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腎缺血再灌注損傷發(fā)生機(jī)制及治療進(jìn)展

2017-02-27 16:07楊康鄒媛綜述喻俊峰審校
海南醫(yī)學(xué) 2017年2期
關(guān)鍵詞:鈣超載活性氧腎小管

楊康,鄒媛綜述 喻俊峰審校

(1.三峽大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院泌尿外科,湖北 宜昌443003;2.三峽大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院,湖北 宜昌443007)

腎缺血再灌注損傷發(fā)生機(jī)制及治療進(jìn)展

楊康1,鄒媛2綜述 喻俊峰1審校

(1.三峽大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院泌尿外科,湖北 宜昌443003;2.三峽大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院,湖北 宜昌443007)

腎缺血再灌注損傷是急性腎損傷重要發(fā)病之一,常導(dǎo)致住院患者較高的死亡率。當(dāng)前臨床常以腎臟替代療法延長(zhǎng)腎病患者生存期,暫無(wú)其他有效藥物及相關(guān)治療策略。本文通過(guò)綜述腎缺血再灌注損傷發(fā)生機(jī)制及現(xiàn)階段相關(guān)藥物研究,以期有助于臨床治療。

腎缺血再灌注;發(fā)病機(jī)制;治療;進(jìn)展

腎缺血再灌注損傷(ischemia reperfusion injury,IRI)是由于器官血液供給不足隨后恢復(fù)血液灌注時(shí)其功能無(wú)法恢復(fù)正常,甚至加重其功能障礙以及結(jié)構(gòu)損傷的一種病理狀態(tài)[1-2]。腎臟由于組織功能以及結(jié)構(gòu)的特殊性,是對(duì)IRI敏感的器官之一。在臨床診治中,腎IRI常發(fā)生于腎移植[3]、敗血癥[4]以及心臟手術(shù)[5]等過(guò)程中,是造成急性腎損傷的主要原因之一,致死率占住院患者的20%[6]。如何有效防止腎IRI,降低患者死亡率已成為當(dāng)前臨床急需解決的重要問(wèn)題。本文就腎IRI的發(fā)生機(jī)制以及相關(guān)研究進(jìn)行綜述,為臨床治療患者提供一定參考。

1 腎缺血再灌注損傷的發(fā)生機(jī)制

1.1 鈣超載 鈣超載是指由于各種原因引起的細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣含量異常增多,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)損傷和功能代謝障礙的現(xiàn)象[7]。細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+超載原因有以下幾點(diǎn):①腎IRI過(guò)程中,腎小管細(xì)胞氧化磷酸酶活力下降導(dǎo)致ATP生成減少,Na+-K+泵功能減退,使細(xì)胞膜電位下降從而發(fā)生細(xì)胞膜去極化,電壓依賴性鈣離子通道開(kāi)放,大量Ca2+內(nèi)流;②細(xì)胞缺血時(shí),K+和蛋白激酶C促進(jìn)興奮性氨基酸釋放,導(dǎo)致受體依賴性Ca2+通道開(kāi)放,大量Ca2+內(nèi)流;③腎小管細(xì)胞內(nèi)增加的Ca2+激活磷脂酶,促進(jìn)興奮性氨基酸代謝型受體激活配體操控性鈣離子通道,使細(xì)胞內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)儲(chǔ)存的Ca2+釋放,進(jìn)一步加劇Ca2+超載。

1.2 炎性反應(yīng)IRI會(huì)產(chǎn)生與宿主針對(duì)于入侵微生物的免疫反應(yīng)相似的表型,整個(gè)過(guò)程包括模式識(shí)別受體識(shí)別、先天免疫、適應(yīng)性免疫系統(tǒng)的免疫細(xì)胞募集和活化以及補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)激活,促進(jìn)炎癥反應(yīng)的發(fā)生[8-10]。在腎IRI過(guò)程中,腎小管上皮細(xì)胞膜補(bǔ)體抑制物表達(dá)降低,活化的補(bǔ)體形成攻膜復(fù)合體,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)的破壞;同時(shí),大量補(bǔ)體片段能夠與腎小管上皮細(xì)胞以及炎癥細(xì)胞表面的受體結(jié)合,產(chǎn)生組胺等血管活性介質(zhì)增加血管的通透性,造成腎組織損傷[11]。并且,TLR4信號(hào)通路被激活以及大量炎癥介質(zhì)和細(xì)胞粘附分子表達(dá)增加誘發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致腎微血管功能紊亂[12-13]。

1.3 活性氧損傷 活性氧參與細(xì)胞氧化應(yīng)激,過(guò)量后會(huì)導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞氧化損傷[14-15]?;钚匝踔饕梢韵聨追N方式產(chǎn)生:①腎組織發(fā)生缺血時(shí),線粒體轉(zhuǎn)換孔開(kāi)放促進(jìn)細(xì)胞色素C釋放,細(xì)胞色素C氧化還原直接傳遞電子給氧,產(chǎn)生大量氧自由基[2]。②腎發(fā)生缺血再灌注時(shí),氧化相關(guān)的抗氧化酶活性下降,使得自由基清除減少。同時(shí),在自由基的作用下蛋白質(zhì)功能抑制,細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白與膜蛋白交聯(lián)形成二聚體聚合物導(dǎo)致腎小管損傷[16]。

1.4 細(xì)胞凋亡 缺血再灌注可以激活不同的細(xì)胞死亡程序,如壞死、細(xì)胞凋亡或自噬相關(guān)的細(xì)胞死亡壞死是機(jī)體高度免疫刺激的結(jié)果[17]。腎缺血再灌注時(shí),腎細(xì)胞凋亡主要為Caspase級(jí)聯(lián)信號(hào)誘導(dǎo)的一個(gè)獨(dú)立細(xì)胞死亡程序。腎IRI過(guò)程中,腎臟皮髓質(zhì)交界區(qū)腎小管細(xì)胞發(fā)生凋亡,12 h后凋亡區(qū)域逐漸減少,72 h后出現(xiàn)特征性凋亡小體,隨后被腎小管上皮細(xì)胞吞噬并裂解[16]。

2 腎IRI的保護(hù)

2.1 針對(duì)鈣超載的保護(hù)措施Ca2+通道拮抗劑(CCB)廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床心血管疾病的治療中,有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道CCB可以減輕缺血再灌注中引起的鈣超載,從而對(duì)缺血再灌注起到保護(hù)作用[18]。近年來(lái)熱休克蛋白(Heatshockprotein,HSP)在IRI中的保護(hù)作用也越來(lái)越受到關(guān)注[19-20]。有研究表明缺血促進(jìn)HSP的表達(dá)增強(qiáng),抑制核因子NF-κB的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性減少腎小管細(xì)胞凋亡,并調(diào)節(jié)Na+-K+-ATP的活性,減少鈣離子超載,維持腎小管細(xì)胞內(nèi)外環(huán)境的穩(wěn)定性,減輕因細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+增加引起的組織損傷[20]。此外,內(nèi)皮素也可使受損處細(xì)胞外鈣內(nèi)流,引起細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣超載損傷[21]。

2.2 針對(duì)炎性反應(yīng)的保護(hù)措施Jongbloed等[22]將腺病毒轉(zhuǎn)染吲哚胺2,3-雙加氧酶基因到大鼠IRI腎臟中,發(fā)現(xiàn)腎組織中巨噬細(xì)胞24 h后與對(duì)照組相比浸潤(rùn)量明顯減少。Garcia-cenador等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn)心營(yíng)養(yǎng)素能夠降低NF-κB轉(zhuǎn)錄活性,抑制內(nèi)皮素的釋放,減輕小鼠腎IRI炎癥??四尽崽纣溈挤吁?、雷公藤甲素、青藤堿也可誘導(dǎo)淋巴細(xì)胞凋亡,從而抑制淋巴細(xì)胞擴(kuò)增,減少淋巴細(xì)胞和單核細(xì)胞向炎癥部位聚集,抑制抗原提呈細(xì)胞功能,阻斷Toll樣受體信號(hào)途徑,減輕炎癥反應(yīng)[24-25]。丙酮酸乙酯是高遷移率族蛋白B1拮抗劑,能減少粘附分子以及IL-7、TNF-α產(chǎn)生,具有抗炎癥反應(yīng)的作用[26]。Jongbloed等[22]使腎IRI小鼠禁食24 h后發(fā)現(xiàn)小鼠缺血再灌注炎癥反應(yīng)減輕。

2.3 針對(duì)于活性氧損傷的保護(hù)措施 氫氣是一種高度擴(kuò)散的氣體,可以與羥基自由基結(jié)合生成水,從而作為一種抗氧化劑[27-28]。Chekeni等[28]在腎IRI大鼠模型中發(fā)現(xiàn)氫氣能夠抑制活性氧導(dǎo)致的細(xì)胞凋亡。依達(dá)拉奉是當(dāng)前臨床使用最多的一種自由基清除劑,其主要通過(guò)阻斷脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化反應(yīng)鏈,減少氧自由基產(chǎn)生。有研究表明依達(dá)拉奉能明顯降低腎IRI后氧自由基的表達(dá)[29]。此外,Miyampto等[30]發(fā)現(xiàn)依達(dá)拉奉可以抑制基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9(MMP-9)介導(dǎo)的氧化損傷減輕小鼠腎IRI。SOD是機(jī)體中最重要的氧自由基清除劑,它對(duì)機(jī)體抗氧化平衡起著重要的作用[31]。有研究表明,直接給予外源性SOD是治療IRI的有效方式[32]。我國(guó)學(xué)者同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)刺五加注射液對(duì)大鼠缺血再灌注腎損傷產(chǎn)生保護(hù)作用[33]。

2.4 針對(duì)細(xì)胞凋亡保護(hù)措施 腎發(fā)生IRI后凋亡細(xì)胞通過(guò)鈣連蛋白釋放ATP,作為一個(gè)“find-me”的信號(hào)吸引吞噬細(xì)胞,抑制腎IRI細(xì)胞的凋亡也作為IRI的治療策略[34]。有研究表明損傷的近端腎小管細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生Matricellullar血小板反應(yīng)蛋白1(THBS1)可以誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,并且給予THBS1抑制劑可以保護(hù)小鼠免受腎IRI[28]。Tang等[35]發(fā)現(xiàn)血小板衍生因子增加可以導(dǎo)致GSK-3βSer9磷酸化水平增加,并且Ser9磷酸化可以抑制細(xì)胞凋亡。Hotchkis等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)免疫抑制劑環(huán)孢菌素能夠抑制腎小管細(xì)胞線粒體通透性轉(zhuǎn)換孔mPTP開(kāi)放抑制劑,是抑制腎小管細(xì)胞程序性死亡的重要制劑。

3 總結(jié)

腎IRI機(jī)制及相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)性藥物干預(yù)小鼠模型已有了較大的進(jìn)展,目前正著重于于臨床治療患者實(shí)驗(yàn)中。有些藥物雖然在臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)中展現(xiàn)出較好的臨床療效,但仍需大樣本多中心臨床隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步證實(shí)前期臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。此外,深入腎IRI分子機(jī)制研究,展開(kāi)新的治療策略也是當(dāng)前基礎(chǔ)研究腎IRI治療策略的熱點(diǎn)。盡管未來(lái)的研究面臨挑戰(zhàn),我們?nèi)匀幌MIIRI的新穎治療方法盡快整合到臨床實(shí)踐中,造福于患者。

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R692

A

1003—6350(2017)02—0275—03

10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2017.02.034

2016-05-17)

喻俊峰。E-mail:jfyu1956@163.com

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