王謙,雷中杰,馬宗浩,帥桃,黃文生
青少年特發(fā)性脊柱側(cè)凸影像學(xué)評估研究進展
王謙1a,2,3,雷中杰1a,2,馬宗浩3,4,帥桃1b,黃文生3
青少年特發(fā)性脊柱側(cè)凸(AIS)是一種復(fù)雜的脊柱三維畸形。影像學(xué)檢查能測量AIS側(cè)凸與旋轉(zhuǎn)角度,預(yù)測病情進展,協(xié)助康復(fù)和手術(shù)治療,包括X線平片、三維立體放射技術(shù)、計算機斷層技術(shù)、磁共振成像技術(shù)和三維超聲成像技術(shù)。本文綜述其在AIS評估中的應(yīng)用參數(shù)、信度與效度、優(yōu)勢與劣勢。三維影像學(xué)成像評估技術(shù)將是今后的研究趨勢。
特發(fā)性脊柱側(cè)凸;影像學(xué);評估;綜述
青少年特發(fā)性脊柱側(cè)凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)表現(xiàn)為脊柱椎體在冠狀面和矢狀面上側(cè)凸畸形,以及在水平面上旋轉(zhuǎn)畸形[1-2]。影像學(xué)技術(shù)是AIS診斷與評估的重要方法,能反映脊柱側(cè)凸的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu),評估椎體側(cè)凸與旋轉(zhuǎn)的角度,預(yù)測病情進展的可能性,為康復(fù)和手術(shù)治療提供參考[3]。隨著計算機輔助程序的應(yīng)用,脊柱側(cè)凸的診斷逐漸從二維圖像發(fā)展到三維圖像。目前,臨床和科研中常用的影像學(xué)成像技術(shù)包括X線平片、三維立體X線成像技術(shù)、計算機斷層(computerized tomography,CT)技術(shù)、磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)技術(shù)和超聲成像技術(shù)。本文對上述影像學(xué)技術(shù)在AIS篩查、診斷、治療和隨訪中的應(yīng)用進行綜述,綜合分析相關(guān)評估方法的信度與效度及其優(yōu)勢和劣勢。
1.1 測量參數(shù)及應(yīng)用
全脊柱正側(cè)位X線片是AIS診斷與評估最常用的方法[2-3]。正位片在冠狀面上確定AIS關(guān)鍵椎,測量椎體側(cè)凸與旋轉(zhuǎn)角度,評價脊柱柔韌性;側(cè)位片在矢狀面上評估胸椎前凸及后凸畸形程度、骨盆傾斜及穩(wěn)定性等[3]。此外,骨盆正位片通過骨成熟度,預(yù)測AIS進展的可能性。
1.1.1 椎體側(cè)凸角度
椎體側(cè)凸角度是評估AIS嚴(yán)重程度的主要參數(shù)。在正位片上,椎體側(cè)凸角的測量方法包括Ferguson方法、Cobb方法、Greenspan指數(shù)法、Diab方法、幾何中心法等[4]。其中Cobb方法是測量AIS椎體側(cè)凸角度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4]:上端椎上終板平行線與下端椎下終板平行線之間的夾角稱為Cobb角;Cobb角大于10°是AIS的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);連續(xù)測量Cobb角之間差異大于5.0°,被認(rèn)為是AIS進展的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),或存在測量誤差[3]。
1.1.2 椎體旋轉(zhuǎn)角度
椎體旋轉(zhuǎn)角度是評估AIS的另一項重要參數(shù),能夠評估側(cè)凸進展的風(fēng)險及治療效果[5-6]。在正位片上,根據(jù)棘突、椎弓根投射在椎體上的位置評估椎體旋轉(zhuǎn)角度,如Cobb方法、Nash-Moe方法、Perdriolle方法、Drerup方法及Stokes方法[6]。上述測量方法只能粗略估算AIS椎體在水平面上的旋轉(zhuǎn)角度,精確度低[5]。
1.1.3 脊柱柔韌性
脊柱柔韌性(curve flexibility)是評估AIS矯正程度的重要參數(shù)[3]。通過測量不同體位,如仰臥側(cè)屈位、俯臥加壓位、牽引位和支點側(cè)曲位下X線片與站立位X片之間Cobb角的變化,可以評估AIS患者的脊柱柔韌性[7]。上述測量方法的裝置以及患者體型方面的差異,將影響脊柱柔韌性評估的信度和效度[8]。設(shè)計個體化裝置、制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范的測量方法,仍有待進一步研究。
1.1.4 骨成熟度
骨成熟度反映青少年生長發(fā)育程度,是選擇手術(shù)或矯形器治療的重要依據(jù)[3]。Risser征反映骨骼成熟度:依據(jù)骨盆正位片上髂骨翼骨骺骨化范圍(由外至內(nèi))分為5個等級[9],等級越低,表明患者骨骼成熟度越低,AIS進展的可能性越大。
1.2 信度和效度
X線片是評估AIS椎體側(cè)凸與旋轉(zhuǎn)角度最常用方法。研究表明,Cobb方法測量AIS椎體側(cè)凸角具有較高的評測者內(nèi)/評測者間信度,組內(nèi)相關(guān)系數(shù)(intra-class correlation coefficients,ICC)>0.78,平均絕對差(mean absolute deviation,MAD)2.2°~3.9°,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(standard deviation,SD)2.2°~4.6°,測量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤(standard error of measurement,SEM)2.0°~3.2°[10-13]。測量誤差來源于端椎選擇、評測者經(jīng)驗及患者體位等因素[14]。
研究表明,X線平片評估AIS椎體旋轉(zhuǎn)角度的評測者內(nèi)/評測者間ICC>0.76,測量誤差小于3.2°[15-16]。數(shù)字化圖像處理技術(shù)和相關(guān)軟件的開發(fā),提高了AIS椎體側(cè)凸與旋轉(zhuǎn)角度評估的信度與效度[17]。
1.3 優(yōu)勢和劣勢
X線攝影及Cobb方法操作簡便、快捷,廣泛用于AIS的臨床診療中。然而,多次X線檢查使患者暴露于X線輻射中,增加腫瘤等疾病的發(fā)生率[18]。此外,X線平片將三維的脊柱結(jié)構(gòu)投射在二維膠片上,不能真正反映脊柱側(cè)凸三維空間的病變特征[3]。隨著AIS三維矯正技術(shù)的開展及減少X線輻射量的基本要求,探索無輻射、可靠和準(zhǔn)確的三維影像學(xué)評估方法成為AIS的研究熱點。
2.1 測量參數(shù)及應(yīng)用
三維立體X線成像技術(shù)(stereoradiography)通過雙平面X線成像系統(tǒng),同時進行正位和側(cè)位X線攝影;在特定計算機程序輔助下,重建AIS脊柱和軀干的三維圖像[19]。測量參數(shù)包括AIS在冠狀面上的椎體側(cè)凸角度、在水平面上的椎體旋轉(zhuǎn)角度,以及在矢狀面上的胸椎后凸/腰椎前凸角度[20]。此外,胸廓容積(thoracic volume)、脊柱貫入度指數(shù)(spinal penetration index)[21]和骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence)[22]等參數(shù),實現(xiàn)了對AIS胸廓和骨盆畸形的評估。
2.2 信度和效度
三維立體X線成像技術(shù)評估AIS患者椎體側(cè)凸角度、椎體旋轉(zhuǎn)角度、胸椎后凸及腰椎前凸角度MAD分別為1.6°~6.2°、0.9°~6.1°、3.6°~7.0°和2.5°~6.7°;評測者內(nèi)/評測者間ICC均大于0.87[22-23]。
2.3 優(yōu)勢和劣勢
相比普通X線片,三維立體X線成像技術(shù)能夠提供AIS三維脊柱畸形圖像,X線輻射量為普通X線片的1/9~1/6[18];采取站位測量,不受重力因素的影響。然而,三維立體X線成像技術(shù)仍不能直接顯示AIS在水平面上的形態(tài)特征,其三維評估結(jié)果來源于三維重建模型上的測量數(shù)據(jù),并不是AIS三維脊柱畸形的真實數(shù)據(jù)[4,6]。
3.1 測量參數(shù)及應(yīng)用
CT能夠顯示AIS椎體在水平面上骨性結(jié)構(gòu)特征,可直接評估椎體旋轉(zhuǎn)角度[24]。作為AIS患者術(shù)前常規(guī)檢查項目,CT檢查能夠評估椎弓根的異常形態(tài);通過模擬椎弓根螺釘?shù)拇笮?,提高術(shù)中椎弓根螺釘置入準(zhǔn)確率和手術(shù)安全性[25]。在計算機程序輔助下,CT三維重建技術(shù)能夠構(gòu)建脊柱側(cè)凸的三維模型,還可評估AIS兩側(cè)肺容積的大小,有助于手術(shù)方案的設(shè)計和風(fēng)險評估[26]。近年來,有研究報道了高分辨率定量CT在評估椎體容積、骨密度和骨微結(jié)構(gòu)中的應(yīng)用,對預(yù)測AIS進展的風(fēng)險具有重要作用[27]。
3.2 信度和效度
Aaro-Dahlborn方法和Ho方法是CT水平面圖像上測量AIS椎體旋轉(zhuǎn)角度的常用方法。Aaro-Dahlborn方法評測者內(nèi)/評測者間MAD為1.76°,Ho方法評測者內(nèi)/評測者間MAD為1.18°,兩種方法的信度均較高[28]。
3.3 優(yōu)勢和劣勢
CT成像的優(yōu)勢在于清楚顯示AIS椎體的骨性結(jié)構(gòu),評估椎體旋轉(zhuǎn)角度及椎弓根形態(tài)變化。相比于Perdriolle方法和Scoliometer方法,CT能更加準(zhǔn)確地反映手術(shù)前后椎體旋轉(zhuǎn)角度的變化[24]。然而,全脊柱CT成像產(chǎn)生大量電離輻射,嚴(yán)重威脅青少年身體健康。與X線相比,仰臥或俯臥位下CT成像的測量結(jié)果易受重力影響。
4.1 測量參數(shù)及應(yīng)用
MRI是一種無輻射、高分辨率的影像學(xué)評估方法。與CT成像評估方法類似,MRI采用Cobb方法測量AIS椎體在冠狀面和矢狀面上的側(cè)凸角度,采用Aaro-Dahlborn方法或Ho方法測量椎體在水平面上的旋轉(zhuǎn)角度[29-30]。由于對軟組織和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)顯示良好,MRI可評估椎管內(nèi)神經(jīng)軸索和脊髓病變的情況,如Chiari畸形、脊髓空洞、脊髓縱裂等[31]。然而,Diab等[32]通過多中心回顧性分析2260例AIS患者的MRI檢查,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率與MRI檢查結(jié)果之間并無相關(guān)性;另外,對于低齡、存在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀、右側(cè)胸凸、胸椎旋轉(zhuǎn)及后凸角度增大的脊柱側(cè)凸患者,推薦MRI檢查以明確患者的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥。
4.2 信度和效度
研究報道,MRI成像采用Cobb方法評估AIS椎體在冠狀面上側(cè)凸角的評測者內(nèi)/評測者間ICC為0.467~0.966,評估矢狀面上胸椎后凸角ICC為0.561~0.989,腰椎前凸角ICC為0.678~0.879;采用Aaro-Dahlborn方法測量AIS椎體在水平面上旋轉(zhuǎn)角度的評測者內(nèi)/評測者間ICC為0.945~0.992[29-30]。有較高信度。
4.3 優(yōu)勢和劣勢
MRI無電離輻射,是一種安全有效的三維影像學(xué)評估方法。但全脊柱MRI價格昂貴,成像系統(tǒng)普及率低,不適于AIS患者的篩查、監(jiān)測和隨訪等常規(guī)臨床診療。此外,MRI在仰臥位下進行,易受重力影響,與站立位X線結(jié)果的差異造成臨床決策困難。近年來,有研究探索仰臥位軸向加壓MRI和站立位MRI的可能性,以及其測量結(jié)果與站立位X線結(jié)果之間的相關(guān)性[30,33],還有待進一步研究。
5.1 測量參數(shù)及應(yīng)用
由于對軟組織成像的優(yōu)勢,超聲成像技術(shù)最初用于AIS患者脊柱椎旁肌、腹內(nèi)外斜肌對稱性的評估[34-35]。近年來,肌骨超聲的應(yīng)用受到廣泛關(guān)注。三維超聲(three-dimension ultrasound)成像技術(shù)使超聲圖像能夠在冠狀面、水平面和矢狀面上顯示AIS脊柱的三維畸形特征[36]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[37],三維超聲成像能夠顯示椎骨后部結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)志,如棘突、椎板和橫突。借助上述椎體結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)志,不同學(xué)者提出棘突角法(spinous process angle)[38]、橫突角法(transverse process angle)[39]和椎板中心法(center of laminae)[40]用于AIS椎體側(cè)凸角的測量;椎板中心法還可用于AIS椎體旋轉(zhuǎn)角度的評估[41]。
5.2 信度和效度
研究顯示,椎板中心法測量椎體側(cè)凸角度的評測者內(nèi)/評測者間ICC>0.85[40,42],評估椎體旋轉(zhuǎn)角度的評測者內(nèi)/評測者間ICC>0.9[41],有較好信度。此外,三維超聲測量結(jié)果有較高的效度,與X線和MRI測量結(jié)果相關(guān)性和一致性均較高。
5.3 優(yōu)勢和劣勢
超聲成像技術(shù)具有無輻射、性價比高、普及面廣、操作簡單等優(yōu)勢。三維超聲成像技術(shù)拉開了肌骨超聲在脊柱側(cè)凸三維評估應(yīng)用中的新帷幕。然而,由于聲波反射的特點,在肌肉較發(fā)達、椎體旋轉(zhuǎn)角度過大及肋骨隆起部位,均有可能造成椎體結(jié)構(gòu)的超聲影像缺失[40];而且操作者技術(shù)水平將影響評估的信度和效度。如何規(guī)范超聲掃描技術(shù),減少操作因素的干擾,提高超聲成像效果等,有待進一步探索和研究。
X線平片是AIS診斷與評估最基本的方法。近年來,隨著脊柱側(cè)凸三維矯正技術(shù)的開展及減少患者X線輻射的基本要求,探索更加安全、可靠和準(zhǔn)確的三維影像學(xué)檢查技術(shù)成為研究熱點,如三維立體X線成像技術(shù)、CT、MRI以及三維超聲。鑒于不同成像技術(shù)的特點,選取合適的影像學(xué)技術(shù)、規(guī)范操作技術(shù)提高測量信度與效度,是今后臨床診療與研究的關(guān)注點。在影像學(xué)診斷與評估結(jié)果基礎(chǔ)上,優(yōu)化AIS患者的康復(fù)治療、脊柱矯形器制作及手術(shù)方案設(shè)計等仍有待進一步研究。
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Application of Medical Imaging Technologies inAdolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis(review)
WANG Qian1a,2,3,LEI Zhong-jie1a,2,MA Zong-hao3,4,SHUAI Tao1b,WONG Man-sang3
1.a.Center of Rehabilitation Medicine;b.Department of Radiology,West China Hospital,Sichuan University,Chengdu,Sichuan 610041,China;2.Rehabilitation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Chengdu,Sichuan 610041,China;3.Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Hong Kong 999077,China;4.Rehabilitation Engineering Research Institute,China Rehabilitation Research Center,Beijing 100068,China
WONG Man-sang.E-mail:m.s.wong@polyu.edu.hk
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis(AIS)is a complex three-dimensional spinal deformity,characterized by lateral curvature and vertebral rotation.The medical imaging techniques are essential for determination of severity of scoliotic spine,prediction of progression and assistance in the decision-making process of treatment for scoliosis,including radiograph,stereoradiography,computed tomography,magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound.This paper reviewed their application from the view of measure parameters,reliability and validity,as well as merits and demerits.It is possible to assess the three-dimensional nature of scoliosis in the future.
adolescent idiopathic scoliosis;imaging;assessment;review
10.3969/j.issn.1006-9771.2017.11.013
R681.5
A
1006-9771(2017)11-1304-04
[本文著錄格式] 王謙,雷中杰,馬宗浩,等.青少年特發(fā)性脊柱側(cè)凸影像學(xué)評估研究進展[J].中國康復(fù)理論與實踐,2017,23(11):1304-1307.
CITED AS:Wang Q,Lei ZJ,Ma ZH,et al.Application of medical imaging technologies in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis(review)[J].Zhongguo Kangfu Lilun Yu Shijian,2017,23(11):1304-1307.
香港特別行政區(qū)研究基金委員會面上項目(No.PolyU 5634/13M)。
1.四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院,a.康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)中心;b.放射科,四川成都市610041;2.康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)四川省重點實驗室,四川成都市610041;3.香港理工大學(xué)生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程跨領(lǐng)域?qū)W部,香港999077;4.中國康復(fù)研究中心康復(fù)工程研究所,北京市100068。作者簡介:王謙(1984-),男,漢族,內(nèi)蒙古包頭市人,博士,講師,主要研究方向:脊柱側(cè)凸的三維超聲評估及手法治療、骨關(guān)節(jié)炎及骨質(zhì)疏松的物理因子治療基礎(chǔ)研究。通訊作者:黃文生。E-mail:m.s.wong@polyu.edu.hk。
2017-06-11
2017-08-04)