瘤,而初始長(zhǎng)徑<5 mm的結(jié)節(jié)則被認(rèn)為是良性結(jié)節(jié),無(wú)需隨訪[17].
美國(guó)國(guó)家綜合癌癥網(wǎng)(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)的指南對(duì)結(jié)節(jié)增大的定義有所不同:對(duì)<15 mm的結(jié)節(jié)而言,平均直徑增大2 mm或部分實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié)實(shí)性成分較基線檢查增多則定義為結(jié)節(jié)增大;對(duì)于>15 mm的結(jié)節(jié)而言,平均直徑較基線檢查增大 15%以上[18].
對(duì)于GGO結(jié)節(jié)而言,其倍增時(shí)間明顯小于實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié),有兩項(xiàng)研究[19-20]分別指出,其倍增時(shí)間為 769天和1041天.目前,無(wú)論是NCCN指南還是Fleischner學(xué)會(huì)(Fleischner society, FS)指南,均不以其倍增時(shí)間作為判斷依據(jù).也有研究[20]顯示,檢測(cè)GGO的質(zhì)量比直徑變化和倍增時(shí)間更敏感,能夠更準(zhǔn)確判斷GGO生長(zhǎng)及性質(zhì).可以通過CT影像上的CT值(Hounsfield unit,HU)來(lái)計(jì)算GGO的質(zhì)量.
目前認(rèn)為,PET-CT作為判斷良惡性結(jié)節(jié)的常用檢查手段,對(duì)于GGO結(jié)節(jié)特別是純GGO結(jié)節(jié)則并不敏感,也不適用[19].其對(duì)于實(shí)性成分<8 mm的結(jié)節(jié),敏感性是非常低的[18].
目前,許多學(xué)者都在探討腫瘤驅(qū)動(dòng)基因,如EGFR、ALK和KRAS等在GGO結(jié)節(jié)中的異常情況.研究結(jié)果尚不一致.一些研究顯示,EGFR基因突變與支氣管空泡征密切相關(guān),其中60%的GGO結(jié)節(jié)存在EGFR基因突變,僅35%為EGFR野生型[21].而Sugano等[22]研究認(rèn)為,EGFR突變與 GGO并無(wú)相關(guān)性(P=0.7).不過,對(duì)于男性患者而言,GGO 結(jié)節(jié) EGFR 突變率高于非GGO 結(jié)節(jié)(P=0.4).Ko 等[23]也認(rèn)為 GGO與EGFR突變無(wú)關(guān),而且ALK重排在GGO表現(xiàn)的腺癌中發(fā)生率非常低.當(dāng)然,純GGO結(jié)節(jié)EGFR突變的發(fā)生率明顯高于ALK 基因和 KRAS基因[21-24].
由于我國(guó)目前正在普及針對(duì)肺癌的LDCT篩查,GGO結(jié)節(jié)檢出率越來(lái)越高.目前,國(guó)際上也針對(duì)此類亞實(shí)行結(jié)節(jié)制定了一些處理指南.
2013年,F(xiàn)S發(fā)布了肺部亞實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié)的處理意見[7].而 NCCN 的指南[18]則結(jié)合了 NLST 以及國(guó)際早期心肺疾病行動(dòng)計(jì)劃(International Early Lung and Cardiac Action Program,I-ELCAP)的數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)2005年FS提出肺小結(jié)節(jié)處理原則進(jìn)行了補(bǔ)充.
近期,英國(guó)胸外科學(xué)會(huì)(British Thoracic Society,BTS)也公布了對(duì)于肺部結(jié)節(jié)的診療指南,這個(gè)指南則是基于大量關(guān)于GGO結(jié)節(jié)的文獻(xiàn)所給出的[25].以下將簡(jiǎn)述這些指南的處理原則.
2.1 隨訪時(shí)間 基于一項(xiàng)回顧性研究[26],對(duì)于>5 mm的GGO結(jié)節(jié),F(xiàn)S和BTS的指南都建議每三個(gè)月復(fù)查CT,認(rèn)為這是在GGO結(jié)節(jié)有所變化之前提早發(fā)現(xiàn)的一個(gè)比較合適的時(shí)間段.而NCCN的指南則認(rèn)為,對(duì)于5~10 mm的GGO結(jié)節(jié)可以每半年隨訪一次,<5 mm的結(jié)節(jié)可以每年隨訪一次.
經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)期隨訪的研究顯示,即使觀察2年以后,仍有部分GGO結(jié)節(jié)明顯增大(長(zhǎng)徑增加2 mm或者更多)[26].還有研究[27]顯示,在大約 4 年的間隔時(shí)間里,約四分之一的結(jié)節(jié)都會(huì)明顯長(zhǎng)大.因此,BTS建議GGO結(jié)節(jié)隨訪時(shí)間至少4年,F(xiàn)S建議隨訪時(shí)間至少3年,NCCN指南則提出隨訪時(shí)間不少于兩年或者長(zhǎng)期隨訪直到患者接受治療去除病灶為止.
2.2 定位、標(biāo)記及術(shù)式選擇 出于診斷和治療的目的,胸腔鏡手術(shù)(video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS)切除可疑惡性的磨玻璃結(jié)節(jié)是最常見的處理方式.然而,由于GGO-nodules的大小和質(zhì)地,使得術(shù)中定位異常困難.目前,常用的定位手段為CT引導(dǎo)下,在結(jié)節(jié)附近胸膜注射0.2 mL亞甲藍(lán)標(biāo)記作為外科手術(shù)切除范圍[28].最近一項(xiàng)研究[29]表明,CT 引導(dǎo)下,放置彈簧圈定位外科手術(shù)切除范圍對(duì)于?。ㄖ睆剑?2 mm)實(shí)性及亞實(shí)行結(jié)節(jié)明顯優(yōu)于手指觸診.其他的定位方法還包括術(shù)中超聲[30]、放置帶鉤鋼絲(hook wire)[31]、注射碘油[32]、注射放射性同位素等[33].在極少數(shù)情況下,對(duì)于位置靠中心,難以定位和觸及的GGO結(jié)節(jié),才會(huì)采取診斷性的肺葉切除[34].
肺葉切除、系統(tǒng)性淋巴結(jié)清掃是Ⅰ/Ⅱ期浸潤(rùn)性腺癌最常規(guī)的手術(shù)方式[8].但由于近年來(lái)CT分辨率的不斷提高及LDCT篩查的普及,很多預(yù)后很好的非浸潤(rùn)性或微浸潤(rùn)肺癌被篩查出來(lái).因此在這樣的時(shí)代和技術(shù)背景下,此類患者的手術(shù)指征及手術(shù)方式應(yīng)該慎重考慮,避免因切除良性結(jié)節(jié)而造成的器官損失,形成過度治療[8].另一方面,一旦惡性結(jié)節(jié)診斷明確,手術(shù)則是首選治療方式.在過去,亞肺葉切除只適用于無(wú)法進(jìn)行肺葉切除的高?;颊?,而近期,這樣的觀點(diǎn)有所改變.在許多病例中,亞肺葉切除能夠取得與肺葉切除相同效果,總生存期無(wú)變化,復(fù)發(fā)率也沒有明顯差別[35-36].此外,這類手術(shù)不僅可以盡可能保護(hù)健康肺組織,保留較好的呼吸功能,而且能為未來(lái)可能再次發(fā)生的肺癌提供手術(shù)的治療機(jī)會(huì),爭(zhēng)取更好的預(yù)后[37].
隨著影像學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和大量臨床數(shù)據(jù)的積累,通過CT影像判斷非浸潤(rùn)性腺癌成為可能,例如GGO結(jié)節(jié)<2 cm,實(shí)性成分比值(consolidation to tumor ratio,C/T ratio)<0.25,或者 GGO 結(jié)節(jié)<3 cm,C/T 值<0.5的結(jié)節(jié)[8]通常被認(rèn)為是非浸潤(rùn)性腺癌.對(duì)于該患者,目前日本正在進(jìn)行比較肺楔形切除與肺段切除預(yù)后的臨床隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn),旨在探索創(chuàng)傷更小、預(yù)后更佳的手術(shù)方式[37].對(duì)于影像學(xué)考慮浸潤(rùn)性腺癌的結(jié)節(jié)(結(jié)節(jié)<2 cm,C/T 值>0.5),目前也有隨機(jī)對(duì)照臨床試驗(yàn)正在進(jìn)行,比較肺葉切除及肺段切除的預(yù)后[38].隨著LDCT篩查項(xiàng)目普及范圍的增加,會(huì)有越來(lái)越多的GGO結(jié)節(jié)被篩查出來(lái).因此,明確肺葉切除與亞肺葉切除的手術(shù)指征及系統(tǒng)化治療方案顯得尤為重要.我們也期待這些臨床試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果為我們帶來(lái)新的啟迪,畢竟無(wú)論哪種治療方式都需要長(zhǎng)期隨訪,明確腫瘤治療的有效性可使患者長(zhǎng)期受益.
目前,對(duì)于GGO結(jié)節(jié)的診斷仍充滿挑戰(zhàn),因此,需要更加細(xì)致系統(tǒng)的檢查方案.持續(xù)存在的>5 mm的GGO結(jié)節(jié)至少應(yīng)隨訪5年以上.PET-CT對(duì)于GGO結(jié)節(jié)的診斷意義非常有限,會(huì)給患者帶來(lái)不必要的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān).長(zhǎng)徑增加超過2 mm的GGO結(jié)節(jié)被認(rèn)為是明顯增長(zhǎng)的,需要謹(jǐn)慎對(duì)待.純GGO結(jié)節(jié)發(fā)展出現(xiàn)實(shí)性成分,或者混合型GGO結(jié)節(jié)原有實(shí)性成分有所增加也被認(rèn)為是惡變的表現(xiàn).在很多情況下,一些有創(chuàng)的診治手段,例如CT引導(dǎo)下穿刺,胸腔鏡結(jié)節(jié)切除等非常必要.而且,最近的一些研究也不斷暗示,亞肺葉切除對(duì)于C/T ratio較低的GGO結(jié)節(jié)預(yù)后效果與肺葉切除相當(dāng),但損傷更?。贿^這還需要一些臨床試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的最終完善才能有所定論.
因此,隨著LDCT篩查項(xiàng)目開展,越來(lái)越多的早期腫瘤,包括GGO結(jié)節(jié)、各種類型的癌前病變及早期肺癌都會(huì)在造成嚴(yán)重后果之前被發(fā)現(xiàn),大大提高了我國(guó)腫瘤患者的生存期和治療效果.與此同時(shí),這也要求臨床醫(yī)師在此社會(huì)技術(shù)背景下不斷更新診治理念,更好地為患者服務(wù).
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The imaging features and progress on the screening for lung ground-glass opacity nodules with LDCT
DONG Ming1, XU Xiao-Qian2, CHEN Jun11Department of Lung Cancer Surgery,2Health Management Center, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052,China
Lung ground-glass opacity nodules (GGO-nodules)are the nodules of ground-glass-like density on chest CT.With the continuous development and popularization of CT scanning technology,the detection rate of lung GGO-nodules is getting higher and higher.At present, the imaging diagnosis of these nodules is still controversial, therefore investigating its systematic, standardized diagnostic methods will certainly play an important role in the clinical diagnosis and treatment.In this paper, the latest advances in imaging and clinical pathology of lung GGO-nodules were reviewed.Based on the findings and suggestions of the Fleischner Society(FS), the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN)and the British Thoracic Society(BTS), the principles of diagnosis and follow-up of lung GGO-nodules were investigated.Furthermore,the role of minimally invasive biopsy and diagnostic markers in lung GGO-nodules and the progress of sub-lobectomy in the treatment of lung GGO-nodules were also reviewed.
lung ground-glass opacity nodules; low-dose computed tomography(LDCT); diagnosis and treatment
肺磨玻璃結(jié)節(jié)(GGO-nodules)是指在胸部CT上表現(xiàn)為磨玻璃樣密度影的結(jié)節(jié).隨著CT掃描技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展與普及,GGO-nodules的檢出率也越來(lái)越高.目前,這類結(jié)節(jié)的影像學(xué)診斷仍充滿爭(zhēng)議,探討其系統(tǒng)化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的診斷方法必將對(duì)于臨床診療起到重要指導(dǎo)作用.本文綜述了GGO-nodules最新的影像學(xué)及臨床病理學(xué)研究進(jìn)展,結(jié)合Fleischner學(xué)會(huì)(FS),美國(guó)國(guó)家綜合癌癥網(wǎng)(NCCN)及英國(guó)胸外科學(xué)會(huì)(BTS)的觀點(diǎn),探討了GGO-nodules的診治及隨訪原則,綜述了微創(chuàng)組織活檢及診斷標(biāo)記物在肺磨玻璃結(jié)節(jié)中的作用,以及目前亞肺葉切除術(shù)在GGO-nodules治療中的進(jìn)展.
肺磨玻璃結(jié)節(jié);低劑量CT;診斷和治療
R730.44;R734.2
A
2095-6894(2017)12-07-04
2017-02-10;接受日期:2017-02-26
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81600073);天津市衛(wèi)生局科技基金(2015KY12,2014KZ127)
董 明.博士,主治醫(yī)師.研究方向:肺部腫瘤及肺移植.Tel:022-60814801 E-mail:tjydming@ yeah.net
陳 軍.博士,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師.研究方向:肺癌的基礎(chǔ)與臨床.E-mail:huntercj2004@ qq.com