韓天福
非謂語動(dòng)詞也就是非限定動(dòng)詞,它包括動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞,在句中它不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)謂語,無人稱和數(shù)的變化形式,下面主要是動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞的區(qū)別用法。
一、動(dòng)詞不定式,由to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。
1. 帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式或短語在句中作賓語或賓語補(bǔ)足語,這些動(dòng)詞主要有ask, decide, learn, wish, want, tell, expect, fail, happen, help, hope, wish, learn, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, want, would like等。
注意:帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式(短語)的否定形式是在to的前面加not。而有些動(dòng)詞不定式(短語)在句中可作狀語、表語、定語等。
例如:
Our teachers usually tell us to pay more attention to traffic safety. (老師常告誡我們要注意交通安全。)
The poor mother decided not to keep her daughter away from school. (這個(gè)貧窮的媽媽決定不讓她女兒輟學(xué)。)
The little girl learned to play the violin when she was 4 years old. (那個(gè)小姑娘4歲時(shí)就學(xué)會(huì)拉小提琴了。)
The teacher told us not to copy others homework. (老師告訴我們不要抄襲別人的作業(yè)。)
The little boy wants to major in English language in Australia when he grows up. (這個(gè)小男孩長大后想去澳大利亞專修英語。)
I wish her to make a great achievement in learning all the subjects. (我希望她在各科學(xué)習(xí)上取得輝煌成績。)
The policeman jumped into the river to save the girl at once as soon as he saw her. (那個(gè)警察一看到那個(gè)姑娘就立刻跳到河里去救她。)
Boys and girls, be/make sure to finish your homework on time. (同學(xué)們,請務(wù)必按時(shí)完成作業(yè)。)
Han Mei is the only girl to win the first prize in the English Olympic Competition all over the city this year. (韓梅是我們?nèi)薪衲晡ㄒ猾@得奧林匹克英語競賽第一名的姑娘。)
2. 不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式(短語)也就是我們所說的感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的動(dòng)詞不定式。在復(fù)合賓語中要省去不定式to,但其用法只限于主動(dòng)語態(tài),在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中to則不省,即:“一感feel,二聽hear,listen to,三讓let,have,make,四看see,watch,notice,observe,半幫助help”。例如:
The boy saw the traffic accident happen when he was walking past the corner of the road. (這孩子路過公路拐角處時(shí)看到交通事故發(fā)生了。)
The patient felt his heart beat faster and faster. (那個(gè)病人感覺他的心臟跳得越來越快。)
We heard the little girl play the piano in the next room. (主動(dòng)語態(tài)) =The girl was heard to play the piano (by us) in the next room. (被動(dòng)語態(tài)) (我們聽到那小姑娘在隔壁房間彈鋼琴。)
3. 在had better 后面跟不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式(短語)。例如:
Youd better not look out of the window in class. (課堂上你最好不要向窗外看。)
Youd better go sightseeing in the countryside during the summer holiday. (暑假期間你最好去鄉(xiāng)下觀光旅游。)
4. 在以why開頭的省略句子中,其后跟不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式(短語)。例如:
Hello, everybody!Why not go out and relax yourself after class? (同學(xué)們,下課后為什么不出去放松一下?)
The math problem is too difficult. Why not ask the teacher for help? (這道數(shù)學(xué)題太難了,為什么不請教老師呢?)
二、動(dòng)名詞,由動(dòng)詞+ing構(gòu)成。
1. 在某些動(dòng)詞或短語動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語,這些動(dòng)詞或短語動(dòng)詞有:allow, avoid, be busy, be worth, cant help, consider, discuss, enjoy, feel like, finish, give up, imagine,keep(on), look forward to, mind, miss, pay attention to, practice, put off, stand, suggest (in), have difficulty/trouble/fun, a good (hard) time (in), be against, be good at, be poor (weak) in, end up, sb. spends time (in), find amusement (in), what (how) about, stop... from doing sth.。
例如:
You are supposed to practice speaking English in and out of class as much as possible. (你們應(yīng)該盡可能在課堂內(nèi)外多說英語。)
We should pay more attention to listening to the teachers carefully in class. (我們應(yīng)該更加注意在課堂上要認(rèn)真聽講。)
The little girl looks forward to studying abroad when she grows up. (這小姑娘期待著長大后出國留學(xué)。)
2. 既可接不定式又可接動(dòng)名詞的詞作賓語,但兩者含義存在差異。這類動(dòng)詞或短語動(dòng)詞有:forget, remember, stop, continue, go on, try等。
① forget/remember to do sth. 的意思是“忘記(記?。┮プ瞿呈隆?,而forget/remember doing sth.的意思是“忘記(記得)做過某事”。例如:
Dont forget to turn off the lights when you leave the classroom. (別忘了在離開教室時(shí)關(guān)燈。)
I remembered explaining the differences between the new phrases to all of you again and again. (我記得這些短語的區(qū)別用法給你們解釋過多遍。)
② stop to do sth. 得意思是“停下來(原來正在做的事)去做另一件事”,而stop doing sth的意思是“停止正在做的事”。例如:
Lets stop to look at the blackboard and listen to the teacher.
=Lets stop writing/listening/reading/...to look at the blackboard and listen to the teacher. (讓我們停下來,看黑板聽老師講。)
The teacher didnt begin the class until all the students stopped talking. (直到所有的學(xué)生都停止講話,老師才開始上課。)
③ try to do sth.的意思是“盡力(試圖)去做某事”,而try doing sth.的意思是“試著去做某事”。例如:
They tried to succeed and tried doing all kinds of their unusual experiences again and again. (他們試圖成功并且五次三番地嘗試了他們各種不同的非凡的經(jīng)歷。)
④ go on/continue to do sth.的意思是“繼續(xù)做和原來不同的另一件事”,而go on/continue doing sth.的意思是“繼續(xù)做同一件事”。例如:
The runner fell down but he quickly got up and went on running. (那位運(yùn)動(dòng)員摔倒了,但他很快爬了起來,繼續(xù)跑下去。)
After finishing writing the composition she went on to work out her physics exercise. (寫完那篇作文后,她繼續(xù)演算物理習(xí)題。)
⑤ 動(dòng)詞advise,allow,permit后接賓語時(shí)用動(dòng)名詞,接復(fù)合賓語時(shí)用動(dòng)詞不定式。例如:
The doctor advised him to give up smoking so as to improve his health. (醫(yī)生建議他戒煙以此提升健康體質(zhì)。)
She doesnt allow/permit smoking in her own room. (她不允許在她的房間里吸煙。)
⑥ (be/get) used to do sth.意思是“過去常做某事”;“be used to doing sth.”意思是“習(xí)慣做某事”;而be used to do sth.意思是“被用來做某事”。
The boy used to lose himself in surfing the Internet and he is used to fighting with others. (那孩子過去癡迷上網(wǎng)養(yǎng)成了打架的習(xí)慣。)
A calculator is used to calculate numbers. (計(jì)算器是用來計(jì)算數(shù)據(jù)的。)