国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

公司治理、企業(yè)社會責(zé)任與會計信息相關(guān)性

2017-01-17 07:56:58毛志宏
關(guān)鍵詞:盈余會計信息責(zé)任

毛志宏,金 龍

(吉林大學(xué) 商學(xué)院,吉林 長春 130012)

?

公司治理、企業(yè)社會責(zé)任與會計信息相關(guān)性

毛志宏,金 龍

(吉林大學(xué) 商學(xué)院,吉林 長春 130012)

本文以我國滬深兩市A股上市公司2009-2013年的數(shù)據(jù)為樣本,從會計信息的預(yù)測價值出發(fā),實證檢驗了公司治理和企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對會計信息相關(guān)性的影響,以及公司治理與企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對會計信息相關(guān)性影響的協(xié)同效應(yīng)。研究結(jié)果表明,公司治理水平的提高有助于增強會計信息相關(guān)性的程度;社會責(zé)任表現(xiàn)較好的企業(yè),能夠披露會計信息相關(guān)性較強的財務(wù)報告。進一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),公司治理會增強企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對會計信息相關(guān)性的促進作用,同時企業(yè)社會責(zé)任也會增強公司治理對會計信息相關(guān)性的積極影響,這表明公司治理與企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對會計信息相關(guān)性的影響存在協(xié)同效應(yīng)。本文的研究結(jié)論證實了企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對會計信息質(zhì)量發(fā)揮了治理作用,對今后推廣上市公司社會責(zé)任履行具有一定的指導(dǎo)意義。

公司治理;企業(yè)社會責(zé)任;會計信息相關(guān)性;協(xié)同效應(yīng)

一、引 言

在改革開放進程的不斷深入以及社會主義市場經(jīng)濟體制的逐步形成背景下,中國經(jīng)濟迎來了空前的發(fā)展契機。中國企業(yè)在經(jīng)歷了30余年的快速發(fā)展后,終于實現(xiàn)了農(nóng)業(yè)文明向工業(yè)文明的轉(zhuǎn)變。長期的粗放式發(fā)展模式,給中國企業(yè)帶來了豐厚的收獲,但也造成了中國企業(yè)在軟實力的培養(yǎng)和提高方面的缺失,尤為表現(xiàn)在企業(yè)道德和社會責(zé)任感方面。而隨著民族文明的發(fā)展以及公民素質(zhì)的提高,現(xiàn)代社會對企業(yè)的要求也漸漸發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)變,由實現(xiàn)股東利益最大化的單一目標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)向創(chuàng)造社會財富與履行社會責(zé)任的雙重目標(biāo)。

企業(yè)社會責(zé)任相關(guān)問題的研究開始于20世紀(jì)70年代,學(xué)者們起初關(guān)注的重點集中于企業(yè)社會責(zé)任與受托經(jīng)濟責(zé)任之間的關(guān)系。直至最近10年,隨著企業(yè)社會責(zé)任相關(guān)概念的不斷發(fā)展,學(xué)者們逐漸將關(guān)注的研究視角轉(zhuǎn)向企業(yè)社會責(zé)任與受托財務(wù)責(zé)任之間的關(guān)系,并將企業(yè)社會責(zé)任的相關(guān)理論納入到現(xiàn)代公司治理理論中,進而實現(xiàn)二者的融合發(fā)展。公司治理作為受托責(zé)任系統(tǒng)中的一種控制機制,其最終目的是確保受托責(zé)任系統(tǒng)的有效運行[1]。受托財務(wù)責(zé)任要求企業(yè)誠實經(jīng)營,保護受托財產(chǎn)安全,并遵守相關(guān)財經(jīng)法規(guī),按照公認的會計準(zhǔn)則編制財務(wù)報告。財務(wù)報告信息不僅向市場傳遞了有關(guān)企業(yè)績效和優(yōu)化資源配置的有用信息,同時還可以揭示管理人員與股東之間代理契約的執(zhí)行情況。因此,公司治理對會計信息質(zhì)量的積極影響受到了學(xué)者們的廣泛支持。企業(yè)社會責(zé)任的利益相關(guān)者理論認為企業(yè)作為所有利益相關(guān)者的契約集合,應(yīng)將平等地對待各利益相關(guān)者的需求,積極地維護契約的公平性作為企業(yè)社會責(zé)任的重要表現(xiàn)形式。因此,企業(yè)能否滿足各利益相關(guān)者的多元化信息需求,公平透明的披露財務(wù)報告信息成為企業(yè)社會責(zé)任發(fā)揮治理機制的重要表現(xiàn)。所以,企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對會計信息質(zhì)量的積極影響成為當(dāng)前有關(guān)企業(yè)社會責(zé)任頗受關(guān)注的問題。

本文以2009-2013年滬深兩市A股上市公司為樣本,采用會計盈余持續(xù)性模型作為會計信息相關(guān)性的基礎(chǔ)回歸模型,實證檢驗了公司治理對會計信息相關(guān)性的影響,企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對會計信息相關(guān)性的影響,以及公司治理與企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對會計信息相關(guān)性影響的協(xié)同效應(yīng)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),公司治理對會計信息相關(guān)性存在正向影響,企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對會計信息相關(guān)性存在正向影響。此外,公司治理和企業(yè)社會責(zé)任相互調(diào)節(jié)增強了各自對會計信息相關(guān)性的正向影響。

本文的主要貢獻在于:第一,本文通過運用主成分分析構(gòu)建公司治理指數(shù)的方法,從公司治理系統(tǒng)整體的角度,考察了公司治理對會計信息相關(guān)性的影響。以往的文獻大多僅從公司治理的單一因素出發(fā),檢驗單個因素對會計信息質(zhì)量的作用,忽視了各因素之間的相互作用。第二,本文以會計信息質(zhì)量的相關(guān)性為研究視角,對企業(yè)社會責(zé)任與會計信息相關(guān)性的關(guān)系進行了研究。先前的成果主要以盈余管理作為研究會計信息質(zhì)量的衡量指標(biāo),而未關(guān)注到企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對會計信息相關(guān)性的影響。本文的研究結(jié)果表明,企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對企業(yè)披露的會計信息相關(guān)性有促進作用。第三,本文通過對會計信息相關(guān)性的理論分析,并結(jié)合已有相關(guān)研究成果,從會計信息自身預(yù)測價值的視角,以會計盈余持續(xù)性模型作為衡量會計信息相關(guān)性的基礎(chǔ)模型,對公司治理與企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對會計信息相關(guān)性的影響進行了研究。而以往文獻大多采用以市場定價有效性為假設(shè)的會計信息價值相關(guān)性作為研究會計信息相關(guān)性的切入點,未能體現(xiàn)非權(quán)益投資者對財務(wù)報告信息的考慮。第四,本文通過運用構(gòu)建的兩階段模型,驗證了公司治理與企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對會計信息相關(guān)性的影響存在協(xié)同效應(yīng),豐富了公司治理和企業(yè)社會責(zé)任與會計信息相關(guān)性關(guān)系的研究成果,證實了企業(yè)社會責(zé)任治理機制對會計信息披露的約束和會計信息質(zhì)量的提高能夠發(fā)揮積極的作用,對我國政府的相關(guān)決策部門積極推廣上市公司的企業(yè)社會責(zé)任履行提供了經(jīng)驗證據(jù)。

二、文獻回顧

關(guān)于公司治理與會計信息質(zhì)量之間關(guān)系的研究,國內(nèi)外學(xué)者主要從公司治理的單一因素對會計信息質(zhì)量的影響進行了研究。Warfield等[2]認為管理人員或機構(gòu)投資者持股比例增加,可以減少經(jīng)理人操縱盈余的行為。Porta等[3]發(fā)現(xiàn)股權(quán)集中度與財務(wù)報告質(zhì)量之間存在負相關(guān)關(guān)系。Beasley[4]發(fā)現(xiàn)外部董事可以減少財務(wù)報告舞弊的可能性,抑制公司的盈余管理行為。Marrakchi等[5]發(fā)現(xiàn)董事會規(guī)模與負向盈余管理負相關(guān)。劉立國和杜瑩[6]發(fā)現(xiàn)法人股比例、執(zhí)行董事比例、內(nèi)部人控制度、監(jiān)事會規(guī)模與財務(wù)報告舞弊的可能性正相關(guān),流通股比例與財務(wù)報告舞弊的可能性負相關(guān)。杜興強和溫日光[7]以盈余管理作為會計信息質(zhì)量的代理變量,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)股權(quán)集中度、高管薪酬、獨立董事比例、監(jiān)事會會議次數(shù)與會計信息質(zhì)量正相關(guān),董事薪酬與董事會會議次數(shù)與會計信息質(zhì)量負相關(guān)。

關(guān)于企業(yè)社會責(zé)任與會計信息質(zhì)量之間關(guān)系的研究,已有文獻主要是從企業(yè)社會責(zé)任與盈余管理之間的關(guān)系進行研究。Chih等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn)在研究企業(yè)社會責(zé)任和盈余管理的問題時,采用不同的盈余管理的代理變量,所得到的研究結(jié)論也不同。履行社會責(zé)任較好的企業(yè)更容易進行應(yīng)計盈余的管理,但是對于盈余平滑和避免虧損的問題上卻較少。Prior[9]發(fā)現(xiàn)企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對盈余管理起調(diào)節(jié)作用。管理層利用履行企業(yè)社會責(zé)任掩飾無法長時間維持的盈余管理行為。Hong和Andersen[10]采用美國市場的數(shù)據(jù)對企業(yè)社會責(zé)任與財務(wù)報告質(zhì)量的關(guān)系進行研究,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)企業(yè)的社會責(zé)任越強,其應(yīng)計利潤質(zhì)量越高,從事真實盈余管理的行為越少。Kim等[11]檢驗了履行社會責(zé)任的企業(yè)在經(jīng)營決策和會計核算方面是否存在差異,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),履行社會責(zé)任較好的企業(yè),較少通過應(yīng)計利潤操縱和真實活動操縱進行激進的盈余管理。我國學(xué)者對此類問題也進行了一定的研究。高利芳[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),獨立社會責(zé)任報告的發(fā)布與會計透明度正相關(guān),但沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)與信息價值相關(guān)性和可靠性的顯著關(guān)系。朱松[13]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),投資者對盈余信息含量的評價會受企業(yè)履行社會責(zé)任的情況影響,社會責(zé)任表現(xiàn)越好的企業(yè),其盈余的信息含量越高。王霞[14]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),是否披露社會責(zé)任報告對操縱性應(yīng)計利潤沒有顯著影響,自愿披露社會責(zé)任報告的公司真實盈余管理程度更低,更少進行財務(wù)重述;企業(yè)社會責(zé)任報告評級得分越高的公司真實盈余管理程度越低,發(fā)生財務(wù)重述的概率越低。

綜合以往研究成果可以發(fā)現(xiàn),對于公司治理和企業(yè)社會責(zé)任與會計信息質(zhì)量關(guān)系的研究,大多數(shù)都是從會計信息質(zhì)量中的可靠性角度展開的,而相關(guān)性作為會計信息質(zhì)量的另一主要特征,卻尚未受到學(xué)術(shù)界關(guān)注?,F(xiàn)階段已有關(guān)于會計信息相關(guān)性的研究主要以價值相關(guān)性作為衡量相關(guān)性的指標(biāo),但價值相關(guān)性的研究是以資本市場有效性為前提,從資本市場定價機制的角度來驗證會計信息的決策有用性,而并非是從會計信息自身的相關(guān)性進行驗證的。因此,本文從會計信息預(yù)測價值的視角出發(fā),將會計盈余持續(xù)性作為會計信息相關(guān)性的衡量指標(biāo),對公司治理和企業(yè)社會責(zé)任與會計信息相關(guān)性之間的關(guān)系進行研究。

三、理論分析與研究假設(shè)

(一)公司治理與會計信息相關(guān)性

會計信息的形成與披露受企業(yè)管理當(dāng)局所主導(dǎo),因此,會計信息質(zhì)量取決于管理當(dāng)局對會計準(zhǔn)則的執(zhí)行程度。由于控股股東與中小股東之間存在利益沖突,而控股股東對公司具有絕對控制力,這使得控股股東存在與管理層合謀通過操縱財務(wù)信息的形成和披露,以犧牲其他股東的利益為代價追求自身利益最大化[15-16]。此外,委托代理理論認為,由于股東和經(jīng)理人都以追求自身利益最大化為目標(biāo),這種目標(biāo)函數(shù)的不一致導(dǎo)致了股東和經(jīng)理人之間的代理沖突[17],當(dāng)經(jīng)理人有動機在滿足某種可靠性要求的前提下,提供更多具有相關(guān)性的信息時,企業(yè)披露的會計信息質(zhì)量就會提高。而當(dāng)披露相關(guān)性的會計信息會有損經(jīng)理人自身利益時,經(jīng)理人就會對所披露的會計信息采取最優(yōu)選擇,從而導(dǎo)致會計信息質(zhì)量下降。由此可見,會計信息實際是企業(yè)管理當(dāng)局綜合各方面權(quán)利和利益的產(chǎn)物。而公司治理是通過一套正式或非正式的、內(nèi)部或外部的制度或機制來協(xié)調(diào)公司與所有利益相關(guān)者之間的利益關(guān)系,以保證公司決策的科學(xué)化,從而最終維護公司各方面的利益。因此,良好的公司治理能夠?qū)嬓畔⒌呐栋l(fā)揮監(jiān)督作用。由此,我們提出假設(shè)H1。

H1:公司治理水平與會計信息相關(guān)性存在正相關(guān)關(guān)系。

(二)企業(yè)社會責(zé)任與會計信息相關(guān)性

企業(yè)履行社會責(zé)任的動機不外乎以下兩種。一是出于自身經(jīng)濟利益的功利主義行為。企業(yè)通過履行社會責(zé)任,以滿足利益相關(guān)者對產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和環(huán)境質(zhì)量的隱性需求,實現(xiàn)企業(yè)聲譽的提高[18],進而獲得競爭優(yōu)勢的提升,并最終轉(zhuǎn)化為持續(xù)增長的經(jīng)濟收益[19]。企業(yè)的社會責(zé)任履行情況是投資者分析和判斷企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略制定和執(zhí)行的重要依據(jù),有助于避免由于逆向選擇問題所導(dǎo)致的市場資源錯配的現(xiàn)象[20]。而在投資經(jīng)營決策時,會計信息能夠幫助管理層和投資者確定投資項目,減少逆向選擇和流動性風(fēng)險,提高企業(yè)經(jīng)濟績效[21],而會計信息的相關(guān)性是會計信息決策有用的前提?;诠髁x視角的分析,社會責(zé)任表現(xiàn)較好的企業(yè),應(yīng)積極地向市場中參與者傳遞具有預(yù)測價值的會計信息,通過提高投資者的投資效率,以贏得更多的社會資本。二是履行企業(yè)公民的義務(wù)真誠的幫助社會。企業(yè)公民理論認為,企業(yè)的成功與社會的健康和福利密切相關(guān),因此,企業(yè)應(yīng)全面考慮其對社會環(huán)境的影響[22],同時重視利益相關(guān)者的需求。利益相關(guān)者理論認為企業(yè)在對股東承擔(dān)經(jīng)濟責(zé)任的同時,還應(yīng)當(dāng)對債權(quán)人、政府、供應(yīng)商、客戶、員工、社區(qū)等其他利益相關(guān)者承擔(dān)法律責(zé)任和道德責(zé)任。法律責(zé)任要求企業(yè)必須在相關(guān)的法律法規(guī)允許的范圍內(nèi)從事生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營活動,遵守會計準(zhǔn)則和會計信息披露制度。我國會計準(zhǔn)則將相關(guān)性作為衡量會計信息質(zhì)量的重要指標(biāo),因此,企業(yè)基于對道德的真實追求,真誠的履行企業(yè)公民的義務(wù),應(yīng)能夠遵守會計準(zhǔn)則的規(guī)定,向利益相關(guān)者提供會計信息相關(guān)性較強的財務(wù)報告。綜合以上兩種動機分析,我們認為不論是出于自身經(jīng)濟利益考慮,還是真實的履行企業(yè)公民的義務(wù),社會責(zé)任表現(xiàn)較好的企業(yè)都會為財務(wù)報告使用者提供決策有用的會計信息。由此,我們提出假設(shè)H2。

H2:企業(yè)社會責(zé)任表現(xiàn)與會計信息相關(guān)性存在正相關(guān)關(guān)系。

(三)公司治理、企業(yè)社會責(zé)任與會計信息相關(guān)性

有效的內(nèi)部治理機制和強烈的社會責(zé)任感是企業(yè)追求真正社會責(zé)任的基礎(chǔ),可持續(xù)的企業(yè)社會責(zé)任是公司治理機制保障企業(yè)滿足各利益相關(guān)者需求的驅(qū)動因素,這表明公司治理與企業(yè)社會責(zé)任存在顯著地雙向互動關(guān)系[23]。因此,在研究企業(yè)社會責(zé)任與會計信息相關(guān)性的關(guān)系時,如果不同時考慮公司治理的作用,這可能會導(dǎo)致研究科學(xué)性的不足。因而,我們對公司治理因素加以控制,進一步對企業(yè)社會責(zé)任與會計信息相關(guān)性的關(guān)系進行研究。

公司治理與企業(yè)社會責(zé)任之間除了呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系,我們認為二者還會由于相互影響,共同對會計信息相關(guān)性產(chǎn)生促進作用。首先,雖然公司治理水平的提高有助于增強會計信息相關(guān)性的程度,但一家沒有社會責(zé)任感的企業(yè),由于其未能公平對待各利益相關(guān)者的契約需求,因此,難以有效地發(fā)揮公司治理對會計信息決策有用性的監(jiān)督和約束作用。而企業(yè)的社會責(zé)任表現(xiàn)為外部投資者提供了一個評價企業(yè)的商業(yè)倫理和社會責(zé)任履行的指標(biāo)。其次,McWilliam等[24]認為企業(yè)履行社會責(zé)任是管理層自利動機的行為,目的是利用履行社會責(zé)任的機會贏得個人聲譽和社會地位提升,以實現(xiàn)個人未來的職業(yè)發(fā)展。而公司治理機制可以約束管理層無視股東及其他利益相關(guān)者權(quán)益的行為,尤其是對外部利益相關(guān)者的信息需求。綜合上述分析,我們認為企業(yè)社會責(zé)任表現(xiàn)將正向調(diào)節(jié)公司治理水平對會計信息相關(guān)性的積極影響,公司治理水平正向調(diào)節(jié)企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對會計信息相關(guān)性的促進作用,即公司治理與企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對會計信息相關(guān)性的影響存在協(xié)同效應(yīng)。由于這種協(xié)同效應(yīng)的存在,使得企業(yè)應(yīng)當(dāng)同時重視社會責(zé)任的履行和公司治理結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)置,換言之,企業(yè)應(yīng)制定一套將公司治理機制與社會責(zé)任治理機制相融合的內(nèi)部治理戰(zhàn)略。基于上述分析,我們提出假設(shè)H3。

H3:公司治理與企業(yè)社會責(zé)任互相調(diào)節(jié)增強了各自對會計信息相關(guān)性的促進作用。

四、研究設(shè)計

(一)樣本選擇與數(shù)據(jù)來源

本文選取2009-2013年滬深兩市A股中發(fā)布企業(yè)社會責(zé)任報告的上市公司作為初始樣本,并按如下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對樣本進行了篩選:(1)剔除金融保險行業(yè)上市公司;(2)剔除ST/PT上市公司;(3)剔除缺少模型中所需數(shù)據(jù)的公司年度。經(jīng)過上述程序,最后得到5年共計2481個公司年度樣本,其中2009年404個,2010年412個,2011年483個,2012年550個,2013年632個。為了消除奇異值的影響,我們對模型中所有連續(xù)變量在1%和99%分位上進行了Winsorize縮尾處理。本文所需的財務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)和公司治理數(shù)據(jù)均來自國泰安(CSMAR),企業(yè)社會責(zé)任報告的評級得分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)來自于潤靈環(huán)球責(zé)任評級公司(RKS)。數(shù)據(jù)處理使用EXCEL2007軟件進行,實證研究使用STATA12.0完成。

(二)變量定義

1.公司治理的度量

公司治理是通過一系列的制度安排對控股股東或管理人員進行監(jiān)督,以實現(xiàn)對外部投資者利益的保護。因此,單獨選取某一指標(biāo)都難以對公司治理的整體水平進行全面的反映。故學(xué)術(shù)界通常采用主成分分析法,構(gòu)建衡量公司治理整體水平的指標(biāo)。本文借鑒張學(xué)勇和廖理[25]構(gòu)建公司治理指數(shù)的方法,分別選用代表股權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)與股東權(quán)益、管理層治理以及董事、監(jiān)事與其他治理形式的指標(biāo),運用主成分分析法構(gòu)建公司治理指數(shù),并將通過主成分分析法得到的第一大主成分作為衡量公司治理水平的指標(biāo)(CGI),表1報告了12個變量對第一大主成分的載荷系數(shù),系數(shù)的符號基本與理論預(yù)期相符。

2.企業(yè)社會責(zé)任的度量

國內(nèi)外常用的企業(yè)社會責(zé)任衡量方法包括:內(nèi)容分析法、問卷調(diào)查法、污染指數(shù)法、聲譽指數(shù)法和專業(yè)機構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)庫法。而這些方法都有各自的優(yōu)缺點,例如:內(nèi)容分析法以披露的字?jǐn)?shù)、句數(shù)和人數(shù)來衡量企業(yè)的社會責(zé)任表現(xiàn),此方法認為信息的數(shù)量越多,社會責(zé)任表現(xiàn)越好,但在企業(yè)社會責(zé)任報告中包含一些已量化的信息(稅收,慈善捐贈,碳排放等),因此,內(nèi)容分析法在衡量企業(yè)社會責(zé)任表現(xiàn)的合理性可能存在缺陷。問卷調(diào)查法的缺陷在于,問卷設(shè)計過程和調(diào)查對象在對企業(yè)社會責(zé)任表現(xiàn)評價時存在一定的主觀性,導(dǎo)致研究數(shù)據(jù)的信度和效度降低。聲譽指數(shù)法會受到公司自身特征、媒體關(guān)注度、問卷對象經(jīng)歷的影響,并存在樣本數(shù)量受限的問題。污染指數(shù)法衡量企業(yè)社會責(zé)任表現(xiàn),主要是從企業(yè)對環(huán)境保護和治理的角度出發(fā),未能全面的考察社會責(zé)任的各方面事項。而專業(yè)機構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)庫法最突出的優(yōu)點是擁有專業(yè)的評價人員對企業(yè)的社會責(zé)任表現(xiàn)進行評價,能夠提供充足的樣本和高質(zhì)量的評價結(jié)果。因此,本文借鑒前人的研究成果,采用潤靈環(huán)球責(zé)任評級公司(RKS)對企業(yè)社會責(zé)任報告評分作為衡量企業(yè)社會責(zé)任的指標(biāo)。

表1 公司治理指數(shù)的載荷系數(shù)

3.會計信息相關(guān)性的度量

美國財務(wù)會計準(zhǔn)則委員會(FASB)在其發(fā)布的第2號財務(wù)會計概念公告(SFAS No.2)《會計信息的質(zhì)量特征》中明確指出,相關(guān)性包含預(yù)測價值、反饋價值和及時性。其中,預(yù)測價值是指會計信息應(yīng)當(dāng)有助于使用者對其所關(guān)注的事項或未來的結(jié)果進行合理預(yù)測,并通過減少其在決策中的不確定性,進而有利于使用者的決策差異。反饋價值的實現(xiàn)要求會計信息能夠?qū)ο嚓P(guān)事項或過程的未來結(jié)果進行預(yù)測和調(diào)整,換言之,反饋價值通??醋鳛轭A(yù)測價值的基礎(chǔ)或是前提條件。因此,本文以會計信息的預(yù)測價值為切入點對會計信息相關(guān)性的問題進行研究。

Jonas和Blanchet[26]在評估財務(wù)報告質(zhì)量時指出,預(yù)測價值與會計信息的有用性直接相關(guān),并將盈余持續(xù)性作為衡量相關(guān)性的重要指標(biāo)。Dechow等[27]認為盈余持續(xù)性反映了企業(yè)當(dāng)期盈余在未來期間盈余的再現(xiàn)程度,即在利用當(dāng)期業(yè)績預(yù)測下一期業(yè)績時,持續(xù)性水平越高,預(yù)測結(jié)果的有用性越強。因此,盈余持續(xù)性可以作為衡量盈余相關(guān)性的指標(biāo)。對于盈余持續(xù)性的度量,已有研究大多采用一階自回歸模型。該方法通過分公司按時間序列回歸,將回歸估計的系數(shù)作為衡量持續(xù)性的指標(biāo),即回歸系數(shù)越接近于1,說明盈余及其組成部分的持續(xù)性越強。Fama和French[28]采用橫截面模型逐年對盈余滯后值進行回歸,并將回歸系數(shù)的均值和時間序列的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差作為盈利能力和盈余的預(yù)測指標(biāo)。由于企業(yè)報告的財務(wù)信息除受自身經(jīng)營成果和財務(wù)狀況的影響外,還受到制度環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟動機、公司治理等因素的影響,而自回歸模型僅適用于受自身歷史因素影響較大的經(jīng)濟現(xiàn)象。因此,本文借鑒肖華和張國清[29]的研究方法,并結(jié)合研究對象的特征,采用橫截面模型對盈余持續(xù)性進行度量,以回歸系數(shù)作為衡量盈余持續(xù)性的指標(biāo)。計算公式如下:

Earnit+1=α0+α1Earnit+vit

其中,Earnit+1,Earnit分別為公司i第t+1年和t年會計盈余(總資產(chǎn)收益率ROA=凈利潤/期末總資產(chǎn));vit為模型估計的隨機誤差。

(三)模型設(shè)計

根據(jù)前文的分析和提出的假設(shè),并結(jié)合會計盈余持續(xù)性模型,我們分三步對研究模型進行設(shè)計。第一,將代表公司治理水平的變量CGI和交乘項CGI×Earn加入到模型中,得到檢驗公司治理水平與會計信息相關(guān)性關(guān)系的回歸模型(1)。第二,將代表企業(yè)社會責(zé)任表現(xiàn)的變量CSR和交乘項CSR×Earn加入到會計盈余模型中,得到檢驗企業(yè)社會責(zé)任表現(xiàn)與會計信息相關(guān)性關(guān)系的回歸模型(2)。第三,我們在會計盈余持續(xù)性模型的基礎(chǔ)上,加入代表公司治理水平的代理變量CGI和交乘項CGI×Earn以及代表企業(yè)社會責(zé)任表現(xiàn)的代理變量CSR和交乘項CSR×Earn得到考慮同時考慮兩因素對會計信息相關(guān)性影響的模型(3)。然后為了分析公司治理與企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對會計信息相關(guān)性協(xié)同影響,我們還將交乘項CGI×CSR和交乘項CGI×CSR×Earn加入到模型(3)中,最終構(gòu)建得到模型(4)。建立如下模型:

Earnit+1=α0+α1Earnit+α2CGIit+α3CGIit×Earnit+ΣλjCONSTROLit+ΣλjCONSTROLit×Earnit+Year+Industry+εit

(1)

Earnit+1=α0+α1Earnit+α2CSRit+α3CSRit×Earnit+ΣλjCONSTROLit+ΣλjCONSTROLit×Earnit+Year+Industry+εit

(2)

Earnit+1=α0+α1Earnit+α2CSRit+α3CSRit×Earnit+α3CGIit+α4CGIit×Earnit+ΣλjCONSTROLit+ΣλjCONSTROLit×Earnit+Year+Industry+εit

(3)

Earnit+1=α0+α1Earnit+α2CSRit+α3CSRit×Earnit+α3CGIit+α4CGIit×Earnit+α5CGIit×CSRit+α6CGIit×CSRit×Earnit+ΣλjCONSTROLit+ΣλjCONSTROLit×Earnit+Year+Industry+εit

(4)

其中,CSR為企業(yè)社會責(zé)任,CONSTROL為控制變量。根據(jù)已有的研究成果,我們選擇了公司規(guī)模(SIZE=期末總資產(chǎn)的自然對數(shù))、財務(wù)風(fēng)險(DEBT=期末總負債/期末總資產(chǎn))、公司成長性(GROWTH,主營業(yè)務(wù)收入增長率)、無形資產(chǎn)比例(INTAN=無形資產(chǎn)凈值/期末總資產(chǎn))以及是否虧損(LOSS,當(dāng)期凈利潤為負時,取值為1,否則為0),Year和Industry分別為控制年度和行業(yè)固定效應(yīng)影響的啞變量。

五、研究結(jié)果與分析

(一)描述性統(tǒng)計分析

表1列示了本文主要變量的描述性統(tǒng)計分析。從結(jié)果中可以看出,會計盈余的均值都處于0.04-0.05之間,這表明上市公司擁有較好的盈利能力。表2列示了企業(yè)社會責(zé)任表現(xiàn)的均值為36.245,中值為33.360,這表明上市公司的企業(yè)社會責(zé)任表現(xiàn)略顯左偏態(tài)。公司治理指數(shù)的最大值和最小值分別為0.819和-0.824,這表明不同上市公司的公司治理水平存在較大差異。資產(chǎn)負債率的均值為0.507,這表明上市公司的整體負債水平較高。公司成長性的均值為0.179,最大值為1.916,最小值為-0.485,這表明上市公司整體具有良好的成長性,但不同公司之間的成長性差異也較大。

(二)相關(guān)系數(shù)分析

表3為本文主要變量之間的相關(guān)系數(shù)分析結(jié)果。結(jié)果顯示,會計盈余的當(dāng)期值與下期值的系數(shù)為0.765,表明上市公司的會計盈余具有較高的持續(xù)性水平;公司治理和企業(yè)社會責(zé)任表現(xiàn)與當(dāng)期會計盈余和下期會計盈余的系數(shù)均為正,表明公司治理和企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對企業(yè)的財務(wù)績效均表現(xiàn)出積極影響。此外,各自變量之間的相關(guān)性系數(shù)小于0.5,表明回歸模型中各自變量之間不存在多重共線性問題。

表2 變量的描述性統(tǒng)計分析

表3 主要變量的Pearson相關(guān)分析

注:***、**、*分別表示在1%、5%、10%的水平上顯著。

(三)回歸分析

表4列示了各解釋變量對會計信息相關(guān)性影響的回歸結(jié)果。模型1是檢驗公司治理對會計信息相關(guān)性的直接影響。在回歸結(jié)果中,公司治理的交乘項CGI×Earn的系數(shù)顯著為正(ɑ= 0.0969,p<0.1),表明公司治理對會計信息的相關(guān)性具有正向影響,假設(shè)H1得以驗證。模型2是檢驗企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對會計信息相關(guān)性的直接影響。在回歸結(jié)果中,企業(yè)社會責(zé)任的交乘項CSR×Earn的系數(shù)顯著為正(ɑ= 0.0026,p<0.1),表明企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對會計信息的相關(guān)性具有正向影響,假設(shè)H2得以驗證。

為驗證假設(shè)H3,我們在模型1和模型2的基礎(chǔ)上構(gòu)建出一個兩階段模型(模型3和模型4)。模型3將公司治理和企業(yè)社會責(zé)任兩個因素同時加入到模型中,控制其中一個因素來觀察另一個因素對會計信息相關(guān)性的影響。從模型3的回歸結(jié)果中可以發(fā)現(xiàn),在控制了公司治理的因素后,企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對會計信息相關(guān)性的影響程度提高,顯著性水平提高且回歸系數(shù)變大(0.0027>0.0026),說明公司治理增強了企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對會計信息相關(guān)性的影響。在控制企業(yè)社會責(zé)任的因素后,公司治理對會計信息相關(guān)性的影響程度提高(0.1040>0.0969)。模型4在模型3的基礎(chǔ)上加入公司治理與企業(yè)社會責(zé)任及其對應(yīng)的交乘項。從模型4的回歸結(jié)果中可以發(fā)現(xiàn),公司治理與企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對應(yīng)的交乘項CGI×CSR×Earn的系數(shù)顯著為正(ɑ= 0.0067,p<0.05),且公司治理和企業(yè)社會責(zé)任的交乘項系數(shù)依舊顯著,并進一步變大(0.1042>0.1040,0.0030>0.0027)。說明公司治理和企業(yè)社會責(zé)任相互調(diào)節(jié)增強了各自對會計信息相關(guān)性的影響,假設(shè)H3得以驗證。此外,無形資產(chǎn)比例和是否虧損對應(yīng)的交乘項系數(shù)均表現(xiàn)出顯著為負,表明無形資產(chǎn)比重較大的企業(yè)或虧損的企業(yè)會導(dǎo)致其會計信息相關(guān)性降低。

表4 公司治理、企業(yè)社會責(zé)任與會計信息相關(guān)性的回歸結(jié)果

注:***、**、*分別表示統(tǒng)計量在1%、5%、10%的水平上顯著。

(四)穩(wěn)健性檢驗

為了驗證研究結(jié)論的可靠性,本文還進行了如下穩(wěn)健性檢驗:

(1)首先,由于會計盈余中包含了非經(jīng)常性損益部分,而這部分并非由日常經(jīng)營活動所產(chǎn)生的,無法真實的反映企業(yè)的經(jīng)營狀況。其次,在應(yīng)計利潤中包含操縱性應(yīng)計利潤部分,而這部分應(yīng)計利潤具有轉(zhuǎn)回的屬性,給予了管理層操縱盈余平滑利潤的空間,而非操縱性應(yīng)計部分則來源于正常的經(jīng)營活動。因此,我們分別采用扣除非經(jīng)常性損益后和扣除操縱性應(yīng)計利潤后凈利潤作為會計盈余的替代變量對研究假設(shè)進行重新檢驗,最終實證結(jié)果仍支持研究假設(shè)的結(jié)論。

(2)國內(nèi)外學(xué)者認為價值相關(guān)性是財務(wù)報告信息有用性的一種重要表現(xiàn),即利用資本市場的定價機制,通過股票估值的方式對會計信息決策有用性進行反映。因此,我們參考已有的研究成果,采用價格模型作為衡量會計盈余價值相關(guān)性的基礎(chǔ)模型,并將代表公司治理的變量CGI和企業(yè)社會責(zé)任的變量CSR及其對應(yīng)的交乘項依次加入到價格模型中構(gòu)建出如下模型。

Pit=α0+α1NIit+α2BVEit+α3CGIit+α4CGIit×NIit+ΣλjCONSTROLit+Year+Industry+εit

(5)

Pit=α0+α1NIit+α2BVEit+α3CSRit+α4CSRit×NIit+ΣλjCONSTROLit+Year+Industry+εit

(6)

Pit=α0+α1NIit+α2BVEit+α3CGIit+α4CGIit×NIit+α5CSRit+α6CSRit×NIit+ΣλjCONSTROLit+Year+Industry+εit

(7)

Pit=α0+α1NIit+α2BVEit+α3CGIit+α4CGIit×NIit+α5CSRit+α6CSRit×NIit+α7CGIit×CSRit+α8CGIit×CSRit×NIit+ΣλjCONSTROLit+Year+Industry+εit

(8)

其中:Pit為公司i從第t+1年4月最后一個交易日的股票收盤價;NIit公司i第t年的每股收益;BVEit公司i第t年的每股凈資產(chǎn);其余變量同前文所述。

表5 公司治理、企業(yè)社會責(zé)任與會計盈余價值相關(guān)性的回歸結(jié)果

注:***、**、*分別表示統(tǒng)計量在1%、5%、10%的水平上顯著。

表5列示了公司治理和企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對會計盈余價值相關(guān)性影響的回歸結(jié)果。在模型5中,公司治理的交乘項CGI×NI的系數(shù)顯著為正(ɑ= 2.727,p<0.1),表明公司治理能夠?qū)嬘鄡r值相關(guān)性產(chǎn)生促進作用,假設(shè)H1成立。在模型6中,企業(yè)社會責(zé)任的交乘項CSR×NI的系數(shù)顯著為正(ɑ=0.047,p<0.05),表明企業(yè)社會責(zé)任能夠?qū)嬘鄡r值相關(guān)性產(chǎn)生促進作用,假設(shè)H2成立。在以模型5和模型6為基礎(chǔ)模型,以模型7和模型8作為擴展模型的比較時發(fā)現(xiàn),在模型7中公司治理的交乘項CGI×NI和企業(yè)社會責(zé)任的交乘項CSR×NI的系數(shù)均顯著提高(3.244>2.727,0.052>0.047),在模型8中公司治理與企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對應(yīng)的交乘項CSR×CGI×NI的系數(shù)顯著為正(ɑ=0.168,p<0.05),且公司治理和企業(yè)社會責(zé)任的交乘項系數(shù)進一步變大(3.676>3.244,0.064>0.052),表明公司治理和企業(yè)社會責(zé)任相互調(diào)節(jié)增強了各自對會計盈余價值相關(guān)性的影響,假設(shè)H3成立。

六、結(jié) 論

本文以我國2009-2013年滬深兩市A股中發(fā)布社會責(zé)任報告的上市公司為研究樣本,以會計信息的預(yù)測價值為研究視角,實證檢驗了公司治理對會計信息相關(guān)性的影響,企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對會計信息相關(guān)性的影響以及公司治理與企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對會計信息相關(guān)性的協(xié)同影響。研究結(jié)果表明:(1)良好的公司治理機制能夠有效地緩解由于委托代理問題而導(dǎo)致的信息不對稱現(xiàn)象,從而實現(xiàn)企業(yè)對外披露會計信息相關(guān)性水平的提高,這說明公司治理能夠?qū)嬓畔⑾嚓P(guān)性發(fā)揮監(jiān)督和促進作用。(2)履行社會責(zé)任較好的企業(yè),能夠切實的遵守公認會計準(zhǔn)則的規(guī)定,披露會計信息相關(guān)性較強的財務(wù)報告。因此,企業(yè)的受托社會責(zé)任表現(xiàn)與受托財務(wù)責(zé)任存在正相關(guān)關(guān)系。(3)公司治理與企業(yè)社會責(zé)任互相調(diào)節(jié)增強了各自對會計信息相關(guān)性的積極影響。公司治理水平的提高增強了企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對會計信息相關(guān)性的促進作用,同時企業(yè)社會責(zé)任意識的提高也會增強公司治理對會計信息相關(guān)性的監(jiān)督作用,即公司治理與企業(yè)社會責(zé)任對會計信息相關(guān)性的影響存在協(xié)同效應(yīng)。

本文的研究結(jié)論也給了我們以下三方面的啟示。首先,不論是基于自身經(jīng)濟利益考慮,還是真誠的履行企業(yè)公民的義務(wù),履行社會責(zé)任較好的企業(yè)都能夠?qū)ν馀断嚓P(guān)性較強的會計信息。這表明在我國當(dāng)前市場環(huán)境下,企業(yè)的受托社會責(zé)任表現(xiàn)與受托財務(wù)責(zé)任存在正相關(guān)關(guān)系,企業(yè)社會責(zé)任能夠?qū)嬓畔①|(zhì)量發(fā)揮治理作用。所以,企業(yè)社會責(zé)任并非外生于企業(yè)的公司治理結(jié)構(gòu),而是嵌入于現(xiàn)代公司治理體系之中的。其次,企業(yè)應(yīng)當(dāng)在加強公司治理結(jié)構(gòu)建設(shè)的同時進一步加強對管理層履行社會責(zé)任意識的培養(yǎng),提高企業(yè)內(nèi)部公司治理效率,進而完善內(nèi)部公司治理體系,在社會責(zé)任戰(zhàn)略的制定和執(zhí)行時,應(yīng)同時加強對公司治理機制的完善,切實提高企業(yè)的公民意識。如前文所述,如果企業(yè)沒有社會責(zé)任感,那么便不會重視與各利益相關(guān)者契約的公平性,公司治理就難以發(fā)揮對信息披露質(zhì)量的監(jiān)督和約束作用。因此,企業(yè)應(yīng)實現(xiàn)公司治理與企業(yè)社會責(zé)任相融合的整體性治理戰(zhàn)略的制定。最后,我國政府有關(guān)決策部門應(yīng)積極推廣上市公司的社會責(zé)任履行,不僅是注重企業(yè)在社會資源使用后回饋社會的要求,還應(yīng)著眼于社會責(zé)任意識在企業(yè)管理層受托責(zé)任履行中發(fā)揮的監(jiān)督和約束作用,進而實現(xiàn)公司治理效率的提高以及現(xiàn)代企業(yè)公司治理結(jié)構(gòu)的完善。

[1] 王光遠, 瞿曲. 公司治理中的內(nèi)部審計——受托責(zé)任視角的內(nèi)部治理機制觀[J]. 審計研究, 2006(2):29-37.

[2] Warfield T D, Wild J J, Wild K L. Managerial ownership, accounting choices, and informativeness of earnings[J]. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 1995, 20(1): 61-91.

[3] Porta R L, Lopezdesilanes F, Shleifer A, et al. Law and Finance[J]. Social Science Electronic Publishing, 1996, 106(6):1113-1155.

[4] Beasley M S. An empirical analysis of the relation between the board of director composition and financial statem[J]. Social Science Electronic Publishing, 1996, 218(5):668-668.

[5] Marrakchi Chtourou S, Bédard J, Courteau L. Corporate governance and earnings management[J]. Social Science Electronic Publishing, 2001, 23(23):3295-3314.

[6] 劉立國, 杜瑩. 公司治理與會計信息質(zhì)量關(guān)系的實證研究[J]. 會計研究, 2003(2):28-36.

[7] 杜興強, 溫日光. 公司治理與會計信息質(zhì)量:一項經(jīng)驗研究[J]. 財經(jīng)研究, 2007, 33(1):122-133.

[8] Chih H L, Shen C H, Kang F C. Corporate social responsibility, investor protection, and earnings management: some international evidence[J]. Journal of Business Ethics, 2008, 79(1-2): 179-198.

[9] Prior D, Surroca J, Tribó J A. Are socially responsible managers really ethical? exploring the relationship between earnings management and corporate social responsibility[J]. Social Science Electronic Publishing, 2008, 16(3):160-177.

[10] Hong Y, Andersen M L. The relationship between corporate social responsibility and earnings management: an exploratory study[J]. Journal of Business Ethics, 2011, 104(4):461-471

[11] Kim Y, Park M S, Wier B. Is earnings quality associated with corporate social responsibility?[J]. Social Science Electronic Publishing, 2011, 87(3):177-177.

[12] 高利芳,曲曉輝,張多蕾. 企業(yè)社會責(zé)任報告與會計信息質(zhì)量——基于深市上市公司的實證研究[J]. 財經(jīng)論叢,2011(03): 99-105.

[13] 朱松. 企業(yè)社會責(zé)任, 市場評價與盈余信息含量[J]. 會計研究,2011(11): 27-34.

[14] 王霞, 徐怡, 陳露. 企業(yè)社會責(zé)任信息披露有助于甄別財務(wù)報告質(zhì)量嗎?[J]. 財經(jīng)研究, 2014 (05): 133-144.

[15] Schadewitz H J, Blevins D R. Major determinants of interim disclosures in an emerging market[J]. American Business Review, 1998, 16(1): 41.

[16] Porta R, Lopez-de-Silanes F, Shleifer A. Corporate ownership around the world[J]. The journal of finance, 1999, 54(2): 471-517.

[17] Jensen M C, Meckling W H. The theory of the firm: managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure[J]. Journal of Financial Economic Policy,1976, 15(3):305-360.

[18] Johnson H H. Does it pay to be good? social responsibility and financial performance[J]. Business Horizons, 2003, 46(6):34-40.

[19] Porter M E, Kramer M R. Strategy and society: the link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility[J]. Harvard Business Review, 2006, 84(12):78-92, 163.

[20] 肖紅軍, 張俊生, 李偉陽. 企業(yè)偽社會責(zé)任行為研究[J]. 中國工業(yè)經(jīng)濟, 2013(6):109-121.

[21] Bushman R M, Smith A J. Financial accounting information and corporate governance[J]. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 2001, 32(1): 237-333.

[22] Logsdon J M, Wood D J. Business citizenship: from domestic to global level of analysis[J]. Business Ethics Quarterly, 2002, 12(02): 155-187.

[23] Jamali D, Safieddine A M, Rabbath M. Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility synergies and Interrelationships[J]. Corporate Governance An International Review, 2008, 16(5):443-459.

[24] McWilliams A, Siegel D S, Wright P M. Corporate social responsibility: strategic implications[J]. Journal of management Studies, 2006, 43(1): 1-18.

[25] 張學(xué)勇, 廖理. 股權(quán)分置改革、自愿性信息披露與公司治理[J]. 經(jīng)濟研究, 2010(04):28-39.

[26] Jonas G J, Blanchet J, Jonas G J, et al. Assessing quality of financial reporting[J]. Accounting Horizons, 2000, 14(3):353-363.

[27] Dechow P, Ge W, Schrand C. Understanding earnings quality: a review of the proxies, their determinants and their consequences[J]. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 2010, 50(2): 344-401.

[28] Fama E F, French K R. Forecasting profitability and earnings[J]. Journal of Business, 2000, 73(2):161-75.

[29] 肖華, 張國清. 內(nèi)部控制質(zhì)量、盈余持續(xù)性與公司價值[J]. 會計研究, 2013(05):73-80.

責(zé)任編輯、校對:李斌泉

Abstract: Using the sample of Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies from 2009-2013, this paper empirically examines the impact of corporate governance and corporate social responsibility on accounting information relevance, the synergy effect of corporate governance and corporate social responsibility on the accounting information relevance. The result shows that the improvement of the corporate governance is helpful to enhance the degree of relevance of accounting information; the better social responsibility performance of enterprises, the higher financial report accounting information relevance. Further study found that corporate governance can enhance the promoting effect of corporate social responsibility on the accounting information relevance, corporate social responsibility can enhance the positive impact of corporate governance on the accounting information relevance. It indicates that corporate governance and corporate social responsibility have a synergistic effect on the relevance of accounting information. The conclusions confirm that the corporate social responsibility plays a role of the governance of accounting information quality and has a certain guiding significance in promoting social responsibility performance of listed companies in the future.

Keywords: Corporate governance; Corporate social responsibility; Accounting information relevance; Synergistic effect

“The Comprehensively Deepening Reform Theory” and China’s Crossing “Middle-income Trap”

FENG Genfu1,2

(1.School of Economics and Finance, Xi’an JiaoTong University, Xi’an 710061, China;2.XJTU-SIDVC Financial and Investment Research Center, Suzhou 205000,China)

The third plenary session of the 18th central committee of the communist party of China puts forward the theory of comprehensively deepening reform, which was firstly proposed from the historical experience and realistic height by Comrade Xi Jinping as general secretary. It is a significant development of the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Using the theory of comprehensively deepening reform to analyze the historical problems left over from the economic and social development in China since the reform and opening-up and the new problems emerging at present, it can be found that the uncoordinated economic system reform, political system reform, social system reform, cultural system reform and ecological civilization reform are the key issues that restrict China to overcome the “middle income trap” in the future. Therefore, we must, under the guidance of the comprehensively deepening reform theory put forward by the third plenary session of the 18th central committee of the communist party of China, comprehensively and orderly promote economic, political, social, cultural, ecological civilization and other fields to achieve a coordinated development of economy, politics, society, culture and ecology civilization. Only in this way, China will be able to overcome and resolve various social contradictions and risks, and successfully cross the “middle income trap” to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

The comprehensively deepening reform theory; Coordinated development of the economic society; Crossing middle-income trap

Re-measuring Chinese Factor Income Distribution

TAN Xiaopeng, CHAO Xiaojing

(School of Economic and Management, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China)

Abstract: This paper uses the related data about Chinese flow of funds and provincial income approach of GDP, and calculates the factor income distribution structure of China and its every region from 1992 to 2014 on the basis of adjusting individual business owners’ mixed income and state farm operating surplus. The results demonstrate that, from the overall situation of the whole country, the share of labor income has stayed in a low level steady state since 1992, the share of capital income appears a long-term and moderate upward trend and the share of government appears a cyclical fluctuation. On the regional level, the provinces’ fluctuations and trends are significantly different. The common is that, the percentile of government income is smallest and the fluctuation extent is obscure. The provinces with obvious change trend include Liaoning, Jiangsu, Beijing city, Shaanxi, Jiangxi and Anhui.

Keywords: Factor income distribution; Flow of funds; Provincial income approach GDP; Individual business owners’ mixed income; State farm operating surplus

Promoting Capital Market Reform Surrounding Third Great Forces of Asset Pricing

WANG Ren, WEI Jie

(1.School of Finance and Finance, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China;2.School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

Abstract: The reform of Chinese capital market could not be confined to enhancing the quality of listed companies or restricting the behavior of listed companies and investors, but paying more attention to those third great forces such as investor protection, listing and trading system, micro market structure which is enough to affect asset pricing. Perfecting the system of securities legislation and law enforcement oriented to investor protection, and constricting the destructive growth behaviors is the institutional cornerstone of regulating the development of capital market. Breaking the threshold of access to capital market, and replacing the verification-based stock-issuing system with registration-based stock-issuing system is the guarantee of preventing unfair competition and rent seeking. Filling the technical loopholes in the transaction process to ensure the harmony of futures and spot, leverage and forward delivery, price limit and trade halts system is the firewall to ensure the smooth performance of capital market and prevent those potential financial risks. Developing different institutional investors, optimizing the micro market structure is the lasting and stable development road of China’s capital market.

Keywords:Investor protection; Market structure; Trading system

Basic Research or Applied Research: Who can Promote TFP Growth More?—Adjustment Effect of Ownership and Factor Market Distortion

WANG Wen, SUN Zao

(School of Economics and Finance, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China)

Abstract: During the period of economic transition, the influencing mechanism of different types of research and development activities on the total factor productivity (TFP) in China is more complicated than that in the mature market economies. This paper first analyzes the different effects of basic research and applied research on innovation between state-owned enterprises and private enterprises due to their difference of resource endowment and institutional logic, and then analyzes the adjusting effect of factor market distortion and joint adjusting effect of ownership and factor market distortion on the relationship between two kinds of research and development activities and regional TFP. Further Empirical analysis results based on the provincial panel data of China from 1998 to 2014 and the finite distributed lag model show that, basic research contributed more to TFP growth than applied research in the regions with high proportion of state-owned economy, and applied research contribute more to TFP growth than basic research in the regions with low proportion of state-owned economy. It is also shown that factor market distortion will weaken the influence of basic research and applied research on TFP, among which the influence of basic research was weaken more, and the adjusting effect of ownership also relied on the factor market distortion. The discovery of this paper could provide further empirical evidence for scientifically determining the adjustment direction and implementation focus of national innovation support policy.

Keywords:Basic research; Applied research; Regional TFP; Ownership; Factor market distortion

A Study of the Forced Mechanism of the Low Carbon Constraint on Energy Intensity

PAN Xiongfeng, PAN Xianyou, LI Changyu

(Faculty of Management and Economics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China)

Abstract: From the perspective of basic relationship between low carbon constraint and energy intensity, this paper theoretically argues direct and indirect impacts of carbon productivity on energy intensity. On this basis, this paper empirically analyzes China’s provincial panel data from the period 2000-2014. The results demonstrate that the trajectory of the direct effects of carbon productivity on energy intensity is U-shape. For China’s current situation, carbon productivity can effectively keep energy intensity down, but the marginal effects of “energy saving” that carbon productivity brings about are weakening because of the rise of the cost of energy saving. Moreover, carbon productivity regulation inversely force the industry structure to upgrade itself, changing the effects that industry restructure have on energy intensity; Secondly, the technology innovation induced by carbon constraint may somewhat have rebound effects on energy intensity; At last, foreign direct investment, as one of the effective measures to reduce energy intensity, whose technology spillover and capital accumulation will be influenced by the acceleration effects of carbon productivity

Keywords: Carbon productivity; Energy intensity; Forced mechanism; Dual effect

The Win-win Relationship between Environmental Regulation and Economic Growth:Evidence from TCZ Policies in China

WU Mingqin1,2, ZHOU Shimin2, CHEN Jiachang2

(1.South China Market Economy Research Center, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China;2.School of Economics and Management, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China)

Abstract:We take the “Acid Rain Control Zone and SO2Pollution Control Zone” (TCZ) policy that was implemented in 1998 as a natural experiment. Based on a large society and economy development dataset of 280 key cities in China from 1992-2009, this paper investigates the relationship between the policy of the TCZ and economic growth by employing the empirical method of difference-in-difference (DID). The results demonstrate that the policy of TCZ caused the GDP per capita to increase by 8.30% and the industrial GDP per capita to increase by 16.30%. This implies that implement of the appropriate and draconian environmental regulation can significantly promote economic development, and achieve a win-win situation for both the environmental protection and economic growth. Finally, the results are robust to a series of specification tests which include the test of difference of the geography, spatial distribution and the political factors in the TCZ cities.

Keywords:Environmental regulation; Economy growth; TCZ policy; DID

Uncertainty Shocks, Bank Risk-taking and Economic Fluctuations

MA Xutao, SHEN Yue

(School of Economics and Finance, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China)

Abstract:Considering the uncertainty shocks, this paper constructs a continuous time DSGE model including banking sector to analyze the mechanism of bank risk-taking, explores the impacts of uncertainty shocks on bank risk-taking and economic fluctuations and reveals the bank risk-taking channel of uncertainty shock affecting economic fluctuations. The result finds that bank risk-taking behavior is related to bank capital quantity and economic uncertainty degree. The bank will increase risk-taking with the rise in bank capital or economic stability. The impulse response analysis demonstrates that economic shocks have direct effects on bank capital and economic uncertainty degree and are transmitted and amplified through this two mechanisms, and that the uncertainty shocks still is a non-ignorable factor contributing to economic fluctuations.

Keywords: Uncertainty shock; Bank risk-taking; Economic fluctuations; Continuous time DSGE Model

Life Expectation and National Saving—Based on the Analysis of Aggregate Equation with Variable Coefficient of GDP Growth Rate

JIN Gang1, ZHANG Qiuqiu2

(1.Institution of Population Research, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China;2.School of Business Administration, Shenyang Univesity, Shenyang 110044, China)

Abstract:By relaxing on the assumption of traditional life-cycle theory about fixed time span of both life and working, this paper introduces survival function into analytical framework of traditional life-cycle theory. The results find that GDP growth rate in aggregate saving equation with survival function has variable coefficient, which should be constant in aggregate saving equation without survival function. The improvement of life expectation from 15 years old would increase the coefficient of GDP growth rate while the improvement of life expectation from 15 years old to 60 years old would decrease that. The result of empirical analysis of panel data based on 218 countries around the world during 1981-2010 supports the above conclusions. Along with the improvement of life expectation, the coefficient of GDP growth rate in aggregate saving equation is increasing. But the amplification of the coefficient of GDP growth rate of some countries or districts is apparently bigger than others, which might cause the improvement of national saving rate is faster than that of GDP growth rate in these countries or districts.

Keywords: Life expectation; Working period; Economic growth rate; National saving rate; Variable coefficient of GDP Growth Rate; Aggregate saving equation

Effectiveness of Monetary Policy on the Financial Asset Structure and Macro-economic Fluctuations

XU Mei

(School of Economics, Northwest University of Politics and Law, Xi’an 710063, China)

Abstract:The adjustment of monetary policy can affect the consumption and investment of the individuals. The accumulation of individual behavior will result in the creation of the macro financial asset structure. Through credit and financing, the financial capital will be converted to physical capital and thus have an impact on macroeconomic. In this paper, by constructing Sidrauski model, the effects of monetary policy path hypothesis are put forward. Then ARDL-ECM is build to argue that the monetary policy effect on the structure of financial assets is more effective than macroeconomic, short-term adjustment is more effective than long-term.

Keywords:Monetary policy; Financial assets structure; Macro-economic fluctuation; Sidrausiki model; ARDL-ECM

Decentralization, Local Debt and Modern Financial Reform—Based on the Effect Analysis from Different Angles of Fiscal Decentralization

WANG Jieru

(Institute of Finance and Taxation, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan 250014,China)

Abstract:It is generally recognized by domestic academia that local debt was born within fiscal decentralization. The mainstream view is that payment imbalance will lead to the expansion of local government spending scale. Another view supports the “l(fā)eviathan” hypothesis, and points out that fiscal decentralization can limit the excessive expansion of local government spending. But how fiscal decentralization functions specifically in local debt remains to be further research. This article sets up a theoretical framework of fiscal decentralization associated with local government debt, and conducts empirical tests from three angles of expenditure decentralization, revenue decentralization and vertical fiscal imbalance. The results show that the decentralization effects should not be treated as the same. Improving revenue decentralization, reducing expenditure decentralization and vertical fiscal imbalance will be helpful to a lower level of the local debt. To build the modern government relationship, it needs to increase central general transfer payment after the “split 50-50”, with strict management of government spending. At the same time, moderately relaxing revenue management, giving the local government limited tax revenue legislative right, and building a local tax system is very important.

Keywords:Debt level of local government; Expenditure decentralization; Revenue decentralization; Vertical fiscal imbalance

Formal Credit Constraints and Influencing Factors of Specialized Farmers:Evidence from 725 Apple Growers in China

MA Yanni, HUO Xuexi

(Western Rural Development Research Center School of Economics and Management,Northwest Agriculture and Forest University, Yangling 712100,China)

Abstract: The specialized household has a difficulty of financing. This paper comparatively analyzes formal credit constraints condition and causes of specialized households with different scales by using the micro-data of 725 apple growers in China and the status of leading specialized households. The results show that the specialized households generally are subject to credit constraints of formal financial institutions, and are given priority to that of demand type. Leading specialized households are vulnerable to credit constraints of supply type, and the cumbersome financial procedure, a long time of examination and approval are the main reasons that led to the credit constraints. The Logistic analysis shows that the farmers in the western region are vulnerable to credit constraints. In addition, the farmers with more family labor and apple planting area, less family net incomes, greater the distance to bank outlets, and larger amount of each loan, will be subject to credit constraints.

Keywords: Leading specialized household; Formal credit constraints; Logistic model; Influencing factors

The Effect of Housing Demolition on the Household Entrepreneurship in the Process of Urbanization

FAN Cijun, ZHANG Donghao

(Research Institute of Economics and Management, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics,Chengdu 611130, China)

Abstract: Since the reform and opening up, China’s urbanization level has substantially been improved, and the housing demolition also gradually accelerates. Using Chinese Household Finance Survey 2011 data, this paper studies the effect of housing demolition on household entrepreneurship. We find that the housing demolition significantly decreases the probability of entrepreneurship and the amount of company assets. In further studies, we show the negative relationship between the demolition and entrepreneurship varies in housing state. Those who have houses suffer less from this negative relationship. At last, we also find that the effects of demolition on entrepreneurship are heterogeneous, the negative effect of demolition is biggest for the renters, is smaller for households having one house and is smallest for households having multiple houses.

Keywords: Housing demolition; Entrepreneurship; Housing ownership; Heterogeneity

Corporate Governance, Corporate Social Responsibility and Accounting Information Relevance

MAO Zhihong, JIN Long

(Business School, Jilin University, Changchun 130012; China)

2016-06-28

教育部人文社會科學(xué)研究規(guī)劃基金項目“公允價值分層披露的經(jīng)濟后果研究”(批準(zhǔn)號:14YJA630043)。

毛志宏(1961-),吉林省吉林市人,吉林大學(xué)商學(xué)院教授,會計系主任,博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:財務(wù)會計;金龍(1988-),吉林省長春市人,吉林大學(xué)商學(xué)院博士研究生,研究方向:財務(wù)會計,公司金融。

A

1002-2848-2016(06)-0112-10

猜你喜歡
盈余會計信息責(zé)任
儒家文化、信用治理與盈余管理
使命在心 責(zé)任在肩
每個人都該承擔(dān)起自己的責(zé)任
新民周刊(2020年5期)2020-02-20 14:29:44
關(guān)于經(jīng)常項目盈余的思考
中國外匯(2019年10期)2019-08-27 01:58:00
探討企業(yè)會計信息披露問題
會計信息失真問題探討
中國商論(2016年34期)2017-01-15 14:24:09
加強往來款清理 提升會計信息質(zhì)量
事業(yè)單位如何提高會計信息的質(zhì)量
人間(2015年19期)2016-01-04 12:47:04
期望囑托責(zé)任
中國火炬(2014年12期)2014-07-25 10:38:05
忠誠 責(zé)任 關(guān)愛 奉獻
中國火炬(2011年12期)2011-07-24 14:21:44
微博| 城步| 泌阳县| 江阴市| 乐至县| 平塘县| 清丰县| 宁陕县| 容城县| 黄浦区| 晋宁县| 旬邑县| 赞皇县| 宁晋县| 南和县| 宜兰县| 阿图什市| 枝江市| 昌乐县| 蒲江县| 泌阳县| 迁安市| 大理市| 洪江市| 宁安市| 永登县| 临邑县| 高碑店市| 嘉定区| 秭归县| 西乡县| 塘沽区| 和平县| 库尔勒市| 新蔡县| 京山县| 遂溪县| 咸宁市| 太康县| 阳高县| 弥渡县|