廣東 吳榮華

定語從句的特殊形式及其應(yīng)用

廣東 吳榮華

定語從句的特殊形式是指在一般定語從句的基礎(chǔ)上形成的較為特殊的和復(fù)雜的定語從句形式。這種定語從句在閱讀理解中出現(xiàn)會是一個難點，在寫作中恰當(dāng)運用也將是一個亮點。

一、定語從句的特殊形式分類

1.分隔定語從句

為了某種特殊需要，先行詞與定語從句之間被其他成分隔開，構(gòu)成分隔定語從句。在語篇閱讀中,我們經(jīng)常會遇到定語從句和它所修飾的先行詞被其他成分(如介詞短語、不定式、分詞短語、謂語動詞等)分開,目的是使句子平衡，避免頭重腳輕。

【例1】(2015 ·上海卷寫作)The moment I mention the book, theirpassion and enthusiasmabout the story will explode, which can never be gained on your own.我一提到這本書，他們對這個故事的熱情和激情就會爆發(fā)，而這是你獨自閱讀時不能獲得的。(先行詞passion and enthusiasm和定語從句被will explode分隔)

【例2】The reasonsfor teenagers becoming rebellious to parents are various, among which the need for freedom and independence is the most important one. 青少年對父母叛逆的原因有多種，其中需要自由和獨立是最重要的一個。

2.混雜定語從句

有時定語從句的關(guān)系詞與謂語部分之間會加一些插入語(如I think, I expect, I am sure, they say等)或狀語，這就是混雜定語從句。

【例3】(2013 ·四川卷寫作)In reality, different students have different learning habits, which,I think, influence their learning efficiency greatly. 實際上，不同的學(xué)生有不同的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣，我認為這會極大地影響他們的學(xué)習(xí)效率。

【例4】Parents are our closest relatives in the world, who,trying every possible means to do good to us, should be respected and trusted. 父母是我們在這個世界上最親的人，他們盡一切可能的辦法對我們好，因此應(yīng)該受到我們的尊重和信任。

3.并列定語從句

同時修飾一個先行詞的兩個或多個定語從句稱為并列定語從句。

【例5】Immediately I saw your advertisement in the paper for a secretary, I felt it was just the kind of post for which I have the qualificationsandfor which I have been looking for some time. 一看到貴公司在報上招聘秘書的廣告，我就感到這正是我這段時間所要尋找的工作，并且我能勝任。

【例6】Mr. Smith, who has a good command of French and Englishbutwho doesn’t know Chinese, finds it difficult to study Chinese literature. 史密斯先生精通法語和英語，但對中文則一無所知，所以他發(fā)現(xiàn)研究中國文學(xué)很困難。

4.復(fù)合定語從句

定語從句的某個名詞或代詞被另一個定語從句所修飾，就構(gòu)成了復(fù)合定語從句。

【例7】If I were a parent, I would make my child eat bitter food, do hard work and send him or her to the places where he could getthe fullest training and knowledgewith which he or she would value the labour and be capable of facing hardships.如果我是家長，我會讓孩子多吃苦受累，送他去能得到充分鍛煉與獲取充足知識的地方，有了這些他就能珍惜勞動,面對困難。

【例8】As too much use of plastic bags has caused serious white pollution, our government encourages us to use reusable environment-friendly shopping bags, which are made of a variety ofmaterialthat can be easily recycled when they become rubbish. 因為過度使用塑料袋造成了嚴(yán)重的白色污染，政府鼓勵我們使用可重復(fù)使用的環(huán)保購物袋，這些購物袋是由各種變成垃圾時能容易被回收利用的材料制成的。

5.省略定語從句

當(dāng)定語從句的主語和主句的主語一致時，可以省略從句中的部分內(nèi)容, 變?yōu)椤敖樵~+關(guān)系代詞+不定式”的結(jié)構(gòu)，使定語從句更簡潔。

【例9】Thus, in order to collect money with which to buy lottery tickets, they may try every possible means, even commit crimes. 因此，為了籌集買彩票的錢，他們可能嘗試各種可能的方法，甚至犯罪。(完整形式為：with which they can buy lottery tickets.)

【例10】I have quite a lot of money with which to buy a new car for myself. 我有許多錢用來給自己買一輛新車。

二、即時練習(xí)——英漢互譯

1.(2017 ·全國卷Ⅲ閱讀理解B)Bradford sold the building and land to a local development firm, which plans to build a shopping complex on the land where the theater is located.

2.( 2015 ·全國卷Ⅰ閱讀理解B ) Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight, my happiness deepened when I learned that Brown’s Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty, a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton,where — luckily for me — I was planning to have dinner that very night.

3. ( 2015 ·全 國 卷 Ⅰ 七 選 五閱 讀 ) But you can’t be successful when there’s a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.

4. (2010 ·陜西卷閱讀理解D)These computer problems raise production costs of companies, which are, in the end,passed on to the consumer.

5. First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theory had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique.

6. (2010 ·福建卷閱讀理解B)That is some way behind the U.S., where there are more TVs than people, and where people now easily get access to the Internet.

7. (2010 ·江西卷閱讀理解D)Perhaps the days are long gone when we might listen quietly to a story on the radio,letting imagination take us into another world.

8. (2010 ·天津卷閱讀理解B)But perhaps more importantly,they translate life into exciting dramas that teach children some of the basic rules they will be expected to follow in the rest of their lives, such as taking turns and cooperating.

9. The most common occupational name is Smith, which means a person who makes things with iron or other metals.

10. (2014 ·東北三校二模閱讀理解A)In fact, it appears that the most constructive life-changing journeys were those that involved some sorts of awful and uncomfortable events that forced the person to develop new resources, increase confidence, and solve problems in new ways.

11. Newton is shown as a gifted scientist with very human weaknesses who stood at the point in history where magic ended and science began.

12. If I were Jesse, I would let the teacher know the truth even though he is my best friend, ________, _________,________________________(我認為這是一個幫助朋友讓他意識到自己錯誤的好方式) so that he will never cheat again.

13. She began to learn painting at an early age and has a good knowledge of the traditional Chinese painting, ________________,________________, ________________ .（這一點，還有她積極的個性和完美的英語口語，會有助于你的活動成功。）

14. Try using polite words every now and then, ________,_________, ___________________. 嘗試不時地使用禮貌用語，作為回報，這會給你帶來神奇的力量。

15.However, I prefer to be taught by young teachers, _____ ,_______________, ____________________.（他們，因為更有活力和熱情，與我們學(xué)生有很多共同之處。）

16.According to the survey, when in trouble, 58% of the students will seek help from their classmates or friends,__________, _________________, ______________. 根據(jù)調(diào)查結(jié)果，有困難時，58%的學(xué)生會向同學(xué)或朋友求助，因為他們是同齡人，可以容易地與之交流、溝通和相互理解。

【即時練習(xí)答案與分析】

1.分析：本句中which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞a local development firm；此外，定語從句中又包含一個where引導(dǎo)的定語從句。

句意：布拉德福德把建筑物和土地賣給了一家當(dāng)?shù)氐拈_發(fā)商，這家開發(fā)商打算在劇院所在的土地上建一個購物中心。

2.分析：在when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中包含了由where引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾先行詞restaurant，但被at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton隔開。

句意：眼前的西紅柿令我欣喜不已，當(dāng)我聽說朗的格魯夫農(nóng)場是杰克達斯蒂餐廳的供應(yīng)商之一時，我更加高興了。杰克達斯蒂餐廳是薩拉索塔麗思卡爾頓酒店新開張的一家餐廳——我感到很幸運——那天晚上我計劃去那吃晚飯。

3.分析：本句中when引導(dǎo)的是時間狀語從句；that引導(dǎo)的是一個分隔定語從句，修飾先行詞a lack of trust。where引導(dǎo)的是一個復(fù)合定語從句，修飾先行詞action。

句意：但如果一段關(guān)系中缺乏信任，過錯之人不為錯誤負責(zé)，你也無法獲得成功。

4.分析：which引導(dǎo)的混雜定語從句中含有一個插入語in the end。

句意：這些電腦問題提高了公司產(chǎn)品的成本，但最終轉(zhuǎn)嫁到消費者身上。

5.分析：本句含有兩個who引導(dǎo)的并列定語從句，修飾先行詞a French woman scientist。

句意：這個定理，先是由十七世紀(jì)法國數(shù)學(xué)家皮爾法特提出，曾使一批杰出的數(shù)學(xué)大師為難，包括一位法國女科學(xué)家，她在解決這個難題方面取得了重大的進展，并曾為了能夠在伊科爾理工學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)而女扮男裝。

6.分析：and連接兩個并列定語從句。

句意：從某些方面來說那就落后于美國了，在美國，電視比人還多，現(xiàn)在人們很容易就可以上網(wǎng)。

7.分析：when引導(dǎo)一個分隔定語從句修飾先行詞the days。

句意：也許那些日子離我們而去了，那時候我們可以靜靜地傾聽收音機里面的故事，讓想象帶我們到另一個世界去遨游。

8.分析：that引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾dramas, 這個定語從句中還含有一個復(fù)合定語從句修飾rules。

句意：但是也許更重要的是，他們把生活轉(zhuǎn)化為興趣盎然的事情，教會孩子一些日后可以遵循的基本規(guī)則，比如有序和合作。

9.句意：最常見的以職業(yè)命名的是Smith，這個姓指的是一個用鐵或其他的金屬制作東西的人。

10.句意：事實上，我們清楚地知道大多數(shù)具有建設(shè)性的充滿挑戰(zhàn)的生活旅途總是涉及一些糟糕的不舒服的事情，從而促使人們?nèi)ラ_拓新的資源，增長自信和用新的方式解決問題。

11.句意：牛頓被證明是一位很有才華的科學(xué)家，他處于一個魔法終結(jié)科學(xué)開啟的歷史時期，他也有普通人所特有的弱點。

12.which, I believe, is really a good way to help my friend and get him aware of his mistake

13.which, together with her active personality and perfect spoken English, will help make your activity a success

14.which, in return, will provide you with magic power

15.who, being more energetic and enthusiastic, have much in common with us students

16.who, being almost of the same age, can talk with,communicate with and understand them easily

廣東省中山市第一中學(xué)）