劉玉珍 綜述, 呂志武 審校
哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,黑龍江 哈爾濱 150086
重癥急性胰腺炎臨床治療的研究進(jìn)展
劉玉珍 綜述, 呂志武 審校
哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,黑龍江 哈爾濱 150086
急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)是胰腺的急性炎癥狀態(tài),可能涉及胰腺周圍組織或遠(yuǎn)隔器官系統(tǒng)。其中,重癥急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)是一種病情兇險(xiǎn)、并發(fā)癥多、預(yù)后差、病死率較高的急腹癥,其總體病死率為20%。SAP患者一旦發(fā)生器官衰竭及感染性壞死,病死率則分別提高到30%和32%,且通常在1周內(nèi)死亡。目前對(duì)SAP的治療臨床上強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)性化綜合治療,應(yīng)首先采用內(nèi)科保守治療,并針對(duì)不同情況合理選擇微創(chuàng)或手術(shù)治療。本文就近年來(lái)SAP的臨床治療進(jìn)展作一概述。
重癥急性胰腺炎;內(nèi)科治療;微創(chuàng)治療
目前對(duì)重癥急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis, SAP)的治療手段多且較成熟。內(nèi)鏡下治療胰腺疾病的技術(shù)在不斷發(fā)展,內(nèi)鏡下置入胰管支架在許多胰腺疾病中發(fā)揮重要作用,且與之相關(guān)的技術(shù)在不斷改進(jìn)與提高。近來(lái)許多胰腺疾病在ERCP或超聲內(nèi)鏡(endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS)技術(shù)下成功治愈,已開拓廣闊的前景。
1.1 補(bǔ)液,維持有效血容量 早期液體復(fù)蘇是治療的基石,在發(fā)病后的12~24 h內(nèi)行液體復(fù)蘇最有益,且在72 h內(nèi)進(jìn)行可降低全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征及器官衰竭的發(fā)生率。過(guò)多的液體復(fù)蘇可致腹內(nèi)高壓及腹腔室隔綜合征??焖傧♂屧黾恿四摱景Y的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及住院病死率。美國(guó)胃腸病學(xué)會(huì)建議:乳酸格林氏液是首選的等滲晶體液,250~500 ml/h。然而,美國(guó)胰腺協(xié)會(huì)和國(guó)際協(xié)會(huì)建議補(bǔ)液速度為5~10 ml·kg-1·h-1[1]。日本指南建議:“短時(shí)快速”補(bǔ)液,150~600 ml/h以糾正休克并過(guò)渡到130~150 ml/h[2]。膠體可以減少?gòu)?fù)蘇所需的總體積,但有嚴(yán)重膿毒癥和感染性休克者不推薦使用[3]。羥乙基淀粉酶與生理鹽水相比增加腎臟替代治療的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[4]。心率<120次/min;Hct: 35%~44%;MAP: 65~85 mmHg及尿量>0.5~1 ml·kg-1·h-1可作為復(fù)蘇的終點(diǎn)。
1.2 營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持 危重患者有營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)盡早行營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持[5]。在SAP中,基于饑餓的經(jīng)口進(jìn)食是安全的,無(wú)需癥狀消失及生化指標(biāo)正常。研究表明,維護(hù)腸道屏障功能和時(shí)機(jī)對(duì)SAP患者的恢復(fù)至關(guān)重要。早期腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)(enteral nutrition,EN)可能以兩種方式降低感染并發(fā)癥:(1)EN與全胃腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)(total parenteral nutrition,TPN)相比可降低導(dǎo)管相關(guān)感染;(2)EN可維持腸黏膜屏障的完整性,減少24 h內(nèi)小腸細(xì)菌移位。早期EN明顯減少相關(guān)感染及高血糖(證據(jù)不夠充分)的發(fā)生,降低了病死率及住院時(shí)間。Qin等[6]發(fā)現(xiàn)早期EN組CRP水平明顯降低,且Wu等[7]稱SAP患者行早期EN可使較高水平的CRP在短時(shí)間內(nèi)恢復(fù)正常。而肺部并發(fā)癥無(wú)顯著性差異。所以,EN越來(lái)越被提倡,但時(shí)機(jī)仍有爭(zhēng)議。Petrov等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn),SAP患者入院后48 h內(nèi)行EN比晚期EN或TPN明顯降低多器官功能衰竭、胰腺感染并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率/病死率。而在48 h后行EN未有明顯減少并發(fā)癥,但證據(jù)不足。總之,目前研究明確表明,SAP患者早期行EN優(yōu)于TPN,但對(duì)是否越早進(jìn)行EN越好的證據(jù)不足。EN的途經(jīng)可經(jīng)胃或幽門后。目前推薦的胃喂養(yǎng)速度為10 ml/h,且每小時(shí)增加10 ml,直到每小時(shí)提供胃殘存量<250 ml[5]。
1.3 抗生素治療 胰腺感染壞死是SAP患者死亡的主要原因,腸道功能障礙和腸道細(xì)菌移位是感染的主要機(jī)制,且在發(fā)病后的72 h。胰腺感染的發(fā)生在第1個(gè)24 h內(nèi)從33%上升到75%,在48 h及96 h內(nèi)差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。感染的峰值多在發(fā)病后的第3~4周。目前最主要的問(wèn)題是抗生素的適應(yīng)證、選擇及治療時(shí)間[9]。幾個(gè)前瞻性試驗(yàn)表明,使用抗生素與不使用者相比顯著降低胰腺感染壞死及膿毒癥的發(fā)生率[10-12]。因此,建議所有SAP患者使用廣譜抗生素。對(duì)于輕癥AP不推薦使用。最近的文章傾向于建議避免預(yù)防性使用抗生素[13]。Iganatavicius等[14]認(rèn)為,預(yù)防性使用抗生素不影響病死率,但可能會(huì)減少介入及手術(shù)治療。CT顯示胰腺壞死30%者應(yīng)考慮預(yù)防性使用抗生素,使用7~14 d。β內(nèi)酰胺類優(yōu)于喹諾酮類,奎諾酮和甲硝唑?qū)p少胰腺感染及降低住院病死率無(wú)益。只有亞胺培南可以顯著減少胰腺感染性壞死??傊?,到目前為止還沒(méi)有證據(jù)表明SAP患者應(yīng)常規(guī)預(yù)防性使用抗生素。
1.4 蛋白酶抑制劑 蛋白酶抑制劑在治療輕癥AP到SAP中的作用仍不明確,盡管之前的研究表明其可以降低邊界病死率。一個(gè)隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)表明,連續(xù)區(qū)域動(dòng)脈蛋白酶抑制劑灌注治療對(duì)SAP或急性壞死性AP有效[15-17]。另一項(xiàng)研究對(duì)1 036個(gè)總樣本量進(jìn)行綜合分析發(fā)現(xiàn),蛋白酶抑制劑對(duì)預(yù)防SAP相關(guān)死亡有效,且能有效預(yù)防胰腺假性囊腫、腹腔內(nèi)囊腫、腸梗阻及外科干預(yù)。但不能明顯改善臨床結(jié)果及明顯降低死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[18]。與甲磺酸加貝酯相比較,蛋白酶抑制劑能有效減少呼吸衰竭、腎衰竭、消化道出血、代謝紊亂(細(xì)節(jié)未知)膿毒癥及缺氧等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。目前沒(méi)有確鑿的證據(jù)支持靜脈使用蛋白酶抑制劑可預(yù)防SAP患者的死亡[19-21]。
1.5 質(zhì)子泵抑制劑(PPI) PPI對(duì)SAP的療效仍有爭(zhēng)議。目前的一些研究表明PPI不影響SAP患者的臨床結(jié)果[22]。使用PPI可能導(dǎo)致病死率增加且患者發(fā)生上消化道出血、器官衰竭及入ICU治療的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著高于未使用者。Hackert等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn),泮托拉唑?qū)Ω纳芐AP患者的預(yù)后可能有關(guān),因其可使血清脂肪酶活性下降,減輕胰腺的損傷程度,同時(shí)有一定的抑菌及抗炎作用,但不影響SAP的病程,如住院時(shí)間、開始進(jìn)食及疼痛緩解的時(shí)間。Fettach等[24]認(rèn)為,蘭索拉唑能有效抑制胰腺外分泌腺,可能對(duì)胰腺疾病有益。PPI治療SAP的效果可能與患者的條件有關(guān),患者的病情也許會(huì)掩蓋PPT對(duì)SAP的治療效果。關(guān)于如何使用PPI及SAP患者使用PPI的效果需近一步研究。
2.1 內(nèi)窺鏡逆行胰膽管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiepancreatography,ERCP)和十二指腸乳頭肌切開術(shù)(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST) 膽源性胰腺炎的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不明確,通常認(rèn)為膽結(jié)石導(dǎo)致Vater壺腹持久或短暫受壓導(dǎo)致胰管內(nèi)壓力升高且胰酶在胰管內(nèi)提前激活。胰腺炎是ERCP術(shù)后的常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥。急性膽源性胰腺炎(acute biliary pancreatitis,ABP)行ERCP可加重AP。ABP行ERCP治療的作用及時(shí)機(jī)仍有爭(zhēng)議。2013年版的“中國(guó)急性胰腺炎的診斷和治療指南”建議內(nèi)鏡下鼻膽管引流術(shù)(endoscopic nasobiliary drainage,ENBD)和EST作為重癥ABP開始發(fā)病的48~72 h內(nèi)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方法,胃腸減壓、經(jīng)空腸的EN和ENBD應(yīng)同時(shí)進(jìn)行[25]。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,ENBD后可應(yīng)用三腔胃腸管(即胃腸減壓管、空腸營(yíng)養(yǎng)管作為一個(gè)管通過(guò)三腔胃腸管),患者耐受性好且利于SAP的恢復(fù),因無(wú)早期并發(fā)癥(如鼻腔潰瘍或出血)可留置7~35 d[26]。美國(guó)胃腸病學(xué)會(huì)公布的新指南:ABP患者并發(fā)急性膽管炎24 h內(nèi)可行ERCP治療。一項(xiàng)薈萃分析表明,ABP患者早期行ERCP治療可獲益[27-28],而隨后的文章認(rèn)為,如患者不存在膽管炎行ERCP治療無(wú)益,患者存在持續(xù)性膽總管結(jié)石則更適合行ERCP[29-31]。Neoptolemos等[32]研究表明ABP患者由內(nèi)鏡專家行ERCP治療是安全的,重癥ABP早期行ERCP治療可減少并發(fā)癥及住院時(shí)間。唐悅峰等[33]認(rèn)為,EST可減少膽管炎和胰腺壞死的發(fā)生,降低ABP并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率及病死率,且對(duì)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)影響較小。但存在不足,EST破壞了乳頭肌功能,造成胰液膽汁反流,加重膽管感染,術(shù)后可能存在瘢痕狹窄導(dǎo)致膽胰管出口阻塞。
2.2 胰管支架和鼻胰管引流(nasopancreatic drainage,NPD) 引流胰液可選擇行NPD或放置胰管支架。二者利于修復(fù)胰管損傷防止炎癥加重。放置胰管支架的并發(fā)癥,如支架脫落、支架阻塞、支架移位、胰管損傷及早期感染阻塞。AP患者懷疑存在急性梗阻性化膿性膽管炎(acute obstructive suppurative pancreatic ductitis,AOSPD)需行引流操作時(shí)應(yīng)首先考慮到NPD[34]。ABP患者早期行ERCP暫時(shí)性放置胰管支架與單獨(dú)行EST及取石相比可明顯減少并發(fā)癥,改善臨床結(jié)果[35]。
3.1 開腹手術(shù) 開腹手術(shù)是壞死組織清除使用最廣泛的方法,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率34%~95%,且病死率為20%~60%。目前病死率減少了12%。其預(yù)后因素與SAP早期出現(xiàn)器官衰竭有關(guān),出現(xiàn)越早病死率越高。G?tzinger等[36]發(fā)現(xiàn),3周內(nèi)行開腹手術(shù)的病死率為46%,而3周后的病死率為25%。因此,SAP早期行開腹手術(shù)無(wú)益,延遲手術(shù)可明顯改善預(yù)后,最好延遲到發(fā)病后的第4周。壞死越重,分隔越多,越應(yīng)選擇開腹手術(shù)。
3.2 經(jīng)皮引流 Freeny等[37]首先提出,經(jīng)皮引流是感染性壞死性胰腺炎的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療策略,是發(fā)病前3周的一線治療[38]。在行引流的大鼠模型中發(fā)現(xiàn)其能抑制炎癥反應(yīng),減輕胰腺組織中COX-2和iNOS的表達(dá),促進(jìn)胰腺細(xì)胞凋亡,顯著提高凋亡蛋白的表達(dá),對(duì)胰腺的自我修復(fù)有益[39]。胰腺感染壞死單獨(dú)使用經(jīng)皮引流的有效率為40%。術(shù)后并發(fā)癥及相關(guān)病死率分別為20%和28%[40]。常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥有腹腔出血、結(jié)腸穿孔、腸瘺及胰瘺。經(jīng)皮引流方法有兩種:(1)“升壓方法”:主要目的是改善患者狀態(tài),延遲手術(shù)直到壞死出現(xiàn)更好的分隔。(2)“降壓方法”:主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是一次性清除壞死組織。
3.3 腹膜后途徑 多達(dá)88%的情況下,用此方法清除壞死組織則不需后期的開腹手術(shù)??傮w病死率為17%,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為46%。主要并發(fā)癥有結(jié)腸瘺、胃十二指腸穿孔、腸瘺、胰瘺及腹膜后出血。此法主要適用于胰尾及胰周壞死,是當(dāng)前臨床實(shí)踐中最常見(jiàn)的方法。1998年首次被Gamibez描述[41]。壞死組織在2周內(nèi)被清除的病死率為75%,在癥狀出現(xiàn)后的4周可逐漸下降到5%[42]。
3.4 內(nèi)窺鏡方法 內(nèi)窺鏡是治療感染壞死性胰腺炎有前途的方法。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道病死率減少5.6%,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為28%。常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥有出血、腹腔穿孔和腹膜炎。此法僅用于無(wú)菌性壞死和炎癥后的假性囊腫[43]。盡管通過(guò)十二指腸的方法已被描述,但實(shí)踐中經(jīng)胃的途徑最常用,且于1996年被Baron等[43-44]首次提出。
3.5 腹腔鏡方法 此方法最少使用。主要缺點(diǎn)是患者的病情必須穩(wěn)定,且大網(wǎng)膜及腸系膜脂肪會(huì)阻礙鏡子通過(guò)較小的囊或腹膜后腔。文獻(xiàn)[40]報(bào)道,80%的患者行腹腔鏡治療后不需外科手術(shù)治療,病死率接近10%。與傳統(tǒng)的開腹手術(shù)相比,腹腔鏡方法實(shí)現(xiàn)了較低的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率(特別是胰瘺腸瘺),降低了傷口感染率,縮短了住院時(shí)間[43-45]。總之,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)非手術(shù)方法清除胰腺壞死組織的預(yù)后優(yōu)于手術(shù)方法。Uomo等[46]發(fā)現(xiàn)ABP行非手術(shù)治療有22.5%的患者發(fā)生外分泌功能障礙,而Sabater等[47]發(fā)現(xiàn)25%的患者術(shù)后出現(xiàn)外分泌功能障礙,非手術(shù)組發(fā)生胰腺內(nèi)分泌功能障礙低于手術(shù)組。手術(shù)組腹腔積液和復(fù)發(fā)(包括假性囊腫、膽管擴(kuò)張及胰管狹窄)再入院明顯高于非手術(shù)組。
4.1 重組人可溶性血栓調(diào)節(jié)蛋白(recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin,RTM) RTM在SAP早期控制凝血異常,防止缺血發(fā)展為壞死。因其無(wú)出血等嚴(yán)重不良反應(yīng),在發(fā)生DIC時(shí)常用(已被日本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)制度批準(zhǔn))。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),使用RTM者胰腺壞死的發(fā)生率明顯低于未使用者,并能明顯改善預(yù)后[48]。
4.2 重組人活化蛋白C(human recombinant activated protein C,Xigris) 胰腺血管床的微血管血栓是胰腺壞死的調(diào)解員。Alsfasser等[49]發(fā)現(xiàn),在SAP的動(dòng)物中使用Xigris可減輕炎癥并改善預(yù)后,且未增加出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,SAP伴全身炎癥反應(yīng)及持續(xù)器官功能障礙者24 h輸注Xigris是安全的,96 h的輸液可出現(xiàn)膽紅素升高,但需進(jìn)一步研究[50]。
4.3 胰島素 胰島素通過(guò)刺激脂蛋白酶活性,從而降低甘油三酯轉(zhuǎn)化為脂肪酸和甘油。使用胰島素使血糖維持在<200 mg/L,患者腹痛、惡心及嘔吐癥狀明顯改善,3~4 d后脂肪酶及淀粉酶將至正常水平。其他降低血清甘油三酯水平的方法:血漿置換、載脂蛋白CⅡ及肝素[51]。
鈣結(jié)合蛋白S100A12(calcium binding protein S100A12,S100A12)在中性粒細(xì)胞、血液及腦脊液等組織中表達(dá),在炎癥調(diào)節(jié)中起關(guān)鍵作用。Rouleau等[52]發(fā)現(xiàn),小鼠靜脈注射S100A12后促進(jìn)骨髓細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移到外周血,活化的中性粒細(xì)胞使其到達(dá)炎癥區(qū)域并釋放大量細(xì)胞因子及炎癥介質(zhì)引起全身炎癥反應(yīng)。在SAP中S100A12明顯增高,我們希望通過(guò)抑制其表達(dá),中性粒細(xì)胞的過(guò)度激活將會(huì)被控制,從而減輕SAP的炎癥反應(yīng)。S100A12抗體可能是SAP的新的治療策略[53]。
總之,目前SAP的治療多采用內(nèi)科保守治療,雖然各種內(nèi)科治療的方法及藥物的使用仍有爭(zhēng)議,但已成熟應(yīng)用于臨床,且患者多好轉(zhuǎn)出院。當(dāng)今內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)在不斷發(fā)展,且治療效果顯著,并越來(lái)越受歡迎。我們應(yīng)不斷提高診療技術(shù),針對(duì)發(fā)病機(jī)制尋找治療的突破口,關(guān)于目前治療方法的利弊及時(shí)機(jī)仍需進(jìn)一步研究。
[1]Tenner S, Baillie J, DeWitt J, et al. American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis [J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2013, 108(9): 1400-1416.
[2]Yokoe M, Takada T, Mayumi T, et al. Japanese guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis: Japanese guidelines 2015 [J]. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci, 2015, 22(6): 405-432.
[3]Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012 [J]. Crit Care Med, 2013, 41(2): 580-637.
[4]Myburgh JA, Finfer S, Bellomo R, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care [J]. N Engl J Med, 2012, 367(20): 1901-1911.
[5]Kiss CM, Byham-Gray L, Denmark R, et al. The impact of implementation of a nutrition support algorithm on nutrition care outcomes in an intensive care unit [J]. Nutr Clin Pract, 2012, 27(6): 793-801.
[6]Qin HL, Zheng JJ, Tong DN, et al. Effect of Lactobacillons plantarum enteral feeding on the gut permeability and septic complications in the patients with acute pancreatitis [J]. Eur J Clin Nutr, 2008, 62(7): 923-930.
[7]Wu DC, Ding YB, Deng B, et al. Clinical case-control study of early enteral nutrition through three lumen gastrojejunal tube in severe acute pancreatitis [J]. Parent Ent Nut, 2008, 15(5): 285-287.
[8]Petrov MS, Pylypchuk RD, Uchugina AF. A systematic review on the timing of artificial nutrition in acute pancreatitis [J]. Br J Nutr, 2009, 101(6): 787-793.
[9]Alejandro S, Luis T, Jessica M. Antibiotics in severe acute pancreatitis [J]. Central Eur J Med, 2014, 9(4): 565-570.
[10]Galvez S. Profilaxis antibiótica en la pancreatitis aguda grave [J]. Clínicas de Medicina Intensiva, Fideco,1999: 339-349.
[11]Pederzoli P, Bassi C, Vesentini S, et al. A randomized multicenter clinical trial of antibiotic prophylaxis of septic complications in acute necrotizing pancreatitis with imipenem [J]. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1993, 176(5): 480-483.
[12]Sainio V, Kemppainen E, Puolakkainen P, et al. Early antibiotic treatment in acute necrotising pancreatitis [J]. Lancet, 1995, 346(8976): 663-667.
[13]Isenmann R, Runzi M, Kron M, et al. Prophylactic antibiotic treatment in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial [J]. Gastroenterology, 2004, 126(4): 997-1004.
[14]Iganatavicius P, Vitkauskiene A, Pundzius J, et al. Effcets of prophylactic antibiotics in acute panceratitis [J]. HPB (Oxford), 2012, 14(6): 396-402.
[15]Takeda K, Matsuno S, Sunamura M, et al. Continuous regional arterial infusion of protease inhibitor and antibiotics in acute necrotizing pancreatitis [J]. Am J Surg,1996, 171(4): 394-398.
[16]Imaizumi H, Kida M, Nishimaki H, et al. Efficacy of continuous regional arterial infusion of a protease inhibitor and antibiotic for severe acute pancreatitis in patients admitted to an intensive care unit [J]. Pancreas, 2004, 28(4): 369-373.
[18]Seta T, Noguchi Y, Shimada T, et al. Treatment of acute pancreatitis with protease inhibitors: a meta-analysis [J]. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2004, 16(12): 1287-1293.
[19]Seta T, Noguchi Y, Shikata S, et al. Treatment of acute pancreatitis with protease inhibitors administered through intravenous infusion: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. BMC Gastroenterol, 2014, 14: 102.
[20]Yang CY, Chang-Chien CS, Liaw YF. Controlled trial of protease inhibitor gabexelate mesilate (FOY) in the treatment of acute pancreatitis [J]. Pancreas, 1987, 2(6): 698-700.
[21]Valderrama R, Pérez-Mateo M, Navarro S, et al. Multicenter double-blind trial of gabexate mesylate (FOY) in unselected patients with acute pancreatitis [J]. Digestion, 1992, 51(2): 65-70.
[22]Murata A, Ohtani M, Muramatsu K, et al. Effects of proton pump inhibitor on outcomes of patients with severe acute pancreatitis based on a national administrative database [J]. Pancreatology, 2015, 15(5): 491-496.
[23]Hackert T, Tudor S, Felix K, et al. Effects of pantoprazole in experimental acute pancreatitis [J]. Life Sci, 2010, 87(17/18): 551-557.
[24]Fettah A, Yarali N, Bayram C, et al. Proton pump inhibitor therapy in chemotherapy-induced pancreatitis [J]. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 2014, 36(8): 660-661.
[25]Li XH, Liu BY. Combined application of freka trelumina and ENBD in severe acute biliary pancreatitis [J]. Pancreatology, 2016, 16(1): S21-S22.
[26]Tenner S, Baillie J, DeWitt J, et al. American College of Gastroenterology guideline:management of acute pancreatitis [J] . Am J Gastroenterol, 2013, 108(9): 1400-1415.
[27]Sharma VK, Howden CW. Metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and endoscopic sphincterotomy for the treatment of acute biliary pancreatitis [J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 1999, 94(11): 3211-3214.
[28]Moretti A, Papi C, Aratari A, et al. Is early endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography useful in the management of acute biliary pancreatitis? A metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials [J]. Dig Liver Dis, 2008, 40(5): 379-385.
[29]Tse F, Yuan Y. Early routine endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography strategy versus early conservative management strategy in acute gallstone pancreatitis [J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012, 5: CD009779.
[30]Petrov MS, van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG, et al. Early endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography versus conservative management in acute biliary pancreatitis without cholangitis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials [J]. Ann Surg, 2008, 247(2): 250-257.
[31]Uy MC, Daez ML, Sy PP, et al. Early ERCP in acute gallstone pancreatitis without cholangitis: a meta-analysis [J]. JOP, 2009, 10(3): 299-305.
[32]Neoptolemos JP, Carr-Locke DL, London NJ, et al. Controlled trial of urgent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic sphincterotomy versus conservative treatment for acute pancreatitis due to gallstones [J]. Lancet, 1988, 2(8618): 979-983.
[33]唐悅鋒, 徐楊榮, 廖國(guó)慶,等. 早期內(nèi)鏡治療在重癥急性膽源性胰腺炎治療中的作用[J]. 中國(guó)普通外科雜志, 2010, 19(7): 801-804.Tang YF, Xu YR, Liao GQ, et al. Effect of early endoscopic treatment for patients with severe acute biliary pancreatitis [J]. Chinese Journal of General Surgery, 2010, 19(7): 801-804.
[34]Kikuyama M, Nakamura K, kurokami T. Alcoholic severe acute pancreatitis with positive culture of pancreatic juice treated by nasopancreatic drainage [J]. Pancreatology, 2014, 14(3): 151-153.
[35]Dubravcsik Z, Hritz I, Fejes R, et al. Early ERCP and biliary sphincterotomy with or without small-caliber pancreatic stent insertion in patients with acute biliary pancreatitis: better overall outcome with adequate pancreatic drainage [J]. Scand J Gastroenterol, 2012, 47(6): 729-736.
[36]G?tzinger P, Wamser P, Exner R, et al. Surgical treatment of severe acute pancreatitis: timing of operation is crucial for survival [J]. Surg Infect (Larchmt), 2003, 4(2): 205-211.
[37]Freeny PC, Hauptmann E, Althaus SJ, et al. Percutaneous CT-guided catheter drainage of infected acute necrotizing pancreatitis: techniques and results [J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1998, 170(4): 969-975.
[38]van Baal MC, van Santvoort HC, Bollen TL, et al. Systematic review of percutaneous catheter drainage as primary treatment for necrotizing pancreatitis [J]. Br J Surg, 2011, 98(1): 18-27.
[39]Chen GY, Dai RW, Luo H, et al. Effect of percutaneous catheter drainage on pancreatic injury in rats with severe acute pancreatitis induced by sodium taurocholate [J]. Pancreatology, 2015, 15(1): 71-77.
[40]Bello B, Matthews JB. Minimally invasive treatment of pancreatic necrosis [J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2012, 18(46): 6829-6835.
[41]Gambiez LP, Denimal FA, Porte HL, et al. Retroperitoneal approach and endoscopic management of peripancreatic necrosis collections [J]. Arch Surg, 1998, 133(1): 66-72.
[42]Mentula P, Lepp?niemi A. Postition paper: timely interventions in severe acute pancreatitis are crucial for survival [J]. World J Emerg Surg, 2014, 9(1): 15.
[43]Ignasi P, Fernando B, Dimitri D, et al. Minimally invasive techniques in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis [J]. Central Eur J Med, 2014, 9(4): 580-587.
[44]Baron TH, Thaggard WG, Morgan DE, et al. Endoscopic therapy for organized pancreatic necrosis [J]. Gastroenterology, 1996, 111(3): 755-764.
[45]Tan J, Tan H, Hu B, et al. Short-term outcomes from a multicenter retrospective study in China comparing laparoscopic and open surgery for the treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis [J]. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A, 2012, 22(1): 27-33.
[46]Uomo G, Gallucci F, Madrid E, et al. Pancreatic functional impairment following acute necrotizing pancreatitis: long-term outcome of a non-surgically treated series [J]. Dig Liver Dis, 2010, 42(2): 149-152.
[47]Sabater L, Pareja E, Aparasi L, et al. Pancreatic function after severe acute biliary pancreatitis: the role of necrosectomy [J]. Pancreas, 2004, 28(1): 65-68.
[48]Eguchi T, Tsuji Y, Yamashita H, et al. Efficacy of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin in preventing walled-off necrosis in severe acute pancreatitis patients [J]. Pancreatology, 2015, 15(5): 485-490.
[49]Alsfasser G, Warshaw AL, Thayer SP, et al. Decreased inflammation and improved survival with recombinant human activated protein C treatment in experimental acute pancreatitis [J]. Arch Surg, 2006, 141(7): 670-677.
[50]Miranda CJ, Mason JM, Babu BI, et al. Twenty-four hour infusion of human recombinant activated protein C (Xigris) early in severe acute pancreatitis: The XIG-AP 1 trial [J]. Pancreatology, 2015, 15(6): 635-641.
[51]Coskun A, Erkan N, Yakan S, et al. Treatment of hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis with insulin [J]. Prz Gastroenterol, 2015, 10(1): 18-22.
[52]Rouleau P, Vandal K, Ryckman C, et al. The calcium-binding protein S100A12 induces neutrophil adhesion, migration, and release from bone marrow in mouse at concentrations similar to those found in human inflammatory arthritis [J]. Clin Immunol, 2003, 107(1): 46-54.
[53]Feng Z, Yinchu Z, Yinsheng S, et al. Potential effects of calcium binding protein S100A12 on severity evaluation and curative effect of severe acute pancreatitis [J]. Inflammation, 2015, 38(1): 290-297.
(責(zé)任編輯:李 健)
The progress of clinical treatment of severe acute pancreatitis
LIU Yuzhen, LV Zhiwu
Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an acute inflammation of the pancreas, may be involved in pancreatic tissue around or distant organ system. Among them, severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a serious disease, more complications, poor prognosis and high mortality rate of acute abdomen, the overall mortality rate of patients is 20%. When organ failure and septic necrosis occur, the mortality rates are increased to 30% and 32%, respectively, and the SAP patients usually die within a week. At present, SAP treatment emphasizes the individualized and comprehensive treatment, medicine conservative treatment should be used firstly, according to different situations, minimally invasive or surgical treatment should be chosen reasonably. This paper introduced a brief comprehensive clinical treatment on SAP in recent years.
Severe acute pancreatitis; Medical treatment; Minimally invasive treatment
10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2017.05.030
劉玉珍,碩士研究生,研究方向:胰腺疾病。E-mail:934278005@qq.com
呂志武,碩士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:胰腺疾病。E-mail:944377508@qq.com
R576
A
1006-5709(2017)05-0589-05
2016-07-06