李山山, 孫 京, 吳 爽, 王 欣, 周明東
(遼寧石油化工大學(xué) 化學(xué)化工與環(huán)境學(xué)部,遼寧 撫順 113001)
·研究論文·
新型氮雜環(huán)卡賓銀(I)配合物的合成及其晶體結(jié)構(gòu)
李山山, 孫 京, 吳 爽, 王 欣, 周明東*
(遼寧石油化工大學(xué) 化學(xué)化工與環(huán)境學(xué)部,遼寧 撫順 113001)
以取代芐氯(1a~1c)為起始原料,與咪唑經(jīng)氮烷基化反應(yīng)制得芐基咪唑氯鹽(2a~2c); 2a~2c與氧化銀經(jīng)原位去質(zhì)子化反應(yīng)合成了3種新型的氮雜環(huán)卡賓銀配合物——(NHC)AgCl[NHC: 1,3-二(4-甲氧基芐基)咪唑-2-亞基(3a), 1,3-二(3-甲氧基芐基)咪唑-2-亞基(3b)]和[(NHC)AgCl]2[NHC=1,3-二(4-氯芐基)咪唑-2-亞基(3c)],其結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)1H NMR,13C NMR, IR,元素分析和X-射線(xiàn)單晶衍射表征。3a~3c單晶結(jié)構(gòu)均屬單斜晶系,3a為P21/n空間群,3b和3c為P21/c空間群,3a和3b為單核銀配合物,3c為雙核銀配合物。
芐基咪唑氯鹽; 氮雜環(huán)卡賓; 銀配合物; 合成; 晶體結(jié)構(gòu)
氮雜環(huán)卡賓(NHC)及其金屬配合物是一類(lèi)極具價(jià)值的催化劑。氮雜環(huán)卡賓金屬配合物不僅在聚合[1]、氫甲酰化、氫轉(zhuǎn)移[2]和環(huán)加成等反應(yīng)中被廣泛應(yīng)用,而且在抗菌和抗癌[3]等生物醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域、光學(xué)材料及電子材料[4]等方面展現(xiàn)了廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。1968年?fele和Wanzlick等[5-6]首次報(bào)道了NHC金屬配合物的結(jié)構(gòu)和制備方法。1991年Arduengo[7]首次成功分離出穩(wěn)定的自由卡賓,使卡賓化合物的研究得到迅猛發(fā)展[8-11]。NHC具有強(qiáng)的σ給電子能力[12-13]和配位能力、結(jié)構(gòu)易于調(diào)變、易于合成等優(yōu)點(diǎn),對(duì)NHC及其金屬配合物的結(jié)構(gòu)與性質(zhì)研究具有重要意義,其研究也取得了諸多成果[14-23]。
Scheme 1
本文以取代芐氯(1a~1c)為起始原料,與咪唑經(jīng)氮烷基化反應(yīng)制得芐基咪唑氯鹽(2a~2c); 2a~2c分別與氧化銀經(jīng)原位去質(zhì)子化反應(yīng)合成了三種新型的氮雜環(huán)卡賓銀配合物——(NHC)AgCl [NHC: 1,3-二(4-甲氧基芐基)咪唑-2-亞基(3a), 1,3-二(3-甲氧基芐基)咪唑-2-亞基(3b)]和[(NHC)AgCl]2[NHC=1,3-二(4-氯芐基)咪唑-2-亞基(3c)](Scheme 1),其結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)1H NMR,13C NMR, IR,元素分析和X-射線(xiàn)單晶衍射表征。并對(duì)其晶體結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了研究。
1.1 儀器與試劑
AVANCE DPX-500型核磁共振儀(DMSO-d6為溶劑,TMS為內(nèi)標(biāo));Spectrum GX型紅外光譜儀(KBr壓片);Perkin-Elemer PE 2400型元素分析儀;Bruker XRDR3M/ESYSTCM型X-射線(xiàn)單晶衍射儀。
4-甲氧基芐氯(1a), 3-甲氧基芐氯(1b)和4-氯芐氯(1c), 98%,安耐吉化學(xué)有限公司;其余所用試劑均為分析純,其中二氯甲烷和乙腈經(jīng)CaH2回流6 h后蒸出。
1.2 合成
(1) 2a~2c的合成(以2a為例)[24-25]
在無(wú)水無(wú)氧條件下,向100 mL Schlenk瓶中依次加入咪唑0.43 g(6.4 mmol), 1a 2.00 g(12.8 mmol)和無(wú)水乙腈25 mL,攪拌使其溶解,加入K2CO30.88 g(6.4 mmol),攪拌下于75 ℃反應(yīng)24 h。過(guò)濾,濾液蒸干得白色固體2a。
用類(lèi)似的方法合成白色固體2b和2c。
2a: 產(chǎn)率81%;1H NMRδ: 9.54(s, 1H, c-H), 7.83(d,J=1.5 Hz, 2H, a,b-H), 7.42(d,J=9.0 Hz, 4H, ArH), 6.98(d,J=9.0 Hz, 4H, ArH), 5.36(s, 4H, CH2), 3.76(s, 6H, OCH3);13C NMRδ: 160.05, 136.25, 130.66, 127.19, 123.05, 114.83, 55.69, 51.98。
2b: 產(chǎn)率76%;1H NMRδ: 9.64(s, 1H, c-H), 7.89(d,J=1.5 Hz, 2H, a,b-H), 7.34(t,J=8.0 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.06(s, 2H, ArH), 7.00(d,J=7.5 Hz, 2H, ArH), 6.96(d,J=8.0 Hz, 2H, ArH), 5.42(s, 4H, CH2), 3.76(s, 6H, OCH3);13C NMRδ: 160.05, 136.86, 136.78, 130.66, 123.33, 120.87, 114.66, 114.61, 55.68, 52.38。
2c: 產(chǎn)率70%;1H NMRδ: 9.50(s, 1H, c-H), 7.86(s, 2H, a,b-H), 7.50(q,J=8.5 Hz, 8H, ArH), 5.45(s, 4H, CH2);13C NMRδ: 137.02, 134.22, 134.03, 130.99, 129.47, 123.34, 51.64。
(2) 3a~3c的合成(以3a為例)
在無(wú)水無(wú)氧條件下,向100 mL Schlenk瓶中加入新制2a 0.69 g(2 mmol)、氧化銀0.26 g(1.1 mmol)和二氯甲烷20 mL,攪拌下于室溫避光反應(yīng)48 h。過(guò)濾,濾液濃縮后用乙醚重結(jié)晶得白色固體3a。
用類(lèi)似的方法合成白色固體3b和3c。
3a: 產(chǎn)率75%;1H NMRδ: 7.50(s, 2H, a, b-H), 7.27(d,J=8.0 Hz, 4H, ArH), 6.90(d,J=8.5 Hz, 4H, ArH), 5.23(s, 4H, CH2), 3.72(s, 6H, OCH3);13C NMRδ: 178.80(Ag—C), 159.51, 129.63, 122.72, 114.63, 55.59, 54.31; IRν: 3 423(N—H), 3 129, 2 829(CH2), 1 615(C=C), 1 449(C=N), 1 252, 725 cm-1; Anal. calcd for C19H20N2O2ClAg: C 50.52, H 4.46, N 6.20; found C 50.50, H 4.43, N 6.22。
3b: 產(chǎn)率79%;1H NMRδ: 7.57(s, 2H, a, b-H), 7.25(t,J=8.0 Hz, 2H, ArH), 6.90~6.82(m, 6H, ArH), 5.28(s, 4H, CH2), 3.71(s, 6H, OCH3);13C NMRδ: 178.92(Ag—C), 159.33, 138.60, 129.81, 122.44, 119.50, 113.32, 113.14, 54.93, 54.08; IRν: 3 437(N—H), 2 837(CH2), 1 598(C=C), 1 473(C=N), 1 267, 737 cm-1; Anal.calcd for C19H20N2O2ClAg: C 50.52, H 4.46, N 6.20; found C 50.50, H 4.42, N 6.21。
3c: 產(chǎn)率62%;1H NMRδ: 7.57(s, 4H, a, b-H), 7.44(d,J=8.0 Hz, 8H, ArH), 7.31(d,J=8.5 Hz, 8H, ArH), 5.34(s, 8H, CH2);13C NMRδ: 179.85(Ag—C), 136.64, 133.16, 129.88, 129.22, 123.17, 53.91; IRν: 3 424(N—H), 2 855(CH2), 1 586(C=C), 1 456(C=N), 1 223, 739 cm-1; Anal.calcd for C34H28N4Cl6Ag2: C 44.34, H 3.06, N 6.08; found C 44.30, H 3.05, N 6.05。
1.3 晶體結(jié)構(gòu)測(cè)定
將配合物單晶置衍射儀上,用石墨單色器單色化的MoKα射線(xiàn)(λ=0.71073 ?),以ω-φ掃描方式收集衍射數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)衍射強(qiáng)度數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了LP因子和經(jīng)驗(yàn)吸收校正。晶體結(jié)構(gòu)由直接法解出[26],非氫原子坐標(biāo)采用直接法和差值傅立葉合成法獲得。對(duì)非氫原子坐標(biāo)及各向異性熱參數(shù)采用全矩陣最小二乘法對(duì)初結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行精修,所有計(jì)算用SHELXS-97和SHELXS-97程序包完成。3a~3c的CCDC分別為1432048, 1413847和1413845,晶體學(xué)參數(shù)見(jiàn)表1。
表1 3a~3c的晶體學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)
2.1 表征
芐基咪唑氯化物與氧化銀反應(yīng)是制備氮雜環(huán)卡賓銀配合物的通用方法[27-28]。三種新型的銀卡賓配合物均為白色晶體,可溶于二氯甲烷、DMSO和DMF等有機(jī)溶劑,在空氣中穩(wěn)定存在,不發(fā)生分解或變質(zhì)。芐基咪唑氯化物2a~2c與對(duì)應(yīng)的銀配合物3a~3c的1H NMR分析表明,咪唑環(huán)1-位質(zhì)子吸收峰消失,表明該位置的碳原子與銀原子發(fā)生了配位,同時(shí),金屬原子與配體結(jié)合,使分子的共軛體系進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng),π電子活動(dòng)范圍更廣,咪唑環(huán)上電子云密度有所降低,這使得3a~3c的氫質(zhì)子吸收峰向高場(chǎng)區(qū)偏移。另外,與2a~2c的13C NMR相比,3a~3c的卡賓碳的吸收峰位置發(fā)生了顯著變化,分別位于δ178.80,δ178.92和δ179.85,與文獻(xiàn)[29]報(bào)道一致,表明形成了銀配合物。
3a的IR分析表明,3 423 cm-1處吸收峰為N—H伸縮振動(dòng)吸收峰,1 615 cm-1和1 449 cm-1處的吸收峰分別為咪唑環(huán)上C=C和C=N的伸縮振動(dòng)峰。另外,3a~3c在725 cm-1, 737 cm-1和739 cm-1處出現(xiàn)的吸收峰,歸屬Ag—C吸收峰,表明金屬原子與分子中碳原子形成了配位。
2.2 晶體結(jié)構(gòu)
3a~3c的部分鍵長(zhǎng)和鍵角數(shù)據(jù)見(jiàn)表2,晶體結(jié)構(gòu)分別見(jiàn)圖1~圖3。
晶體結(jié)構(gòu)解析表明,3a和3b屬于單核配合物,兩種配合物均通過(guò)卡賓碳原子與中心銀原子直接配位形成配合物。3a屬單斜晶系,P21/n空間群,Ag1—C1和Ag1—Cl1的鍵長(zhǎng)分別為2.093(3) ?和2.357 2(9) ?, C1—Ag1—Cl1的鍵角為169.00(7)°,該鍵長(zhǎng)鍵角與其它類(lèi)似結(jié)構(gòu)的氮雜環(huán)卡賓銀配合物的鍵長(zhǎng)鍵角一致[30-31]。3b的結(jié)構(gòu)與3a相似,僅在鍵長(zhǎng)和鍵角上有微小差別,Ag1—C1和Ag1—Cl1的鍵長(zhǎng)分別為2.101(4) ?和2.338 1(12) ?, C1—Ag1—Cl1的鍵角為165.55(12)°。 3c的結(jié)構(gòu)與3a和3b不同,3c屬單斜晶系,P21/c空間群,為雙核配合物,在結(jié)構(gòu)中存在著(NHC)AgCl的二聚體,兩個(gè)單體通過(guò)Ag…Cl橋聯(lián)的方式形成一個(gè)Ag2Cl2四元環(huán)。兩個(gè)橋鍵上的氯離子是非對(duì)稱(chēng)的,其中Ag1—Cl1和Ag1—Cl1#1的鍵長(zhǎng)分別為2.414 6(16) ?和2.851 3(17) ?, C1—Ag1—Cl1, C1—Ag1—Cl1#1, Cl1—Ag1—Cl1#1和Ag1—Cl1—Ag1#1的鍵角分別為153.95(15)°, 110.89(15)°, 95.09(5)°和84.91(5)°,這些鍵長(zhǎng)鍵角與文獻(xiàn)[32]報(bào)道的類(lèi)似結(jié)構(gòu)的銀配合物鍵長(zhǎng)鍵角一致。
表2 3a~3c的部分鍵長(zhǎng)和鍵角
圖1 3a的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)
圖2 3b的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)
圖3 3c的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)
合成了三種新型的氮雜環(huán)卡賓銀配合物(3a~3c)。 3a~3c不僅可以在空氣中穩(wěn)定存在,而且對(duì)于大多數(shù)有機(jī)溶劑具有良好的溶解性。該合成方法原料廉價(jià)易得,實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程簡(jiǎn)單,反應(yīng)條件溫和,該類(lèi)卡賓銀配合物具有良好的催化活性,有望在C—H鍵活化反應(yīng)體系中得到應(yīng)用。晶體結(jié)構(gòu)研究結(jié)果表明:3a~3c晶體均屬單斜晶系,3a和3b為單核銀配合物,3c為雙核銀配合物。三種配合物結(jié)構(gòu)相似,由于配體取代基團(tuán)不同而略有差異,可能與配體的結(jié)構(gòu)和體積不同有關(guān)。
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Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Novel Silver(I) N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes
LI Shan-shan, SUN Jing, WU Shuang, WANG Xin, ZHOU Ming-dong*
(College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Enviromental Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun 113001, China)
Benzyl imidazolium chlorides(2a~2c) were prepared byN-alkylation reaction of substituted benzyl chloride with imidazole. Three novel silverN-heterocyclic carbene complexes, (NHC)AgCl [NHC: 1,3-bis(4-methoxybenzyl)imidazol-2-ylidene(3a), 1,3-bis(3-methoxybenzyl) imidazol-2-ylidene(3b)] and [(NHC)AgCl]2[NHC=1,3-bis(4-chlorobenzyl)imidazol-2-ylidene(3c)], were synthesized by theinsitudeprotonation reaction of 2a~2c with Ag2O. The structures were characterized by1H NMR,13C NMR, IR, elemental analysis and X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis. 3a~3c belong to monoclinic crystal system, space groups areP21/nfor 3a,P21/cfor 3b and 3c. 3a and 3b are mononuclear Ag(I) complexes, where as 3c is a di-nuclear Ag(I) complex.
benzyl imidazolium chloride;N-heterocyclic carbene; silver complex; synthesis; crystal structure
2016-04-06;
2016-11-09
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(21201095)
李山山(1988-),女,漢族,山東東營(yíng)人,碩士研究生,主要從事金屬有機(jī)化合物的合成及應(yīng)用研究。 E-mail: 835367481@qq.com
周明東,教授, E-mail: mingdong.zhou@hotmail.com
O614.122; O641.4; O76
DOI: 10.15952/j.cnki.cjsc.1005-1511.2017.01.16093