潘沙沙,鄭煥填,占伯林,彭立生
(廣州中醫(yī)藥大學第四臨床醫(yī)學院, 廣東 深圳 518033)
中醫(yī)外治法治療肝癌晚期常見并發(fā)癥的新思路
潘沙沙,鄭煥填,占伯林,彭立生
(廣州中醫(yī)藥大學第四臨床醫(yī)學院, 廣東 深圳 518033)
肝癌晚期患者常見癌性疼痛、肝性腹水、頑固性呃逆等并發(fā)癥,臨床上通常采用對癥治療,但往往無法收獲滿意的效果?;仡櫫私赀\用中醫(yī)外治法治療肝癌晚期常見并發(fā)癥的相關報道,剖析中醫(yī)外治法如膏藥貼敷、腫瘤熱療法、介入與中藥結合、超聲導入中藥等治療手段對肝癌晚期常見并發(fā)癥的治療效果及可行性。
肝腫瘤; 中醫(yī)療法; 外治法; 綜述
肝癌晚期的并發(fā)癥較多,臨床常見有食欲不振、發(fā)熱、疼痛、腹水、呃逆、肝性腦病以及心理問題等,多采用對癥治療但效果一般。中醫(yī)學從整體出發(fā),針對并發(fā)癥辨證施治,可以收獲良好療效。但肝癌晚期患者往往食欲較差,或需控制出入量,中藥口服的療效無法得到最大的體現(xiàn)。中醫(yī)外治法以中醫(yī)理論為指導,運用“有諸內必形諸外”、“治外必本諸內”的人體內外統(tǒng)一理論,以陰陽辨證為綱防治疾病。本文通過分析近年相關文獻,概括中醫(yī)外治法治療肝癌晚期常見并發(fā)癥的新思路,以及中醫(yī)外治法治療肝癌晚期并發(fā)癌性疼痛、肝性腹水、頑固性呃逆等問題的新進展。
肝癌晚期患者經(jīng)化療、介入等復雜治療,加之長期臥床等因素,易形成惡病質而導致食欲不佳。因此,針對肝癌晚期并發(fā)癥,雖然口服治療是基礎,但外治法也同樣重要?!独礤壩摹分赋觯骸巴庵沃恚磧戎沃?;外治之藥,亦即內治之藥,所異者法耳?!闭J為中醫(yī)外治法與內治法治療機理相同?!夺t(yī)學源流論》載:“使藥性從皮膚入腠理,通經(jīng)貫絡,較之服藥尤有力,此致妙之法也?!闭J為外治法的機理是藥物直接作用于人體皮膚或黏膜,吸收后發(fā)揮治療作用。外治法與內治法一樣遵循辨證施治的原則,楊云柯等[1]認為肝癌患者耗氣傷陰,氣陰兩傷居多,需養(yǎng)肝柔肝。這不僅是內治法之原則,更是外治法之原則。
1.1 膏藥 膏藥療法是根據(jù)疾病所在部位和病程發(fā)展特點,將藥物制成膏方施用于患處,使得藥力直達病所,從而達到治療目的的一種治療方法[2]。張永科等[3]自創(chuàng)攻毒化瘤散,以露蜂房、土鱉蟲、苦參、半枝蓮、白花蛇舌草、乳香、沒藥、三棱、莪術、海藻、昆布、山慈菇、紫草、皂角刺、附片、白芥子等組成,外敷于肝區(qū)及右上腹部,具有解毒、活血、散結、溫陽等功效。研究表明,攻毒化瘤散對肝癌晚期患者臨床癥狀改善明顯,對肝功能、甲胎蛋白水平有一定的降低作用。
1.2 腫瘤熱療 腫瘤熱療法因具有直接殺滅腫瘤細胞,且對放化療具有增敏作用等特點,在臨床上已普遍使用[4]。閆向勇等[5]采用中藥聯(lián)合熱療治療晚期肝癌,對患者1年累積生存率有積極作用。
1.3 中藥介入治療 近年來中藥介入治療逐步推廣開展,其中鴉膽子油乳劑是我國最早創(chuàng)制的抗癌注射液,具有毒性小、療效好的優(yōu)勢[6]。李海鳳等[7]采用鴉膽子油經(jīng)肝動脈栓塞聯(lián)合中醫(yī)辨證治療晚期肝癌,結果顯示患者的生存質量有所改善,同比經(jīng)肝動脈灌注傳統(tǒng)化療藥物(吡柔比星+絲裂霉素+卡鉑)合碘油栓塞治療,其毒副作用顯著減少。但值得注意的是,晚期原發(fā)性肝癌的預后與早期發(fā)現(xiàn)、早期診斷、早期恰當治療相關[8],中藥介入治療僅僅在改善患者生存質量方面有意義,尚不能明顯延長晚期肝癌的生存期。
1.4 超聲導入治療 超聲導入治療對消化系統(tǒng)功能障礙患者尤為適用,通過超聲波作用,將藥物的直接成分作用于病位,可促進血管對藥物的吸收。孫芳等[9]采用超聲導入手段導入自擬扶正抑瘤方用于經(jīng)肝動脈化療栓塞術后治療。具體做法:取水煎中藥3 ml盛入凝膠片中,裝藥治療的一頭超聲儀固定在肝區(qū),開機透藥治療約25 min。結果顯示,扶正抑瘤方超聲導入可明顯抑制患者血清人高爾基蛋白73和磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖3水平,改善免疫功能和肝功能。
2.1 癌性疼痛 癌性疼痛患者臨床多使用非甾體類抗炎藥或止痛效果更強的藥物,但嚴重的不良反應,甚至產生耐藥或成癮限制了其使用范疇。中醫(yī)外治法藥力峻猛但不會傷及正氣,對于已經(jīng)耗傷正氣的肝癌晚期患者最為適宜[10]。李丹青等[11]研究五味雙柏散(院內制劑,主要成分為大黃、黃柏、側柏葉、薄荷、澤蘭等)對肝癌患者血液流變學的影響,提出血瘀是肝癌形成的重要病理因素,疼痛是臨床最常見的癥狀。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),五味雙柏散外敷能夠明顯降低肝癌患者的血液高凝狀態(tài)(類似中醫(yī)的血瘀癥狀),從而緩解疼痛。蔡小平等[12]提出腫瘤乃素體虧虛,瘀毒之邪致人體內環(huán)境生克制化功能紊亂,在治本同時,兼以解毒化瘀。基于此理論,李妍妍等[13]創(chuàng)制癌痛消外用貼治療肝癌晚期患者,疼痛評分、KPS評分均改善明顯。有研究[14]采用金黃散外敷治療84例惡性肝腫瘤患者,6個月后疼痛緩解效果突出。聶君等[15]自創(chuàng)抗癌止痛膏治療肝癌晚期患者,止痛效果迅速,無嚴重不良反應。沈麗賢等[16]采用止痛散外敷、針刺及穴位注射聯(lián)合療法,取其益氣活血、通絡止痛之功,可有效緩解肝癌晚期患者的疼痛癥狀。朱雙進等[17]自擬蟾烏散外敷治療40例肝癌晚期患者的疼痛癥狀,蟾烏散由蟾蜍、生川烏頭、延胡索、丁香、乳香、沒藥、細辛、生半夏、冰片等組成,功在活血化瘀、化痰散結。直接敷于體表,藥力直達病灶,疼痛迅速得到緩解。此外,還有中藥離子導入法,直接作用于腫瘤部位,逐漸擴散至血液和淋巴液中,不僅起到緩解疼痛目的,更一定程度上抑制了腫瘤的增殖[18]。針對氣滯血瘀型疼痛,方燦途等[19]采用石膏止痛軟膏代替中藥內服法,其功效為清熱涼血,消腫祛瘀,主要成分為石膏粉,臨床試驗顯示對改善晚期肝癌患者的疼痛癥狀有較好療效。亦有研究[20-21]采用麝冰止痛膏或仙人掌、冰片搗成泥狀,外敷肝區(qū)止痛,取二者清熱止痛、活血化瘀的功效。
2.2 肝性腹水 針對頑固性腹水,除對癥支持治療以外,中醫(yī)外治法也顯示出較好的治療效果。楊柳等[22]采用腹腔內注射復方苦參注射液,聯(lián)合體外熱療法,加速藥物在體內擴散,以增加對癌細胞的殺傷力,可提高治療的有效率和患者的免疫力。朱應來等[23]將甘遂、甘草、炮山甲、大黃、細辛等經(jīng)醋調后敷于臍部,具有軟堅散結、逐毒化瘀、理氣止痛的功效。受試者貼敷8 h/d,2個月后患者的主觀癥狀、腹水、腹脹、納食均有所改善。朱均權等[24]自制熏蒸方對神闕穴進行熏蒸療法,取通調水道、疏通氣機、溫腎壯陽等功效,將中藥與熏蒸技術有機結合作用于機體。熏蒸方由炙黃芪、淡附子、生米仁、桂枝、桃仁、莪術、川椒目、牽牛子、大戟等組成,浸泡后置于專門的治療儀中熏蒸神闕穴,連續(xù)治療6 d,2周為1療程。結果顯示,患者的KPS評分、腹圍、體質量均明顯改善。趙冰等[25]研究采用芒硝外敷治療肝癌腹水,取芒硝250 g用宣紙折成紙包,置于布袋中,以臍為中心置于腹部,15 d為1療程。經(jīng)治療,試驗組的總有效率為80.7%,對照組為55.6%,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。何寧一[26]采用戟黛方治療惡性腹水,方用青黛、大戟、黃瓜籽、細辛、黃芪、桂枝、莪術、龍葵、半枝蓮、白術、茯苓、豬苓、澤瀉、大腹皮等,外敷于腹部,結果顯示試驗組患者腹水情況均明顯改善。有關于芒硝敷臍治療肝硬化腹水的Meta分析[27]顯示,芒硝敷臍治療后患者的腹圍、體質量改善程度明顯優(yōu)于對照組,且對改善肝功能具有一定效果。
2.3 頑固性呃逆 肝癌晚期患者常出現(xiàn)肝源性呃逆,中醫(yī)認為肝主疏泄,若痰、瘀、濕郁結于肝經(jīng),疏泄功能受阻,擾動膈肌則呃逆不斷,特別是肝癌經(jīng)導管肝動脈化療栓塞術后常發(fā)生頑固性呃逆。由麗娜等[28]采用針灸療法針刺雙側內關、內庭、足三里,再行提插捻轉平補平瀉法,配合艾灸中脘穴,共治療34例肝癌經(jīng)導管肝動脈化療栓塞術后發(fā)生頑固性呃逆患者,其中≤48 h者21例,明顯緩解中位時間為60 h,>48 h者13例,明顯緩解中位時間為40 h,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義?!鹅`樞·口問》篇云“耳者,宗脈之所聚也”,十二經(jīng)脈均直接或間接上達于耳。隆曉江[29]采用王不留行籽耳穴貼敷肝癌介入術后出現(xiàn)的頑固性呃逆患者35例,取耳穴:耳中、神門、肝、食道、賁門、脾、交感,按壓2~3次/d,持續(xù)3 d,總有效率為85.71%。楊聯(lián)勝等[30]利用耳穴貼壓配合催吐法進行調節(jié)膈肌神經(jīng),發(fā)揮疏肝降逆止呃,緩解膈肌痙攣的作用。推拿手法治療對肝癌頑固性呃逆亦可獲益。李文娟等[31]采用中醫(yī)傳統(tǒng)穴位按壓法,具體手法為拇指張開,其他四指并攏,雙手固定患者頭部,拇指按壓翳風穴,先重后緩慢旋轉按揉,持續(xù)5~8 min,再依次取內關穴、足三里,手法同前,結果顯示試驗組總有效率為85.7%。穴位按壓具有調節(jié)患者情緒,調理三焦氣機,以緩解膈肌痙攣的作用。此外,張存良[32]通過足三里穴位注射、吳濤等[33]采用利他林足三里穴位注射治療頑固性呃逆,均有明顯療效。
肝癌晚期患者的并發(fā)癥多,緩解患者痛苦、提高生活質量是目前肝癌晚期治療的基本目標[34]。綜上所述,中醫(yī)外治法對肝癌晚期并發(fā)癌性疼痛、肝性腹水、頑固性呃逆等具有較好的治療效果。膏藥貼敷、腫瘤熱療法、介入與中藥結合、超聲導入中藥等中醫(yī)外治手段的不斷創(chuàng)新發(fā)展,拓寬了肝癌晚期常見并發(fā)癥臨床治療的思路和途徑。
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NewthoughtsonthetreatmentofcommoncomplicationsofadvancedlivercancerbyexternaltherapyoftraditionalChinesemedicine
PANShasha,ZHENGHuantian,ZHANBolin,etal.
(TheFourthClinicalMedicalCollegeofGuangzhouUniversityofChineseMedicine,Shenzhen,Guangdong518033,China)
Cancerous pain, hepatic ascites and intractable hiccups are common complications in patients with advanced liver cancer, but clinical symptomatic treatment cannot achieve satisfactory results. This article reviews the application of external therapy of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of common complications in patients with advanced liver cancer and analyzes the clinical effect and feasibility of common therapeutic methods used in treatment, such as plaster sticking therapy, tumor thermotherapy, interventional therapy combined with traditional Chinese medicine, and sonophoresis of traditional Chinese medicine.
liver neoplasms; TCM therapy; external therapies; review
R735.7; R244
A
1001-5256(2017)12-2429-04
10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2017.12.040
2017-05-22;修回日期:2017-06-27。 作者簡介:潘沙沙(1991-),女,主要從事肝膽疾病中醫(yī)藥治療方面的研究。 通信作者:彭立生,電子信箱:szpengls@163.com。
引證本文:PAN SS, ZHENG HT, ZHAN BL, et al. New thoughts on the treatment of common complications of advanced liver cancer by external therapy of traditional Chinese medicine[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2017, 33(12): 2429-2432. (in Chinese)
潘沙沙, 鄭煥填, 占伯林, 等. 中醫(yī)外治法治療肝癌晚期常見并發(fā)癥的新思路[J]. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2017, 33(12): 2429-2432.
(本文編輯:邢翔宇)