陳 文,朱繼紅
·新進(jìn)展·
中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶相關(guān)脂質(zhì)運載蛋白與心血管疾病相關(guān)性的研究進(jìn)展
陳 文,朱繼紅*
心血管疾病(CVD)嚴(yán)重危害公眾健康,因此,研究具有CVD預(yù)測價值的標(biāo)志物具有重要意義。中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶相關(guān)脂質(zhì)運載蛋白(NGAL)是近年發(fā)現(xiàn)的重要的CVD標(biāo)志物。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NGAL直接參與CVD的發(fā)病,且可獨立預(yù)測急性心肌梗死(AMI)和心力衰竭(HF)的預(yù)后。本文分別對NGAL與冠心病(CHD)、AMI、HF的新近研究進(jìn)行歸納和分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)NGAL在評估CVD的病情嚴(yán)重程度及預(yù)測CVD的預(yù)后方面具有臨床應(yīng)用價值。
心血管疾病;中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶相關(guān)脂質(zhì)運載蛋白;冠心病;心肌梗死;心力衰竭
中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶相關(guān)脂質(zhì)運載蛋白(NGAL)又名脂質(zhì)運載蛋白-2、蛋白酶-3或噬鐵蛋白,是脂質(zhì)運載家族的成員之一,是在人中性粒細(xì)胞β顆粒中發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種糖蛋白,由KJELDSEN等[1]于1993年在研究人中性粒細(xì)胞內(nèi)的基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9(MMP-9)時率先發(fā)現(xiàn)。業(yè)已證明,NGAL在腫瘤進(jìn)展[2]、抑制細(xì)菌感染[3]、細(xì)胞凋亡[4]、氧化應(yīng)激[5]等過程中起重要作用。除中性粒細(xì)胞外,上皮細(xì)胞、腎小管細(xì)胞、肝細(xì)胞在炎癥或損傷時也會釋放NGAL[3]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),脂肪細(xì)胞中也高表達(dá)NGAL,認(rèn)為NGAL可能參與肥胖相關(guān)的胰島素抵抗[6]。目前,對NGAL的關(guān)注點主要集中在其對急性腎損傷(AKI)的預(yù)測價值,NGAL是早期、敏感的AKI標(biāo)志物,在血清肌酐水平升高前48~72 h,NGAL水平已在血清、尿液中明顯升高[7-8]。此外,在慢性腎臟病(CKD)患者中,NGAL能確切反映腎臟損害的程度,是CKD進(jìn)展的獨立風(fēng)險指標(biāo)[9-10]。但是,研究顯示,NGAL在血管重構(gòu)及動脈粥樣硬化(AS)斑塊不穩(wěn)定中起關(guān)鍵作用[11],AS患者的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、平滑肌細(xì)胞及巨噬細(xì)胞高表達(dá)NGAL,急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者心肌細(xì)胞也高表達(dá)NGAL[12],其他研究發(fā)現(xiàn),心力衰竭患者心肌細(xì)胞高表達(dá)NGAL[13]。在人群研究中,DANIELS等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn),血漿NGAL是社區(qū)老年人全因死亡率及心血管疾病死亡率的獨立預(yù)測因子。LINDBERG等[15]在普通人群中研究血漿NGAL與全因死亡率及心血管不良后果發(fā)生率的相關(guān)性時也得出相似結(jié)論。這些研究結(jié)果為NGAL作為潛在的心血管疾病標(biāo)志物提供了必要的支持。目前已有較多研究報道各類心血管疾病與NGAL的關(guān)系,包括急性心力衰竭(AHF)[16]、慢性心力衰竭(CHF)[17-18]、冠心病(CHD)[19-21]等。本文對NGAL與CHD、AMI、CHF、AHF等嚴(yán)重心血管疾病的相關(guān)性的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,以闡明NGAL在心血管疾病中的應(yīng)用價值。
CHD的病理基礎(chǔ)是AS斑塊的形成,其是在脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂的基礎(chǔ)上形成的血管內(nèi)皮損傷,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致的慢性持續(xù)性炎性反應(yīng)性血管疾病。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NGAL參與了AS斑塊形成過程,其機(jī)制與抑制MMP-9降解相關(guān)[22]?;|(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMPs)是一組肽鏈內(nèi)切酶,主要的生物學(xué)功能是降解細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)蛋白質(zhì),其與AS密切相關(guān)。PARKS等[22]證實,MMP-9參與AS斑塊局部炎性細(xì)胞的浸潤,在此過程中,MMP-9可降解AS斑塊內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞基底膜,導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞防御功能下降,進(jìn)而損傷血管壁;同時,MMPs與炎性因子相互激活,形成正反饋環(huán)路,且MMPs可降解膠原纖維,削弱纖維帽,從而影響AS斑塊穩(wěn)定。LANCELOT等[23]證實,MMPs在人頸AS斑塊局部表達(dá)。而在缺乏MMP-9的載脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠模型中,AS斑塊的損害程度明顯減輕[24]。NGAL是在研究MMP-9時被發(fā)現(xiàn),二者之間在功能上存在密切聯(lián)系,NGAL可與MMP-9的前體pro-MMP-9結(jié)合形成二聚體——NGAL/pro-MMP-9,此二聚體與金屬蛋白酶組織抑制因子(TIMP-1)結(jié)合形成NGAL/pro-MMP-9/TIMP-1,此三元復(fù)合物再與其他MMPs結(jié)合,可將pro-MMP-9激活為MMP-9,使MMP-9活性升高數(shù)倍[25]。顯然,NGAL對這些復(fù)合物起調(diào)節(jié)作用,其能抵消復(fù)合物中TIMP-1抑制MMP-9活性的作用。因此,NGAL可使MMP-9降解減少,延長MMP-9蛋白水解時間,增強(qiáng)MMP-9的膠原蛋白水解活性,參與AS、AMI的病理進(jìn)展。在AMI、冠狀動脈粥樣硬化的人體組織或動物模型均可見到NGAL、MMPs高表達(dá)[12]。此外,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),胰島素抵抗患者NGAL水平升高[6],提示NGAL可能還與胰島素抵抗相關(guān),引起代謝紊亂進(jìn)而促進(jìn)心血管疾病的發(fā)生。在臨床研究中,目前已有數(shù)篇文獻(xiàn)報道了血清NGAL水平在CHD患者中明顯升高[19-21]。ZOGRAFOS等[19]的研究連續(xù)納入73例首次經(jīng)血管造影確診的CHD患者,其血清NGAL水平明顯高于正常冠狀動脈患者〔29.0(25.2,36.8)ng/ml vs.22.4(17.3,32.0)ng/ml,P=0.004〕;同時血清NGAL水平和病變血管支數(shù)也具有顯著相關(guān)性(rs=0.390,P=0.01);多變量分析顯示,血清NGAL水平與CHD的嚴(yán)重程度獨立相關(guān)。CHOI等[20]也有相似發(fā)現(xiàn),研究組NGAL水平明顯高于控制組〔(82.6±38.7)ng/ml vs.(43.8±27.8)ng/ml,P<0.001〕,多元Logistic回歸分析顯示NGAL水平與CHD獨立相關(guān)。此外,AKYEL等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn),血漿NGAL水平與單純性冠狀動脈擴(kuò)張(ICAE)有顯著相關(guān)性,25例ICAE組患者的NGAL水平明顯高于22例正常冠狀動脈組〔(65.1±13.0)ng/ml vs.(53.7±19.0)ng/ml,P=0.006〕,同時,不同冠狀動脈病變支數(shù)患者的NGAL水平也有顯著差異〔1、2、3支冠狀動脈病變患者NGAL水平分別是(58.1±13.0)、(70.9±9.0)、(71.1±11.0)ng/ml,P=0.015〕,1支冠狀動脈病變患者的NGAL水平最低。雖然ICEA與通常理解的CHD并不一樣,但I(xiàn)CEA常合并AS斑塊及狹窄[21],提示NGAL可能在ICEA及CHD的發(fā)病機(jī)制中起相同作用。
以前,人們認(rèn)為AMI是由冠狀動脈血管腔發(fā)生物理性阻塞引起的,然而,60%~70%的AMI是由非封閉AS斑塊導(dǎo)致的[26-27]。現(xiàn)已有證據(jù)顯示,AS斑塊的物理性破壞觸發(fā)了血栓形成,最終導(dǎo)致AMI[28]。血栓形成的2個主要觸發(fā)因素就是AS斑塊帽的破裂和血管內(nèi)皮損傷[29]。AS斑塊內(nèi)部的炎癥能破壞其穩(wěn)定性,促進(jìn)其破裂[30]。NGAL能抑制平滑肌細(xì)胞和基質(zhì)的生長,增強(qiáng)MMP-9的活性,最終使AS斑塊破裂觸發(fā)AMI。HEMDAHL等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn),人體AS組織、小鼠的AMI細(xì)胞和AS組織均高表達(dá)NGAL和MMPs。NGAL除與AMI發(fā)病相關(guān)外,與AMI患者的預(yù)后也有相關(guān)性[31-34]。SAHINARSLAN等[31]發(fā)現(xiàn),與穩(wěn)定性CHD相比,AMI患者血漿NGAL水平顯著升高〔(146±23)ng/ml vs.(101±53)ng/ml,P<0.001〕,NGAL>127 ng/ml時,AMI的發(fā)生率增加12倍〔OR=12.2,95%CI(2.3,64.0),P=0.003〕。AKCAY等[32]有相似的發(fā)現(xiàn),其將急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)行經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療(PCI)組與胸痛行選擇性PCI組比較,STEMI行PCI組患者NGAL水平明顯升高;以中位NGAL水平將患者分為高NGAL組和低NGAL組,高NGAL組的再入院率、1年病死率及主要不良心血管事件(MACEs)發(fā)生率顯著升高;ROC曲線下面積為0.76〔95%CI(0.62,0.89)〕,顯示出NGAL對預(yù)后的預(yù)測價值。LINBERG等[33]在行PCI的STEMI患者中發(fā)現(xiàn),高水平NGAL患者的病死率及MACEs發(fā)生率更高,在調(diào)整混雜因素后,NGAL仍對病死率〔HR=2.00,95%CI(1.16,3.44),P=0.01〕及MACEs〔HR=1.51,95%CI(1.00,2.30),P=0.05〕具有獨立預(yù)測價值。HELANOVA等[34]對674例行PCI的STEMI患者研究時得出相似的結(jié)果,并發(fā)現(xiàn)可通過NGAL簡單識別高?;颊撸琋GAL>110 pg/ml時,1年病死率約為20%;聯(lián)合NGAL和心肌梗死溶栓治療(TIMI)評分可更好地預(yù)測STEMI患者的1年病死率。
3.1 NGAL與CHF CHF已成為日益嚴(yán)重的公共衛(wèi)生問題,關(guān)于CHF預(yù)后標(biāo)志物的研究也是近年來的熱點,NGAL便是其中之一[17-18]。基礎(chǔ)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CHF心肌細(xì)胞高表達(dá)NGAL[13]。NGAL作用于CHF的機(jī)制尚不明確,有研究認(rèn)為,NGAL的鐵轉(zhuǎn)運作用可能參與其中[3]。NGAL的特性之一是其具有捕捉和消耗鐵載體的能力[3]。CHF患者中鐵缺乏的發(fā)病率為30%~40%,鐵缺乏是CHF非常重要的合并癥[35]。有研究對CHF合并鐵缺乏的患者應(yīng)用靜脈補(bǔ)鐵藥物,結(jié)果改善了美國紐約心臟病協(xié)會(NYHA)分級和心功能,提高了患者生活質(zhì)量[36]。因此,糾正鐵缺乏被認(rèn)為是治療CHF的一個重要靶點。目前,臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NGAL與CHF預(yù)后相關(guān)[17-18]。BOLIGNANO等[17]將46例不同心功能等級的CHF患者與健康者比較發(fā)現(xiàn),CHF患者血漿NGAL水平顯著升高〔458.5(62.5,1 212.4) ng/ml vs.37.8(15.9,46.5)ng/ml,P=0.000 1〕;NGAL水平隨CHF臨床嚴(yán)重程度的增加而升高,NYHA Ⅳ級患者NGAL水平最高(P=0.000 1);在2年隨訪中,NGAL>783.0 ng/ml患者病死率更高〔HR=4.08,95%CI(1.29,12.96)〕,這是第一次研究NGAL與CHF患者預(yù)后的關(guān)系,但有樣本量小、混雜因素較多等局限性。VAN DEURSEN等[18]分別對CHF合并CKD與CHF不合并CKD患者進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),兩組NGAL水平不僅與心功能分級有顯著相關(guān)性,也與全因死亡率的增加獨立相關(guān)〔CHF合并CKD:r=1.97,95%CI(1.41,2.77),P<0.001;CHF不合并CKD:r=2.05,95%CI(1.20,3.50),P=0.008〕,這是第一次在不合并CKD患者中研究NGAL與CHF患者的預(yù)后關(guān)系,與常用的估算腎小球濾過率(eGFR)、半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制物C比較,血漿NGAL對CHF患者病死率的預(yù)測價值更高。NGAL表現(xiàn)出比eGFR等具有更高的預(yù)測價值可能是因為腎小管對缺氧損傷非常敏感,早期腎臟灌注不足時腎小管即出現(xiàn)損傷,但此時腎臟皮質(zhì)尚完整,eGFR正常,因此NGAL比eGFR能更好地反應(yīng)早期腎灌注不足[8,37-38];另外,腎小管損傷時腎小管損傷標(biāo)志物升高而肌酐卻處于參考范圍[39],可能是CHF使腎灌注不足導(dǎo)致腎小球濾過率代償性增加[40],事實上,腎臟血流量減少30%~40%并不會明顯影響腎小球濾過功能[41],而此時腎小管已經(jīng)因為缺氧受損。尿NGAL也與CHF患者預(yù)后相關(guān)[42],有研究對2 130例CHF患者的尿液進(jìn)行分析發(fā)現(xiàn),腎小管損傷標(biāo)志物與全因死亡率及再住院率獨立相關(guān)[42]。但是,也有研究得出不同的結(jié)論,CORONA*隊列研究共納入1 415例CHF患者,未調(diào)整COX比例回歸模型時結(jié)果顯示,NGAL和主要終點(全因死亡、再住院率等)顯著相關(guān),然而,當(dāng)調(diào)整eGFR、C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)和N-端腦鈉肽(NT-proBNP)后,NGAL預(yù)測全因死亡率及再住院率的危險比顯著下降,不再具有預(yù)測意義,因此該研究認(rèn)為血漿NGAL對CHF患者的預(yù)后價值有限[43]。
3.2 NGAL與AHF NGAL是AKI的標(biāo)志物,發(fā)生AHF時,腎臟灌注急劇下降出現(xiàn)心腎綜合征,此時血漿或尿中NGAL水平顯著升高[7-8]。因此NGAL可能與AHF的危險分層及預(yù)后有關(guān)。AGHEL等[44]發(fā)現(xiàn),AHF患者的NGAL水平增高程度與腎功能惡化(WRF)具有相關(guān)性,WFR組NGAL水平明顯高于非WFR組〔194(150,292) ng/ml vs.128(97,214)ng/ml,P=0.001〕,NGAL>140 ng/ml時,WFR發(fā)生的風(fēng)險增加7.4倍。GALLANT研究是一項前瞻性、多中心研究,目的是評估NGAL單獨或聯(lián)合腦鈉肽(BNP)時對AHF患者發(fā)生不良臨床后果(病死率、再入院率)的預(yù)測價值,結(jié)果顯示,AHF患者出院時的NGAL水平對臨床結(jié)果具有很強(qiáng)的預(yù)測價值,其效應(yīng)強(qiáng)于BNP〔NGAL:HR=19.91,95%CI(3.47,114.19);BNP:HR=2.33,95%CI(0.93,5.79)〕;當(dāng)NGAL低(<100 ng/ml)、BNP高(>300 ng/ml)時,風(fēng)險比并不升高;但當(dāng)BNP低、NGAL高時,風(fēng)險比升高;當(dāng)BNP和NGAL均高時,風(fēng)險比顯著升高〔HR=16.9,95%CI(2.3,195.9),P=0.006〕[16]。
綜上所述,關(guān)于NGAL與心血管疾病之間相關(guān)性的研究已取得一定進(jìn)展,其將是十分有潛力的心血管疾病生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物。但是,目前研究尚不充分,如研究中僅發(fā)現(xiàn)不同冠狀動脈病變支數(shù)患者的NGAL水平具有顯著差異,NGAL水平越高,冠狀動脈病變支數(shù)越多,但尚不能取得明確的截斷值來反應(yīng)冠狀動脈病變的實際程度[21]。另外,NGAL水平在AMI等心血管疾病急性發(fā)作時明顯升高[31-34],但還需隨訪經(jīng)治療后病情穩(wěn)定患者的NGAL水平,若NGAL水平降低則反證其與病情嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān)。期望未來的研究能更深入地闡明NGAL在心血管疾病進(jìn)程中的作用機(jī)制,證明其對心血管疾病的診斷和預(yù)測價值,為臨床工作提供有利的幫助。
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(本文編輯:崔麗紅)
RecentDevelopmentsinNeutrophilGelatinase-AssociatedLipocalinandCardiovascularDisease
CHENWen,ZHUJi-hong*
DepartmentofEmergency,PekingUniversityPeople′sHospital,Beijing100044,China
*Correspondingauthor:ZHUJi-hong,Professor,Chiefphysician;E-mail:zhujihong64@sina.com
Cardiovascular disease(CVD)seriously endangers public health.Therefore,it is of great significance to study the predictive markers of CVD.Recent studies showed that neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is an important marker for CVD.NGAL is directly involved in the pathogensis of CVD,and it also can independently predict the prognosis of acute myocardial infarction(AMI)and heart failure (HF).In this paper,the recent studies on NGAL and coronary heart disease (CHD),NGAL and AMI,NGAL and HF were respectively summarized and analyzed.We concluded that NGAL has clinical value in evaluating the severity of CVD and predicting the prognosis of CVD.
Cardiovascular diseases;Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin;Coronary disease;Myocardial infarction;Heart failure
北京市科技計劃項目(Z161100000516045)
R 54
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2017.06.y53
2017-02-25;
2017-06-22)
100044 北京市,北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院急診科
*通信作者:朱繼紅,教授,主任醫(yī)師;
E-mail:zhujihong64@sina.com
陳文,朱繼紅.中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶相關(guān)脂質(zhì)運載蛋白與心血管疾病相關(guān)性的研究進(jìn)展[J].中國全科醫(yī)學(xué),2017,20(27):3323-3327.[www.chinagp.net]
CHEN W,ZHU J H.Recent developments in neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and cardiovascular disease[J].Chinese General Practice,2017,20(27):3323-3327.