婁妍超,曲秀芬
? 綜述 ?
血清膽堿酯酶與相關(guān)臨床疾病研究進展
婁妍超1,曲秀芬1
膽堿酯酶由肝臟合成而后釋放入血液,反映肝臟的儲備狀態(tài),從而間接反映機體的機能狀態(tài);膽堿酯酶可以水解乙酰膽堿,保證神經(jīng)通路的正常傳導(dǎo),其水平的高低能夠反映膽堿能神經(jīng)元活性[1]。近些年,多個研究發(fā)現(xiàn)膽堿能抗炎通路在多種疾病中發(fā)揮了重要作用。這些均提示血清膽堿酯酶在臨床疾病的病情和預(yù)后評估中有一定作用。血清膽堿酯酶為臨床常規(guī)檢查指標(biāo),同一個體的含量相對穩(wěn)定。本文總結(jié)了血清膽堿酯酶、膽堿能抗炎通路及與相關(guān)臨床疾病的關(guān)系,為臨床疾病診斷和治療提供新思路和途徑。
膽堿酯酶是由肝臟合成的一類糖蛋白,依據(jù)催化底物的特異性可分為乙酰膽堿酯酶(也稱真性膽堿酯酶)和丁酰膽堿酯酶(也稱假性膽堿酯酶)。
乙酰膽堿酯酶主要存在于膽堿能神經(jīng)元內(nèi)和紅細胞中,通過降解乙酰膽堿確保神經(jīng)信號的正常傳遞,特異性高,其水平的高低能反映膽堿能神經(jīng)元活性[1]。傳統(tǒng)觀點認為,乙酰膽堿僅為神經(jīng)遞質(zhì),進一步的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),乙酰膽堿酯酶還參與細胞遷移、黏附和凋亡,影響炎癥和免疫反應(yīng)等,但作用機制尚不完全清楚[2]。現(xiàn)已證實人類血液的單核細胞、人類白血病T細胞以及大鼠淋巴細胞中均檢測到膽堿酯酶。通過刺激T淋巴細胞激活淋巴膽堿能系統(tǒng),可增加乙酰膽堿的合成和釋放,也提高膽堿酯酶的活性。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[3],microRNA-132可以抑制乙酰膽堿酯酶mRNA的轉(zhuǎn)錄。
丁酰膽堿酯酶存在于神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細胞、心臟、肝臟、腎臟及腸中,生理功能尚未完全明確。血清膽堿酯酶主要為丁酰膽堿酯酶,濃度約為乙酰膽堿酯酶的10倍。此外,丁酰膽堿酯酶除基本基因型外,還存在K等位基因變異體[4]。丁酰膽堿酯酶K基因型是DNA轉(zhuǎn)錄時第1615位核苷酸由鳥苷酸突變?yōu)橄佘账幔彼嵬蛔優(yōu)樘K氨酸,丁酰膽堿酯酶水解能力也隨之下降30%。
炎癥反應(yīng)在許多疾病的發(fā)病和進展中發(fā)揮重要作用。膽堿能抗炎通路調(diào)控迷走神經(jīng)釋放乙酰膽堿,與免疫系統(tǒng)相互作用,從而發(fā)揮抗炎作用[5]。免疫刺激可引起神經(jīng)末梢釋放乙酰膽堿,免疫細胞膜上的尼古丁α7受體與乙酰膽堿結(jié)合被激活,經(jīng)過信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)減少核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NF-κB表達,減少單核細胞和巨噬細胞釋放細胞因子,從而抑制炎癥反應(yīng)。在調(diào)控炎癥反應(yīng)方面,膽堿能抗炎途徑較體液途徑更迅速、易于控制[6]。它可反饋性調(diào)控炎癥反應(yīng),通過刺激迷走神經(jīng)釋放乙酰膽堿,抑制多種細胞因子,降低死亡率[7]。值得注意的是,副交感神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)乙酰膽堿極不穩(wěn)定且臨床中很難測量,所以可以測量其水解酶—膽堿酯酶的水平來間接反映乙酰膽堿的水平。進一步分析血清膽堿酯酶表達的遺傳調(diào)控以及其核酸多態(tài)性,為臨床疾病致病機制研究提供新思路。
3.1 血清膽堿酯酶與心力衰竭 有研究表明[8,9],心臟功能參數(shù)、運動耐力、肺功能、血液和尿液樣本中的生物標(biāo)志物以及其他臨床因素與慢性心力衰竭預(yù)后有著密切關(guān)系。體質(zhì)指數(shù)、膽固醇、淋巴細胞計數(shù)和白蛋白水平也是心力衰竭預(yù)后的重要預(yù)測指標(biāo)[10-12]。營養(yǎng)不良和肝功能障礙導(dǎo)致血清膽堿酯酶降低。Takamasa等[13]對465例慢性心力衰竭急性加重患者進行隨訪研究發(fā)現(xiàn),發(fā)生不良心臟事件的患者血清膽堿酯酶水平較未發(fā)生的患者降低,通過Kaplan-Meier生存分析得出血清膽堿酯酶<240 U/L的慢性心力衰竭患者較>240 U/L的患者不良心臟事件的發(fā)生率高;回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn),血清膽堿酯酶與心臟指數(shù)、表皮生長因子、血清鈉離子濃度、腦鈉肽均為慢性心力衰竭不良臨床預(yù)后的影響因素。血清膽堿酯酶預(yù)測心力衰竭預(yù)后的特異性較高。急性心力衰竭患者肝功能發(fā)生異常,不可忽視心臟和肝臟之間的聯(lián)系[14]。因此,膽堿酯酶作為評價肝臟功能的指標(biāo),其在心力衰竭中的變化值得進一步研究。
3.2 血清膽堿酯酶與冠心病及外周血管疾病 Goliasch等[15]對冠心病患者進行平均11.3年的隨訪,旨在建立有效的臨床死亡預(yù)測評分系統(tǒng),發(fā)現(xiàn)膽堿酯酶是預(yù)測死亡率的重要指標(biāo),提示其重要的臨床作用。Arbel等[16]分析血清膽堿酯酶與主要不良心血管事件之間的關(guān)系,進行了40個月的隨訪研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)生主要不良心血管事件的患者較未發(fā)生的患者血清膽堿酯酶活性顯著降低,總結(jié)得出結(jié)論:副交感神經(jīng)功能障礙表現(xiàn)為膽堿酯酶降低,可作為預(yù)測行冠狀動脈血管檢查患者發(fā)生遠期主要不良心血管事件的指標(biāo)。
Thomas Gremmel等[17]入選108例行血管成形術(shù)和支架置入術(shù)的外周血管疾病患者,術(shù)后隨訪2年,發(fā)生終點事件的患者比未發(fā)生的患者血清膽堿酯酶水平顯著降低,膽堿酯酶水平降低與外周血管疾病血管成形術(shù)和支架置入術(shù)后長期缺血風(fēng)險相關(guān)。
膽堿能失衡影響心血管疾病患者的長期預(yù)后。這提示我們,在臨床工作中,對行冠狀動脈介入治療的心臟病患者,以及行血管成形術(shù)的外周血管疾病患者,術(shù)后應(yīng)檢測血清膽堿酯酶水平,評估患者死亡風(fēng)險,并對其動態(tài)監(jiān)測,對于降低患者遠期死亡率有積極意義。
3.3 血清膽堿酯酶與神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病 腦梗死嚴重危害人類健康,也是導(dǎo)致成年人殘疾的罪魁禍?zhǔn)?。目前,尚無特異性和敏感性均較高的血清標(biāo)志物用于腦梗死的診斷。美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)、梗死面積、炎癥因子、生長因子等都無法成為腦梗死尤其是輕微腦梗死診斷的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”[18]。膽堿能抗炎通路激活對皮層和海馬回細胞的缺氧損傷有保護作用[19]。在腦梗死大鼠模型中,發(fā)現(xiàn)乙酰膽堿酯酶可減少腦梗死的面積[20]。Assayag等[21]對腦梗死患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腦梗死患者的乙酰膽堿酯酶水平明顯低于健康對照組,腦梗死急性期1年后死亡的患者乙酰膽堿酯酶水平較生存的患者低,提示低水平的丁酰膽堿酯酶腦梗死患者預(yù)后不良、生存率低。血清膽堿酯酶水平的降低表明腦梗死中膽堿能抗炎通路的激活,從而抑制炎癥反應(yīng),但血清膽堿酯酶水平過低可能預(yù)示著膽堿能危機[22],也提示死亡率會增高。存在腦梗死風(fēng)險的患者監(jiān)測血清膽堿酯酶水平,對其有很重要的價值。膽堿能系統(tǒng)功能障礙與RNA損傷是阿爾茨海默病重要發(fā)病機制[23]。microRNA-132可調(diào)控乙酰膽堿酯酶mRNA的轉(zhuǎn)錄,Lau等[24]推測,micro-RNA132不僅與晚發(fā)的阿爾茨海默病有關(guān),也與其他神經(jīng)退行障礙密切相關(guān)。
3.4 血清膽堿酯酶與膿毒癥 盡管醫(yī)療條件有所提高,膿毒癥、膿毒性休克仍然是危重患者死亡的主要原因[25,26]。膿毒癥早期很難辨別,對臨床提出很大挑戰(zhàn)。嚴重的膿毒癥副交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)激活,主要為膽堿能抗炎通路的激活,釋放乙酰膽堿,抑制腫瘤壞死因子釋放,從而抑制炎癥反應(yīng)[27]。據(jù)報道,膿毒性休克的患者血清膽堿酯酶顯著下降,并推測血清膽堿酯酶活性是膿毒性休克的一個敏感指標(biāo),提示膿毒癥的嚴重程度及預(yù)后[28]。Feng等[2]對膿毒癥患者的回顧性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),存活的患者較死亡的患者入院時血清膽堿酯酶水平高,APACHE II評分低。Mabrouk Bahloul等[29]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血清膽堿酯酶活性較降鈣素和C反應(yīng)蛋白更精準(zhǔn)地診斷膿毒性休克,其活性低于4000 IU/L,診斷膿毒性休克的敏感性和特異性均較高。膿毒癥患者血清膽堿酯酶下降的具體機制仍不清楚,推斷可能為:①隨著膿毒癥的進展,細菌及其內(nèi)毒素刺激中性粒細胞產(chǎn)生如蛋白酶、細胞因子等物質(zhì)導(dǎo)致肝臟功能異常,從而導(dǎo)致膽堿酯酶合成下降;②毛細血管通透性增加,導(dǎo)致血清膽堿酯酶流失,從而水平下降;③由于體液稀釋導(dǎo)致血清膽堿酯酶水平降低;④血清膽堿酯酶的分解代謝增加。
3.5 血清膽堿酯酶與炎癥性腸病 炎癥性腸病、潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎、克羅恩病都是腸道微生物抗原的特異免疫應(yīng)答所引起的腸道慢性炎癥??寡追磻?yīng)是炎性腸病發(fā)病的重要環(huán)節(jié)。Maharshak等[30]發(fā)現(xiàn),中-重度炎癥性腸病的患者血清乙酰膽堿酯酶水平低于輕度患者或健康者,且膽堿能活性與C反應(yīng)蛋白水平的變化呈負相關(guān),此外,腸道活檢中發(fā)現(xiàn)活動期的炎癥性腸病患者的micro-132水平較靜息患者的水平高。
3.6 血清膽堿酯酶與代謝綜合征 代謝綜合征的特點是腹型肥胖,伴血脂、血壓、血糖等異常,臨床較常見,對現(xiàn)代人的健康造成威脅。Straznicky等[31]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),代謝綜合征與交感神經(jīng)功能亢進和副交感神經(jīng)功能受損有關(guān)。Rao等[32]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),早期2型糖尿病患者與健康者相比,血清丁酰膽堿酯酶水平升高,抑制了膽堿能信號通路,增加了交感神經(jīng)的活性。Iwasaki等[33]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),2型糖尿病患者血清膽堿酯酶活性與體質(zhì)指數(shù)、腰圍、皮下脂肪以及血脂指數(shù)顯著相關(guān),說明血清膽堿酯酶活性與代謝綜合征關(guān)系密切。
綜上所述,血清膽堿酯酶與許多臨床疾病的病情及預(yù)后有著密切的關(guān)系。除水解乙酰膽堿參與神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)的經(jīng)典作用以外,其在炎癥反應(yīng)中的調(diào)節(jié)作用不可忽視。血清膽堿酯酶在同一個體內(nèi)相對穩(wěn)定且檢測方法簡單,進一步監(jiān)測血清膽堿酯酶水平變化,對疾病進行早期危險分層,對評估疾病的病情及預(yù)后有重要意義。
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本文編輯:姚雪莉
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1674-4055(2017)05-0631-03
1150001 哈爾濱,哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科
曲秀芬,E-mail:xiufenqve@126.com
10.3969/j.issn.1674-4055.2017.05.35