俞媛潔, 譚詩(shī)云, 蔡 歐
武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,湖北 武漢 430060
維生素D與非酒精性脂肪性肝病的關(guān)系研究
俞媛潔, 譚詩(shī)云, 蔡 歐
武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,湖北 武漢 430060
維生素D以1,25-二羥基維生素D3[1,25-(OH)2D3]作用于維生素D受體(vitamin D receptor,VDR)參與機(jī)體的代謝活動(dòng)。近年來(lái)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),維生素D缺乏與非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)的發(fā)生、發(fā)展有關(guān)。本文圍繞維生素D與NAFLD的關(guān)系作一概述。
維生素D;維生素D受體;非酒精性脂肪性肝病
非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是最常見(jiàn)的慢性肝病之一,與肥胖、2型糖尿病及代謝綜合征密切相關(guān)[1]。目前已證實(shí),胰島素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)和內(nèi)臟脂肪組織與NAFLD的發(fā)病有關(guān)[2-3]。近年來(lái),越來(lái)越多的研究表明,血清維生素D缺乏可能與NAFLD密切相關(guān)。本文就維生素D與NAFLD的關(guān)系研究進(jìn)展作一概述。
維生素D是一種脂溶性維生素,主要以維生素D2(麥角鈣化醇)和維生素D3(膽鈣化醇)兩種形式存在。浮游植物、無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物及酵母經(jīng)紫外線照射后合成維生素D2,而大多數(shù)的脊椎動(dòng)物,如人類,則是皮膚受紫外光合成維生素D3,外源性人維生素D主要來(lái)源于膳食中的維生素D2,經(jīng)小腸吸收進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)[4]。在肝臟,維生素D2和D3經(jīng)細(xì)胞色素p450(cytochrome p450,Cyp)維生素D羥化酶25-羥化酶(25-hydroxylase,CYP2R1)轉(zhuǎn)化為其主要循環(huán)代謝物25-羥維生素D3[25(OH)D3],并以此形式在肝內(nèi)保存。當(dāng)人體需要時(shí),25(OH)D3轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至腎臟,經(jīng)1α-羥化酶(1α-hydroxylase,CYP27B1)轉(zhuǎn)化為1,25-二羥基維生素D3[1,25(OH)2D3],再經(jīng)由24-羥化酶(24-hydroxylase,CYP24A1)異化形成水溶性1,25(OH)2D3,作用于維生素D受體(vitamin D receptor,VDR)發(fā)揮生物學(xué)作用。
VDR調(diào)控超過(guò)200個(gè)基因,涉及糖代謝、脂質(zhì)代謝、炎癥反應(yīng)、細(xì)胞增殖、分化及凋亡[4]。除骨骼、腎臟、腸道外,VDR還在體內(nèi)諸多組織表達(dá),包括免疫系統(tǒng)(T淋巴細(xì)胞、B淋巴細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞)、生殖系統(tǒng)(子宮、睪丸、卵巢、前列腺、胎盤(pán)、乳腺)、內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)(胰腺、垂體、甲狀腺、腎上腺皮層)、肌肉組織(骨骼肌、平滑肌、心肌)、大腦、皮膚、肝臟等[5]。
關(guān)于NAFLD的發(fā)病機(jī)制,已由經(jīng)典的“二次打擊”學(xué)說(shuō),即IR引起肝內(nèi)脂肪沉積,在此基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)生的氧化應(yīng)激與脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化,進(jìn)一步造成肝臟炎性反應(yīng)向“多重打擊”學(xué)說(shuō)發(fā)展,即多種因素,如腸道微生態(tài)、營(yíng)養(yǎng)、遺傳學(xué)因素等,通過(guò)多種途徑,促進(jìn)了單純性脂肪肝向非酒精性脂肪肝炎、肝硬化的進(jìn)展。近年來(lái),越來(lái)越多的基礎(chǔ)與臨床研究證實(shí),維生素D缺乏與NAFLD有關(guān),補(bǔ)充維生素D對(duì)NAFLD的治療有積極作用。
Su等[6]在高脂聯(lián)合維生素D缺乏飲食誘導(dǎo)IR與肝脂肪變性的BALB/c雄性小鼠模型中發(fā)現(xiàn),小鼠回腸Paneth細(xì)胞特異性α-防御素(如α-防御素5)、MMP7(激動(dòng)促防御素),緊密連接基因以及MUC2受抑,造成小腸黏膜萎縮、腸道通透性增加、腸道微生態(tài)紊亂、內(nèi)毒素血癥及系統(tǒng)性炎癥,構(gòu)成IR與肝脂肪變的基礎(chǔ)。VDR敲除小鼠也表現(xiàn)出回腸α-防御素與MMP7下調(diào),表明維生素D信號(hào)通路通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)Paneth細(xì)胞特異性α-防御素維持腸道微生態(tài),改善代謝紊亂及肝臟脂肪變性。
Targher等[7]對(duì)60例肝臟活檢證實(shí)的NAFLD患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NAFLD患者血清1,2-25(OH)2D3水平明顯低于健康人,且1,2-25(OH)2D3水平與肝脂肪變性、壞死、炎癥及纖維化的嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān),并由此推論1,2-25(OH)2D3可能在NAFLD的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中發(fā)揮重要作用。Zolfaghari等[8]對(duì)159例超聲證實(shí)的NAFLD患者膳食攝取的臨床研究中也發(fā)現(xiàn),NAFLD的發(fā)病與膳食攝取的種類有關(guān),NAFLD患者膳食中攝取的維生素D明顯低于健康人。
維生素D可能通過(guò)維生素D信號(hào)通路改善機(jī)體代謝、抗炎及抗肝纖維化等機(jī)制,影響NAFLD的進(jìn)展與嚴(yán)重程度。
3.1改善IRMaestro等[9]對(duì)U-937人幼單核細(xì)胞的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),1,25-(OH)2D3(1×10-8mmol/L)可增加人胰島素受體基因轉(zhuǎn)錄活性,強(qiáng)化了胰島素對(duì)葡萄糖的氧化作用,改善IR。Norman等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),維生素D缺乏影響大鼠胰腺β細(xì)胞的胰島素分泌功能。Zeitz等[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),VDR敲除小鼠胰島素分泌反射異常。鑒于IR是NAFLD發(fā)病機(jī)制的重要環(huán)節(jié),胰腺β細(xì)胞內(nèi)分布有VDR,并表達(dá)1-α-羥化酶。由此推斷,維生素D可能通過(guò)其活化形式1,25-(OH)2D3作用于VDR,改善NAFLD患者胰島素分泌反射與IR。
3.2改善肝臟炎性反應(yīng)核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)是一種細(xì)胞核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,在高脂飲食或蛋氨酸與膽堿缺乏飲食誘導(dǎo)的NAFLD小鼠肝臟組織中,均發(fā)現(xiàn)NF-κB的表達(dá)增加[12-13]。NF-κB信號(hào)通路激活,釋放大量促炎因子,如TNF-α、IL-6等,誘導(dǎo)肝細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)壞死、凋亡,促進(jìn)中性粒細(xì)胞的趨化運(yùn)動(dòng),同時(shí)激活肝星狀細(xì)胞促進(jìn)肝細(xì)胞炎癥與肝纖維化。Crespo等[14]在肥胖型NASH患者的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),NASH患者肝臟TNF-α及TNF-α受體的基因表達(dá)增加,且與肝臟炎癥嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)。
Roth等[15]在NAFLD大鼠的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),相較于高脂飲食誘導(dǎo)的NAFLD大鼠,高脂聯(lián)合維生素D缺乏飲食誘導(dǎo)的NAFLD大鼠NAFLD活動(dòng)度評(píng)分(NAFLD active score,NAS)增加、肝臟Toll樣受體(Toll-like receptor,TLR)激活增加、肝臟炎性反應(yīng)加劇,炎性細(xì)胞因子IL-1β、IL-4、IL-6釋放增加,表明維生素D缺乏可通過(guò)激活TLR,促進(jìn)肝臟炎性反應(yīng),從而增加NAFLD嚴(yán)重程度。此外,Nakano等[16]還發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管光療無(wú)法逆轉(zhuǎn)NAFLD大鼠的肥胖與脂肪變性,但可上調(diào)NAFLD大鼠血液循環(huán)中活性維生素D3含量,改善肝細(xì)胞凋亡、肝臟炎癥、肝纖維化與IR,認(rèn)為血清維生素D3水平可能成為NASH進(jìn)展的非侵入性診斷的重要標(biāo)記之一,外源性補(bǔ)充維生素D3或光療可以作為延緩NASH進(jìn)展的輔助治療方式。
3.3改善肝臟纖維化肝纖維化表現(xiàn)為細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的蓄積及肝臟正常結(jié)構(gòu)的破壞,進(jìn)而出現(xiàn)肝細(xì)胞功能異常。肝星狀細(xì)胞是肝纖維化過(guò)程中的重要環(huán)節(jié)。肝星狀細(xì)胞激活,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞增殖,并生物轉(zhuǎn)化為成肌纖維細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞。此后,經(jīng)TGF-β1信號(hào)通路介導(dǎo),細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)蛋白,尤其是Ⅰ型蛋白合成與沉積增加。阻斷肝星狀細(xì)胞激活是抑制肝臟纖維化進(jìn)程的關(guān)鍵,而肝星狀細(xì)胞表達(dá)VDR,因此,我們可以推斷VDR信號(hào)通路活化可能通過(guò)抑制纖維化基因的表達(dá)與抑制肝星狀細(xì)胞的增殖來(lái)改善NAFLD患者肝臟纖維化反應(yīng)。
Ding等[17]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),VDR敲除小鼠可出現(xiàn)自發(fā)性的肝臟損傷與肝纖維化,VDR配體通過(guò)抑制TGF-β1信號(hào)通路激活,從而阻礙肝星狀細(xì)胞激活,阻斷肝纖維化進(jìn)程,表明VDR對(duì)肝損傷修復(fù)的重要作用,及VDR配體對(duì)肝損傷、肝纖維化的潛在治療作用。
維生素D在NAFLD的病程中起積極作用。Della Corte等[18]對(duì)NAFLD患兒的單中心研究發(fā)現(xiàn),二十二碳六烯酸(Docosahexanoic acid,DHA)和維生素D聯(lián)合治療可改善NAFLD患兒IR、脂質(zhì)代謝,降低丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)水平及NAS,降低肝星狀細(xì)胞活性與纖維狀膠原含量,表明維生素D可能對(duì)NAFLD患者具有潛在的治療作用。
Papapostoli等[19]對(duì)NAFLD的定量研究發(fā)現(xiàn),短期應(yīng)用維生素D(20 000 IU/周,4周)即可顯著改善NAFLD。Sharifi等[20]在一項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)中提到,成人NAFLD患者連續(xù)4個(gè)月內(nèi)每隔14 d口服維生素D 50 000 IU,可顯著提高NAFLD患者血清25(OH)D3水平,降低血清超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白與丙二醛水平,提示維生素D可作為NAFLD患者的輔助治療方式,緩解系統(tǒng)性炎癥反應(yīng)與脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化。
NAFLD的發(fā)生、發(fā)展與維生素D缺乏有關(guān),且由于維生素D可能影響機(jī)體糖代謝、脂質(zhì)代謝,具有改善IR、抗炎及抗纖維化的特性,維生素D水平與NAFLD的嚴(yán)重程度密切相關(guān)。由此,我們可以推斷,未來(lái)維生素D替代治療極有可能成為NAFLD的重要輔助治療方式之一。為此,亟待大規(guī)模、大樣本的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)來(lái)驗(yàn)證維生素D對(duì)NAFLD的療效。
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(責(zé)任編輯:王全楚)
RelationshipbetweenvitaminDandnon-alcoholicfattyliverdisease
YU Yuanjie, TAN Shiyun, CAI Ou
Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
1,25-(OH)2D3as vitamin D’s active form, participates in metabolic activity via binding to vitamin D receptor (VDR). In recent years, studies have found that vitamin D deficiency plays a role in the process of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This article described the relationship between vitamin D and NAFLD.
Vitamin D; Vitamin D receptor; Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
R575.5
A
1006-5709(2017)10-1097-03
2017-02-23
俞媛潔,博士研究生,研究方向:非酒精性肝病的基礎(chǔ)與臨床研究。E-mail: yuyuanjie0303@yeah.net
譚詩(shī)云,博士,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:非酒精性肝病的基礎(chǔ)與臨床研究。E-mail: tanshiyun@medmail.com.cn
10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2017.10.006