呼敬雷,程 龍,王全楚
解放軍第153中心醫(yī)院感染科,河南 鄭州 450042
兒童非酒精性脂肪性肝病的研究進(jìn)展
呼敬雷,程 龍,王全楚
解放軍第153中心醫(yī)院感染科,河南 鄭州 450042
兒童處于快速生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育階段,其非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)的發(fā)病機(jī)制、發(fā)病率、臨床與病理特征、診治和轉(zhuǎn)歸均有別于成人,具有特殊性,兒童NAFLD特別是非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)的診治已引起臨床醫(yī)師的高度重視,現(xiàn)作一概述。
兒童;非酒精性脂肪性肝??;非酒精性脂肪性肝炎
自1983年首次報(bào)道了兒童非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)以來(lái),全球?qū)ζ溲芯吭絹?lái)越多。近年來(lái),NAFLD低齡化趨勢(shì)日益嚴(yán)重,已經(jīng)影響到5%~10%的學(xué)齡兒童和44%~70%的肥胖兒童[1]。生活環(huán)境、家庭社會(huì)認(rèn)知及基因多態(tài)性等因素在兒童NAFLD的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中發(fā)揮了重要的作用。
超重和肥胖是導(dǎo)致近年來(lái)兒童NAFLD發(fā)病率上升的最重要原因。2014年Ng等[2]的全球性研究報(bào)告也顯示,1980年-2013年,發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家男童超重肥胖率從16.8%升至23.8%,女童從16.2%升至22.6%;我國(guó)臺(tái)灣超聲篩查顯示,正常體質(zhì)量?jī)和疦AFLD的發(fā)病率為3%,超重兒童為25%,肥胖兒童為76%;肥胖兒童非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)發(fā)生率為22%[3]。上海對(duì)1 180名9~14歲學(xué)生肝臟超聲檢查發(fā)現(xiàn),NAFLD患病率為2.1%,其中肥胖兒童NAFLD患病率為68.2%[4]。
盡管兒童NAFLD的具體發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不明確,但環(huán)境、遺傳和社會(huì)因素共同參與兒童NAFLD發(fā)生、發(fā)展的多因素協(xié)同發(fā)病機(jī)制愈來(lái)愈受到重視。
2.1環(huán)境因素
2.1.1 飲食因素:大量高熱量非健康快餐食品已成為兒童NAFLD最重要的誘因[5]。一方面,多余的熱量在體內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)化成脂肪儲(chǔ)存,引起肥胖及NAFLD,另一方面,高熱量飲食還可能引發(fā)腸道菌群失調(diào)造成NAFLD的發(fā)生和發(fā)展[6]。有研究顯示,長(zhǎng)期胃腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)(total parenteral nutrition,TPN)的患者易發(fā)生脂肪肝。嬰兒TPN 5 d即可出現(xiàn)肝酶和膽紅素升高,2周就會(huì)出現(xiàn)脂肪肝,3個(gè)月發(fā)生肝匯管區(qū)纖維化。此外,食物中的果糖和膽固醇也會(huì)對(duì)兒童NAFLD產(chǎn)生不利影響[7-8]。其中,果糖引起的NAFLD患兒的血脂異常程度比健康兒童更明顯[9];由于膽固醇代謝產(chǎn)物對(duì)脂肪酸合成的上調(diào),導(dǎo)致兒童高TG及LDL血癥,促進(jìn)了肝細(xì)胞脂肪變性[10]。此外,出生后配方奶喂養(yǎng)的患兒更容易發(fā)生NASH,母乳喂養(yǎng)則具有保護(hù)作用[11]。另外,補(bǔ)充益生菌和長(zhǎng)鏈ω3多不飽和脂肪酸可能對(duì)NAFLD患兒有正面效應(yīng)。雖然運(yùn)動(dòng)可以刺激機(jī)體合成脂代謝酶且能從社會(huì)心理學(xué)角度加強(qiáng)對(duì)低熱量飲食的執(zhí)行力,但Meta分析[12]顯示,有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)可以明顯改善NAFLD患者的肝內(nèi)脂肪,但對(duì)肝功能、血脂、BMI等方面并無(wú)明顯改善作用。
2.1.2 腸道微環(huán)境:腸道微環(huán)境主要通過(guò)腸-肝軸和二次打擊機(jī)制促使NAFLD的發(fā)生,并在肝臟炎癥反應(yīng)和纖維化中發(fā)揮重要作用。多項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)及動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)均發(fā)現(xiàn),給予NAFLD患者或?qū)嶒?yàn)動(dòng)物益生菌治療可以降低腸道滲透性,改善腸黏膜屏障功能,減少腸源性內(nèi)毒素生成和吸收,改善肝臟的炎癥壞死,減輕胰島素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)[6]。
2.2遺傳因素
2.2.1 宮內(nèi)環(huán)境因素:發(fā)育程序化理論認(rèn)為在圍產(chǎn)期營(yíng)養(yǎng)和環(huán)境刺激可能導(dǎo)致后代的生理學(xué)和代謝變化,增加他們?cè)谏泻笃诎l(fā)生某些疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。有證據(jù)表明,母體肥胖將會(huì)導(dǎo)致后代體質(zhì)量增加和脂肪堆積,發(fā)展為NAFLD。宮內(nèi)環(huán)境之所以對(duì)嬰兒代謝如此重要,是因?yàn)樘嚎赡茉趯m內(nèi)及嬰兒早期形成自己的脂類代謝“調(diào)定點(diǎn)”,不良宮內(nèi)環(huán)境可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致胎兒出生后誘發(fā)錯(cuò)誤的適應(yīng)性反應(yīng),引起患兒表觀遺傳學(xué)改變,通過(guò)激活相關(guān)基因,增加對(duì)脂類的攝取、合成和保存,引起兒童NASH等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)上升[13]。一項(xiàng)MRI的研究[14]結(jié)果表明,根據(jù)孕婦的BMI可以預(yù)測(cè)胎兒的肝內(nèi)脂質(zhì)蓄積,側(cè)面驗(yàn)證了母親肥胖和子女NAFLD的相關(guān)性。不難發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)前懷孕的準(zhǔn)媽媽們有60%是肥胖的。
2.2.2 基因組學(xué)研究:近年來(lái)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),單核苷酸多態(tài)性(SNPs)降低了兒童對(duì)高熱量飲食的耐受力,增加了兒童對(duì)NAFLD的遺傳易感性。研究顯示,一些基因SNPs可能與NAFLD發(fā)病有關(guān):如影響lipin-1蛋白表達(dá)的rs13412852 SNPs與兒童血脂水平、NASH嚴(yán)重程度及肝纖維化顯著相關(guān)[15];編碼脂肪滋養(yǎng)蛋白磷酸酶結(jié)構(gòu)域蛋白-3(NPLA3)基因突變,尤其是常見(jiàn)的rs738409 C>G多態(tài)性與肝臟脂肪變性及肝纖維化具有相關(guān)性[16];葡萄糖激酶調(diào)節(jié)蛋白rs2854116 SNPs可以使肥胖患兒更容易發(fā)生脂肪變性和血脂異常[17]。
2.3其他因素很多引起內(nèi)分泌異常的原發(fā)病也是導(dǎo)致NASH及相關(guān)代謝紊亂的危險(xiǎn)因素。另有研究[18]證明,NAFLD發(fā)病率與年齡及性別也有密切的關(guān)系,NAFLD高發(fā)年齡為8~14歲,男女比例約為2∶1。男童超重率、肥胖率均顯著高于女童,除了養(yǎng)育觀念和方式上的差異之外,性激素的差異也發(fā)揮了作用。
兒童NASH比成人進(jìn)展更快,預(yù)后也更差。美國(guó)NASH臨床研究網(wǎng)絡(luò)(CRN)報(bào)告入組兒童中30%發(fā)生了包括橋接纖維化和肝硬化在內(nèi)的中度或重度纖維化[19]。英國(guó)51%的NAFLD患兒纖維化分期≥F2[20];意大利兒童NAFLD患者晚期肝纖維化分期(≥F3)比例為15%[21]。與成人相比,兒童NASH肝組織病理學(xué)表現(xiàn)更類似HBV感染,淋巴細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)、纖維化多見(jiàn)于匯管區(qū)(腺泡1區(qū))或無(wú)明顯分區(qū),罕見(jiàn)肝小葉內(nèi)炎癥浸潤(rùn)(成人多見(jiàn)),這可能也是兒童NASH疾病進(jìn)展更快、療效和預(yù)后更差的原因之一。
兒童在同一疾病中經(jīng)常存在異質(zhì)性。對(duì)于NAFLD來(lái)講,相比于1型NASH,2型NASH的兒童年齡更小、肥胖程度更嚴(yán)重。一項(xiàng)英國(guó)系列研究中60%為2型NASH,20%同時(shí)合并有1型和2型NASH,沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)典型的1型NASH兒童[22]。到目前為止,還不能將“快纖維化”與“慢纖維化”區(qū)分出來(lái)。隨著全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析(GWAS)的出現(xiàn),針對(duì)哪些基因引起了更快速纖維化的基因分析研究將是下一步研究的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題。
兒童NAFLD尚無(wú)特效治療藥物,低熱量均衡飲食和減輕體質(zhì)量仍是兒童NAFLD一線非藥物治療的主要目標(biāo)。藥物治療主要針對(duì)抗氧化、胰島素增敏及細(xì)胞保護(hù)等三個(gè)靶點(diǎn)。但是目前針對(duì)兒童的藥物研究大部分沒(méi)有達(dá)到預(yù)定目標(biāo)。盡管維生素E在成人NASH的治療中顯示出很好的療效,但無(wú)論是二甲雙胍還是維生素E對(duì)兒童NASH的炎癥改善和纖維化改善均沒(méi)有達(dá)到預(yù)設(shè)目標(biāo)。這也提示兒童NASH發(fā)病機(jī)制可能與成人不同,需要進(jìn)一步深入研究[23]。
在兒童NAFLD中,肥胖和IR的嚴(yán)重程度似乎是纖維化進(jìn)展的信號(hào)。在為數(shù)不多的兒童NAFLD隊(duì)列研究中,已有年僅10歲的孩子繼發(fā)NASH肝硬化的報(bào)道[24]。盡管兒童NAFLD確切的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不明確,但環(huán)境、遺傳等多因素協(xié)同作用的“多重打擊”致病機(jī)制逐漸被學(xué)界所認(rèn)識(shí)。近年來(lái)基因和表觀遺傳學(xué)的研究為NAFLD診斷、分類及靶向治療帶來(lái)了新方向,NASH發(fā)病機(jī)制中的一些信號(hào)通路和分子將成為未來(lái)臨床治療的重要靶點(diǎn)。目前已進(jìn)入Ⅱ、Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)的各種藥物值得期待[25]。
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《胃腸病學(xué)和肝病學(xué)雜志》編輯部成員
段芳齡 李建生 王全楚 馬 軍 陳香宇
李 健 王豪勛 張艷麗 楊 林 范凱麗
冉孟娟
Progressofnon-alcoholicfattyliverdiseaseinchildren
HU Jinglei, CHENG Long, WANG Quanchu
Department of Infectious Diseases, the 153 Hospital of PLA, Zhengzhou 450042, China
Children are in the period of rapid growth stage, the pathogenesis, incidence, clinical and pathological features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in them are exceptive and different from adults. The diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD have attracted great attention of the clinicians, especially non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This article summarized as follows.
Children; Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
R575.5
A
1006-5709(2017)10-1094-03
2017-08-15
呼敬雷,主治醫(yī)師,研究方向:各型肝病的臨床診療。E-mail: 396171500@qq.com
王全楚,主任醫(yī)師,碩士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:慢性肝病的臨床診治。E-mail: a414073680@163.com
10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2017.10.005