肖琴 武麗莎 陳壯飛
(通訊作者) 650500昆明理工大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院
短期正念訓(xùn)練的腦磁共振研究進(jìn)展
肖琴 武麗莎 陳壯飛
(通訊作者) 650500昆明理工大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院
正念的臨床療效已逐漸得到證實,但其機(jī)制仍有待深入探討。正念已成為諸多標(biāo)準(zhǔn)心理治療模式的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。近年對正念的研究重點逐漸從臨床轉(zhuǎn)向作用機(jī)制的探尋,短期訓(xùn)練即可引起與傳統(tǒng)練習(xí)類似的腦結(jié)構(gòu)及功能變化。本文著重對短期正念訓(xùn)練的腦磁共振研究進(jìn)行簡要回顧。
正念;磁共振;短期
正念源于東方禪修,Jon Kabat-Zinn將其定義為“通過有目的地將注意力集中于當(dāng)下,不加評判地覺知一個又一個瞬間所呈現(xiàn)的體驗,而涌現(xiàn)出的一種覺知力”[1]。目前,正念已成為諸多標(biāo)準(zhǔn)心理治療模式的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。近年對正念的研究重點逐漸從臨床轉(zhuǎn)向作用機(jī)制的探尋,短期訓(xùn)練即可引起與傳統(tǒng)練習(xí)類似的腦結(jié)構(gòu)及功能變化[2]。本文著重對短期正念訓(xùn)練的腦磁共振研究進(jìn)行簡要回顧。
近年來功能磁共振研究發(fā)現(xiàn)正念和特定腦區(qū)的激活模式有關(guān),通過8周正念冥想可使前額葉不同部位激活改變[3];且冥想活動期間認(rèn)知周期變化對應(yīng)不同腦區(qū)的功能狀態(tài),當(dāng)冥想者注意力分散時,默認(rèn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)(DMN)活動增加,意識到注意力分散時前腦島和前扣帶回皮層(ACC)即突顯網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動增加,重新集中注意力對應(yīng)背外側(cè)前額葉皮層和外側(cè)頂下小葉激活[4];正念練習(xí)初期可能主要集中在前兩個階段的強(qiáng)化。其中,ACC作為默認(rèn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的重要節(jié)點,主要負(fù)責(zé)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)及應(yīng)激評價中注意過程的自我監(jiān)控,且該腦區(qū)及與之相連的內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉區(qū)域與情緒調(diào)節(jié)有關(guān),正念練習(xí)初期情緒改善可能基于ACC及其相關(guān)腦區(qū)的功能調(diào)節(jié)。
Tang等人的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)過4周共計11 h的短程冥想訓(xùn)練后,與胼胝體和ACC相聯(lián)系的部分腦區(qū)各向異性分?jǐn)?shù)(FA)增加,包括放射冠前部和上部[5]。后續(xù)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),為期2周的身心整合訓(xùn)練可使軸向彌散張量減少,同時還能相應(yīng)地改善情緒。訓(xùn)練者鉤束FA值增加,且與恐懼條件刺激應(yīng)答敏感性的保持相一致[6],該結(jié)構(gòu)與情緒學(xué)習(xí)相關(guān)。這一系列研究提示短程正念訓(xùn)練可影響白質(zhì)纖維可塑性,其動態(tài)變化涉及前扣帶皮質(zhì),而該腦區(qū)隸屬于與自身調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān)的腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
接受短期正念冥想訓(xùn)練的個體,其自主神經(jīng)功能指標(biāo)優(yōu)于對照組,受試者扣帶回膝部和腹側(cè)連接部活動增強(qiáng),且扣帶回中線前部θ波與心率變異率高頻成分相關(guān)。提示ACC可通過副交感控制自主神經(jīng)活動,因此,短期冥想訓(xùn)練可通過腹側(cè)中前部系統(tǒng)實現(xiàn)對ANS的調(diào)節(jié),反映了冥想訓(xùn)練對身心整體調(diào)節(jié)的功能[7]。隨著受試者冥想過程中“思維漫游”的減弱,個體DMN主要節(jié)點活動相對減弱,可能反映了當(dāng)下覺知的增強(qiáng)[8]。冥想早期,自參照網(wǎng)絡(luò)和注意網(wǎng)絡(luò)即已存在神經(jīng)重塑[9],而默認(rèn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的變化與思維漫游減弱的程度相吻合[10]。
總體來看,正念初期的腦功能及結(jié)構(gòu)變化主要集中在注意網(wǎng)絡(luò)及自參照網(wǎng)絡(luò),其中自參照網(wǎng)絡(luò)的改變尤其值得重視,與自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能的關(guān)聯(lián)可能為臨床療效提供解釋,但短期正念引起情緒及身心整體調(diào)節(jié)的具體機(jī)制還有待深入探討。
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Research progress of brain magnetic resonance in short term mindfulness training
Xiao Qin,Wu Lisa,Chen Zhuangfei
(Corresponding author)
The Medical College of Kunming University of Science and Technology 650500
The curative effect of mindfulness has been confirmed,but its mechanism remains to be further explored.Mindfulness has become the key link of many standard psychotherapy treatment models.In recent years,the study focus of mindfulness has gradually shifted from the clinical turning action mechanism,the short term training can lead to similar changes in brain structure and function with traditional practice.This paper focuses on the brief review of brain magnetic resonance studies of short term mindfulness training.
mindfulness;Magnetic resonance imaging;short term
10.3969/j.issn.1007-614x.2017.12.1