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髖膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后預(yù)防下肢深靜脈血栓形成的方法及其效果與安全性

2017-03-09 18:15陳國棟牛增廣
武警醫(yī)學(xué) 2017年10期
關(guān)鍵詞:抗凝置換術(shù)髖關(guān)節(jié)

白 波,周 璞,陳國棟,牛增廣

髖膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后預(yù)防下肢深靜脈血栓形成的方法及其效果與安全性

白 波1,周 璞2,陳國棟1,牛增廣1

目的探討間歇充氣加壓裝置(intermittent pneumatic compression,IPC)聯(lián)合低分子肝素(Low molecular weight heparin,LMWH)抗凝治療預(yù)防膝、髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后下肢深靜脈血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)的效果和安全性。方法選取2015-01至2016-01于我科收治的膝髖關(guān)節(jié)置換患者80例,隨機(jī)分為兩組,一組單獨(dú)使用LMWH抗凝治療,另一組采用LMWH聯(lián)合IPC預(yù)防下肢深靜脈血栓形成。定期復(fù)查下肢靜脈超聲,可疑肺栓塞( pulmonary embolism,PE)患者行CT肺血管造影檢查(computer tomography pulmonary angiography, CTPA)以明確診斷,監(jiān)測(cè)血小板計(jì)數(shù)和凝血指標(biāo)。所有患者出院后3個(gè)月內(nèi)均進(jìn)行隨訪,統(tǒng)計(jì)DVT發(fā)生率。結(jié)果LMWH聯(lián)合IPC抗凝組術(shù)后DVT發(fā)生率明顯低于單獨(dú)使用LMWH組(P<0.05),術(shù)后隨訪所有患者均未出現(xiàn)PE。所有患者INR均在2.5以內(nèi),血小板計(jì)數(shù)未減少。結(jié)論IPC聯(lián)合LMWH抗凝治療與單純應(yīng)用LMWH抗凝治療相比能夠明顯降低膝、髖置換術(shù)后早期下肢DVT的發(fā)生率,且具有良好的安全性。

關(guān)節(jié)成形術(shù);置換;靜脈血栓形成;肝素;低分子量;間歇充氣加壓裝置

深靜脈血栓形成是人工髖膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后的主要并發(fā)癥之一。致死性肺血栓栓塞癥是深靜脈血栓形成最嚴(yán)重的后果[1,2],也是人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后最主要的致死原因,人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后的死亡有68%歸因于肺血栓栓塞癥[3]。引起肺血栓栓塞癥主要來源于深靜脈血栓形成,尤其是下肢近端深靜脈血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)。肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE)是DVT常見和嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥,也是導(dǎo)致死亡的主要原因[4-6]。

目前,對(duì)于下肢深靜脈血栓形成的干預(yù)措施主要分為兩大類,分別為藥物干預(yù)和物理干預(yù),藥物干預(yù)目前應(yīng)用較多的是低分子肝素(Low molecular weight heparin,LMWH)[7],物理干預(yù)措施包括間歇充氣加壓裝置(intermittent pneumatic compression,IPC),原理為通過加壓加速下肢血流運(yùn)動(dòng),改變?cè)辛魉伲渑R床作用已得到證實(shí)[8,9]。隨著人口老齡化,人工關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)數(shù)量必將呈上升趨勢(shì),因此,降低術(shù)后DVT的發(fā)生率,已成為擺在關(guān)節(jié)外科醫(yī)師面前的首要問題。本研究旨在通過隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究,探討能否通過聯(lián)合應(yīng)用藥物和物理干預(yù)措施來降低人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后下肢深靜脈血栓的發(fā)生率,并對(duì)其安全性進(jìn)行研究。

1 對(duì)象與方法

1.1 對(duì)象 選取自2015-01至2016-01于我科初次行人工全膝、全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換患者80例,男32例,女48例,27~91歲,平均(55.6±3.2)歲;體重55.0~85.0 kg,平均(62.3±5.2)kg。所有入選患者知曉試驗(yàn)方法和過程,并通過院倫理委員會(huì)備案審核,均簽署知情同意書。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):嚴(yán)重心功能衰竭、腎功能不全,肝素過敏史、近期活動(dòng)性出血史、確診血栓形成者。將80例隨機(jī)分為兩組,僅使用低分子肝素(low molecular weight heparin,LMWH)組(以下簡稱藥物組)40例,男18例,女22例,年齡30~91歲,平均(52.6±5.2)歲;體重52.0~86.0 kg,平均(63.4±7.9)kg;聯(lián)合應(yīng)用LMWH和IPC組(以下簡稱聯(lián)合組)40例,男14例,女26例,年齡27~86歲,平均(53.4±6.9)歲;體重52.0~81.0 kg,平均(65.5±6.7)kg。兩組患者性別、年齡、體重等指標(biāo)均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05)。

1.2 儀器與試劑

1.2.1 低分子量肝素鈣注射液(萬脈舒) 4100AXaIU,河北常山生化藥業(yè)股份有限公司。

1.2.2 間歇充氣加壓裝置 Lympha-Tron(DL-1200K),韓國( 株) 大星產(chǎn)業(yè)。

1.3 手術(shù)操作及術(shù)后處理 所有手術(shù)均由我科同一組高年資醫(yī)師完成。人工全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)采用膝前正中切口髕旁入路顯露膝關(guān)節(jié),充分松解,清除骨贅,脛骨近端采用髓外定位截骨,股骨遠(yuǎn)端采用髓內(nèi)定位截骨,選擇合適型號(hào)假體及墊片,所有患者未置換髕骨,均用電刀灼燒髕骨周緣以去神經(jīng)化。術(shù)后檢查膝關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度及髕骨軌跡是否滿意。人工全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)采用髖關(guān)節(jié)后外側(cè)入路,顯露臀大肌后,將其鈍性分離并輕度內(nèi)旋髖關(guān)節(jié),切斷外旋肌群,進(jìn)入關(guān)節(jié)囊后,將髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位,以小粗隆上方1.5 cm 左右作為截骨參考,按照前傾10°~15°,外展約45°安裝髖臼假體,股骨擴(kuò)髓后選取適當(dāng)股骨柄假體打入股骨髓腔。對(duì)髖關(guān)節(jié)進(jìn)行復(fù)位,并活動(dòng)檢查假體位置是否滿意。48 h后拔除引流管,術(shù)后14 d拆線。藥物組術(shù)后8 h開始皮下注射低分子量肝素鈣注射液(4100 IU),1/d。聯(lián)合組在皮下注射低分子量肝素鈣注射液同時(shí),術(shù)后即開始使用間歇充氣加壓裝置8 h,從第2日至傷口拆線,每天使用兩次間歇充氣加壓裝置,每次持續(xù)1 h。

1.4 記錄指標(biāo) 動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)凝血指標(biāo),記錄手術(shù)前后血小板計(jì)數(shù)和國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值(International normalized ration,INR) ,并觀察雙下肢腫脹情況,其中包括皮溫增高、下肢脹痛、皮膚暗紅等DVT體征,如有發(fā)現(xiàn),則立即行彩超檢查。術(shù)后3、5、7和14 d復(fù)查雙下肢靜脈超聲,可疑PE患者,立即行CT肺血管造影檢查(computer tomography pulmonary angiography, CTPA)。術(shù)后隨訪至12周。

2 結(jié) 果

所有患者均隨訪至術(shù)后3個(gè)月,藥物組發(fā)生下肢深靜脈血栓6例,其中人工全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換2例,人工全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換4例;院內(nèi)3例,隨訪期間3例,血栓發(fā)生率為15%;聯(lián)合組共發(fā)現(xiàn)下肢血栓1例,為人工全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后患者,術(shù)后8周隨訪時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),血栓發(fā)生率為2.5%。聯(lián)合組術(shù)后DVT發(fā)生率明顯低于藥物組(χ2=4.780,P=0.028),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。聯(lián)合組術(shù)后DVT發(fā)生率明顯低于藥物組。所有確診DVT患者,立即停止使用IPC,囑患者臥床制動(dòng),避免揉捏患肢。所有患者手術(shù)前后血小板計(jì)數(shù),未見減少,INR值均在2.5以內(nèi)。

本次試驗(yàn)未發(fā)現(xiàn)PE患者。

3 討 論

隨著關(guān)節(jié)外科手術(shù)技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步與創(chuàng)新,外科醫(yī)師面臨的不僅是技術(shù)難題,DVT和PE也同樣擺在面前[10-12]。靜脈血栓的形成因素大概可分為三類:血流瘀滯、血管壁受損及血液的高凝狀態(tài)[13-16]。膝髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后患者,術(shù)后臥床制動(dòng)、運(yùn)動(dòng)量減少,都可以造成靜脈血流緩慢,導(dǎo)致血栓形成。關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中,暴露牽拉、術(shù)中調(diào)整體位屈曲旋轉(zhuǎn)下肢的同時(shí),可能造成血管壁受損,導(dǎo)致血液瘀滯,進(jìn)一步形成血栓[17]。關(guān)節(jié)置換屬于骨科大手術(shù),血小板應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下,粘附性增大,血液處于高凝狀態(tài)[18-20]。據(jù)報(bào)道,髖膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者都屬于高危病例組,其中近端DVT發(fā)生率10%~20%,出現(xiàn)致命性PE 1%~5%[21],DVT常發(fā)生在術(shù)后7 d內(nèi)[22],因此從手術(shù)開始就應(yīng)該從改善靜脈瘀滯和控制高凝狀態(tài)入手預(yù)防。

薈萃分析顯示,LMWH作為預(yù)防骨科大手術(shù)后下肢DVT的臨床措施,術(shù)后6~9 h使用效果最佳,并且無出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn),不會(huì)增加并發(fā)癥[23],這也是本試驗(yàn)中在術(shù)后8 h開始使用LMWH的原因,結(jié)果也與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道一致,術(shù)后使用LMWH效果確實(shí),未發(fā)現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重出血并發(fā)癥。

作為物理預(yù)防措施,IPC可對(duì)患肢進(jìn)行序貫加壓,從而增加靜脈回流,減少血液滯留,以降低DVT的發(fā)生。同時(shí),IPC治療還可增加血漿纖維蛋白溶解作用。資料顯示,IPC具有良好的預(yù)防DVT效果,能使膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后DVT發(fā)生率從35%~45%下降到10%~15%,髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后DVT發(fā)生率從45%~50%下降到10%~20%[24]。另有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,IPC相對(duì)于逐級(jí)加壓彈力襪,具有更好的預(yù)防下肢DVT的效果,術(shù)后早期使用,IPC可以替代下肢肌肉“靜脈泵”功能,刺激下肢靜脈回流,促進(jìn)血液循環(huán)[25]。因此,我們采用IPC進(jìn)行研究,也是基于上述因素考慮,沒有采用逐級(jí)加壓彈力襪。

單純應(yīng)用物理措施對(duì)于預(yù)防骨科大手術(shù)后下肢DVT效果差于藥物預(yù)防,但可以避免單純使用藥物抗凝的一些并發(fā)癥,比如出血傾向等,可以單獨(dú)應(yīng)用于有高危出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的患者[26];傳統(tǒng)藥物抗凝的效果顯著,但是存在增加出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和一些并發(fā)癥。多位學(xué)者研究結(jié)果表明,不推薦單獨(dú)使用物理預(yù)防措施,可聯(lián)合藥物應(yīng)用來提高預(yù)防效果。聯(lián)合應(yīng)用可避免單純藥物抗凝的并發(fā)癥,并提高療效[27,28]。膝髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后屬于高出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn),當(dāng)高出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)下降時(shí),推薦藥物聯(lián)合物理措施來預(yù)防DVT的形成。以此為依據(jù),作為設(shè)計(jì)本試驗(yàn)的理論基礎(chǔ),聯(lián)合多種模式可以發(fā)揮最大抗凝效果的同時(shí),避免不良并發(fā)癥。本研究結(jié)果顯示,藥物組DVT發(fā)生率為15%明顯高于聯(lián)合組的2.5%。LMWH聯(lián)合IPC在人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后預(yù)防下肢DVT的效果更為顯著,能夠明顯降低膝、髖置換術(shù)后早期下肢DVT的發(fā)生率,具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。所有患者手術(shù)前后血小板計(jì)數(shù)未見減少,INR值均在2.5以內(nèi),未發(fā)現(xiàn)PE患者,未發(fā)現(xiàn)出血并發(fā)癥。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,聯(lián)合應(yīng)用IPC和LMWH是具有臨床安全性的。

IPC和LMWH在臨床中的選擇,需要根據(jù)患者病情制定進(jìn)一步診療方案。如果術(shù)前已形成DVT,術(shù)后IPC治療可能引起血栓脫落,導(dǎo)致PE,危及生命。另外,如患者存在凝血機(jī)制異常、有出血傾向及近期有顱內(nèi)或消化道出血史,則不建議使用LMWH,而此時(shí)IPC可作為預(yù)防措施應(yīng)用。因此,根據(jù)患者情況,合理使用藥物及物理預(yù)防措施來控制血栓形成,值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。本試驗(yàn)入選患者僅80例,因此,建立更大樣本量、多中心、隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究更具臨床價(jià)值。

綜上所述,IPC聯(lián)合LMWH抗凝治療與單純應(yīng)用LMWH抗凝治療相比能夠明顯降低膝、髖置換術(shù)后早期下肢DVT的發(fā)生率,且具有良好的安全性。

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EffectivenessofLow-molecular-weightheparinincombinationwithintermittentpneumaticcompressionagainstdeepvenousthrombosisfollowingarthroplasty

BAI Bo1,ZHOU Pu2,CHEN Guodong1, and NIU Zengguang1.
1.Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao Qinhuangdao 066000, China;2.Zibo Vocational Institute Electric And Electronic Engineering,Zibo 255000,China

ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) device combined with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for the prevention of deep venous thrombosis(DVT) after joint replacement surgery.Methods80 cases with hip or knee joint peripheral fractures and artificial joint replacements who were admitted to our hospital between January 2015 and January 2016 were randomly divided into two groups. The observation group was treated with low molecular heparin by subcutaneous injection and intermittent pneumatic compression to both lower limbs alternately, while the control group was treated with low molecular heparin alone after operation. The clinical symptoms of venous thromboembolism were observeded, deep venous thrombosis of both lower limbs examined by colour duplex ultrasonography ,and platelet count and blood coagulation were monitored after operation to check the presence of DVT.ResultsThe incidence rates of venous thromboembolism in lower limbs after operation were significantly lower in the observation group than in the control group,so was the amount of bleeding. Pulmonary embolism did not occur in any of the cases. International normalized ratio( INR) did not exceed 2.5 and platelet count did not decrease.ConclusionsLMWH in combination with IPC can significantly reduce the incidence of VTE after hip or knee surgery, and is quite safe.

arthroplasty; replacement; venous thrombosis; heparin; low-molecular-weight; intermittent pneumatic compression

白 波,碩士,主治醫(yī)師。

1.066000,秦皇島市第一醫(yī)院骨一科;2.255000,淄博職業(yè)學(xué)院電子電氣工程學(xué)院

陳國棟,E-mail:chenguodongspine@163.com

R687.4

(2017-05-05收稿 2017-07-15修回)

(責(zé)任編輯 梁秋野)

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