蒙麗恒,黃耀,徐夢(mèng)婕,周嘉,李勵(lì),秦映芬
(廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院,南寧530021)
·論著·
2型糖尿病合并肝癌患者癌組織RAGE、MKK7、JNK1表達(dá)變化及意義
蒙麗恒,黃耀,徐夢(mèng)婕,周嘉,李勵(lì),秦映芬
(廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院,南寧530021)
目的 探討晚期糖基化終末產(chǎn)物受體(RAGE)、絲裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶7(MKK7)及c-Jun氨基末端蛋白激酶1(JNK1)在2型糖尿病合并肝細(xì)胞癌(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)肝癌)患者癌組織中的表達(dá)及意義。方法 選擇2型糖尿病合并肝癌患者18例(DMHC組)、單純肝癌患者30例(HCC組),取兩組手術(shù)切除的癌組織及相應(yīng)的癌旁正常組織,采用Western blotting法檢測(cè)其RAGE、MKK7及JNK1表達(dá);分析兩組癌組織RAGE、MKK7、JNK1表達(dá)與患者臨床病理參數(shù)的關(guān)系,以及三者的相互關(guān)系。結(jié)果 DMHC組和HCC組癌組織RAGE、MKK7、JNK1的相對(duì)表達(dá)量均高于相應(yīng)的癌旁正常組織(P均<0.05),且DMHC組癌組織MKK7、JNK1的相對(duì)表達(dá)量均高于HCC組癌組織(P均<0.05)。HCC組低分化者RAGE、MKK7、JNK1的相對(duì)表達(dá)量均高于高分化者,DMHC組低分化者M(jìn)KK7、JNK1的相對(duì)表達(dá)量均高于高分化者(P均<0.05)。DMHC組和HCC組癌組織RAGE、MKK7、JNK1表達(dá)均呈正相關(guān)(P均<0.05)。結(jié)論 RAGE表達(dá)升高可能參與肝癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展;2型糖尿病患者M(jìn)KK7、JNK1表達(dá)升高可能促進(jìn)肝癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展;MKK7和JNK1可能在一定水平上受RAGE的調(diào)控。
肝癌;糖尿病,2型;晚期糖基化終末產(chǎn)物受體;絲裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶7;c-Jun氨基末端蛋白激酶1
既往研究表明,晚期糖基化終末產(chǎn)物(AGEs)及其受體(RAGE)共同參與肝臟胰島素抵抗及糖尿病慢性并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生[1]。RAGE在人肝細(xì)胞癌(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)肝癌)組織中過(guò)表達(dá),且與肝癌的組織學(xué)分級(jí)密切相關(guān)[2]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病大鼠肝組織RAGE mRNA表達(dá)明顯升高[3]。但目前關(guān)于2型糖尿病合并肝癌患者癌組織RAGE mRNA的表達(dá)鮮見(jiàn)報(bào)道。絲裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶7(MKK7)、c-Jun氨基末端蛋白激酶(JNK)在肝癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過(guò)程中扮演重要角色[4,5]。RAGE可激活MKK7、JNK,而MKK7是JNK的特異性活化因子,JNK1為JNK的編碼基因之一。因此推測(cè),RAGE-MKK7-JNK1信號(hào)通路系統(tǒng)可能參與2型糖尿病患者肝癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。2013年7月~2014年10月,我們觀察了2型糖尿病合并肝癌患者癌組織RAGE、MKK7、JNK1表達(dá),現(xiàn)分析結(jié)果,并初步探討RAGE-MKK7-JNK1信號(hào)通路在2型糖尿病合并肝癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展中的作用。
1.1 臨床資料 選擇同期廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院收治的2型糖尿病合并肝癌患者18例(DMHC組),男17例、女1例,年齡(56.80±14.08)歲。糖尿病均符合1999年WHO制定的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6],糖尿病病程(5.59±1.39)年。18例患者均行肝癌手術(shù)治療,術(shù)后組織病理證實(shí)為肝癌,組織分化程度(Edmondson-Steiner分級(jí)法):高分化13例、低分化5例,有遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移傾向4例,HBsAg陽(yáng)性14例。同期另選單純肝癌患者30例(HCC組),男28例、女2例,年齡(53.4±13.22)歲,術(shù)后病理證實(shí)診斷,組織分化程度:高分化23例、低分化7例,有遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移傾向12例,HBsAg陽(yáng)性26例。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①存在丙或丁型肝炎病毒、人類(lèi)免疫缺陷病毒感染,自身免疫性肝炎、原發(fā)性膽汁性肝硬化、原發(fā)性硬化性膽管炎,藥物或其他毒性物質(zhì)引起的肝功能損害及終末期腎功能衰竭者;②存在其他惡性腫瘤者,使用免疫調(diào)節(jié)藥物及過(guò)去3個(gè)月內(nèi)接受放化療者;③重度飲酒(男性>80 g/d,女性>40 g/d)超過(guò)10年者。兩組除糖尿病相關(guān)資料外,其余基本資料具有可比性。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),患者均知情同意。
1.2 肝癌組織及癌旁正常組織RAGE、MKK7、JNK1表達(dá)檢測(cè) 采用Western blotting法。取兩組手術(shù)切除的肝癌組織及相應(yīng)的癌旁正常組織(距腫瘤邊緣>2 cm),RIPA-PMSF充分勻漿,4 ℃ 10 000 r/min離心15 min,取上清。BCA法檢測(cè)蛋白濃度合格后,加入上樣緩沖液,95 ℃水浴5 min;取蛋白50 μg行SDS-PAGE電泳(10%分離膠+5%濃縮膠),當(dāng)?shù)鞍着苤翝饪s膠與分離膠交界時(shí),將電壓由80 mV調(diào)至100 mV;當(dāng)?shù)鞍纂娪九苤练蛛x膠底部時(shí),停止電泳;采用半干轉(zhuǎn)膜儀將蛋白轉(zhuǎn)印至PVDF膜上,用5%封閉液封閉2 h;RAGE、MKK7和JNK1一抗孵育2 h,4 ℃冰箱過(guò)夜,TBST洗膜3次,每次10 min;Licor熒光二抗室溫避光孵育1 h;TBST洗膜3次,每次10 min;應(yīng)用Odyssey紅外掃膜儀掃膜顯影,以GAPDH為內(nèi)參照。采用Quantity One圖像分析軟件對(duì)蛋白電泳條帶的灰度值定量分析,計(jì)算目的蛋白的相對(duì)表達(dá)量。目的蛋白的相對(duì)表達(dá)量=目的蛋白灰度值/GADPH內(nèi)參灰度值。
2.1 兩組癌組織及癌旁正常組織RAGE、MKK7、JNK1表達(dá)比較 見(jiàn)表1。
表1 兩組癌組織及癌旁正常組織RAGE、MKK7、JNK1相對(duì)表達(dá)量比較
注:與同組癌旁正常組織比較,*P<0.01;與HCC組癌組織比較,#P<0.05。
2.2 兩組RAGE、MKK7、JNK1表達(dá)與患者臨床病理參數(shù)的關(guān)系 見(jiàn)表2、3。
2.3 兩組RAGE、MKK7、JNK1表達(dá)的相關(guān)性分析 DMHC組、HCC組癌組織RAGE與MKK7表達(dá)均呈正相關(guān)(r分別為0.758、0.592,P均<0.01),RAGE與JNK1表達(dá)均呈正相關(guān)(r分別為0.566、 0.461,P均<0.05), MKK7與JNK1表達(dá)均呈正相關(guān)(r分別為0.788、0.545,P<0.01)。
表2 HCC組癌組織RAGE、MKK7、JNK1的相對(duì)表達(dá)量與患者臨床病理參數(shù)的關(guān)系
注:與高分化比較,*P<0.01。
表3 DMHC組癌組織RAGE、MKK7、JNK1的相對(duì)表達(dá)量與患者臨床病理參數(shù)的關(guān)系±s)
注:與高分化比較,*P<0.01。
近年來(lái),糖尿病和原發(fā)性肝癌的關(guān)系成為臨床研究的熱點(diǎn)。Singh等[7]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病是原發(fā)性肝癌的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,糖尿病合并肝癌的發(fā)生率高達(dá)32.7%[8]。2009年美國(guó)糖尿病協(xié)會(huì)和美國(guó)癌癥協(xié)會(huì)《糖尿病和癌癥共識(shí)報(bào)告》亦指出,2型糖尿病可增加肝癌的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[9]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病患者肝癌的發(fā)病率、復(fù)發(fā)率和病死率均高于非糖尿病患者,但其機(jī)制目前尚不十分清楚[10,11]。肝癌患者一般有慢性肝炎、肝硬化史,而慢性炎癥可導(dǎo)致肝臟胰島素抵抗;胰島素抵抗反過(guò)來(lái)亦可促進(jìn)肝臟炎癥的發(fā)展并影響其轉(zhuǎn)歸[12]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),AGEs、RAGE共同參與肝臟胰島素抵抗及糖尿病慢性并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生[1,2],而MKK7、JNK亦參與肝臟胰島素抵抗[13]。AGEs/RAGE可觸發(fā)活化促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路[14],而MKK7和JNK均為MAPK家族成員,MKK7可特異性激活JNKs,其中JNK1為JNK的編碼基因之一[15]。AGEs/RAGE在細(xì)胞增殖、分化、凋亡和腫瘤發(fā)生等生物學(xué)效應(yīng)中扮演重要角色。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),RAGE可促進(jìn)肝癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展,而MKK7、JNK在肝癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中亦具有重要作用[4,5]。但RAGE-MKK7-JNK1信號(hào)通路在高血糖狀態(tài)下肝癌組織中的表達(dá)目前研究甚少,且該通路蛋白的表達(dá)變化與2型糖尿病合并肝癌的關(guān)系尚不清楚。
本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),DMHC組、HCC組肝癌組織RAGE的相對(duì)表達(dá)量均較相應(yīng)癌旁正常組織明顯升高,與Hiwatashi等[16]研究結(jié)果基本一致。與HCC組比較,DMHC組RAGE的相對(duì)表達(dá)量雖有上升趨勢(shì),但差異并無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。其原因可能為DMHC組均予藥物控制血糖,血糖并非長(zhǎng)期處于高值,AGEs積累量并未顯著增加,因而RAGE增加不明顯;高血糖可能不是促進(jìn)肝癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展的主要因素,而脂代謝紊亂、非酒精性脂肪性肝病[17]、肝臟胰島素抵抗[18]等可能亦與肝癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展有關(guān);樣本量偏小等。
腫瘤組織分化程度與其復(fù)發(fā)、轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān),組織分化程度越低,其復(fù)發(fā)及轉(zhuǎn)移傾向越高,即惡性程度越高。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HCC組低分化者RAGE的相對(duì)表達(dá)量顯著高于高分化者,與Ito等[19]研究結(jié)果基本一致,提示RAGE在肝癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展過(guò)程中可能具有重要作用;而DMHC組低分化者RAGE的相對(duì)表達(dá)量雖高于高分化者,但并無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,說(shuō)明RAGE在2型糖尿病患者肝癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中并無(wú)決定性作用。但本研究HCC組RAGE的相對(duì)表達(dá)量隨肝癌組織分化程度逐漸降低而逐漸增加,故推測(cè)DMHC組RAGE表達(dá)與肝癌組織分化程度有關(guān)。但由于入組病例較少,各病理分級(jí)的分布不均衡也可能出現(xiàn)偏倚。
本研究DMHC組、HCC組癌組織MKK7、JNK1的相對(duì)表達(dá)量均高于相應(yīng)的癌旁正常組織,且DMHC組高于HCC組,這可能是導(dǎo)致2型糖尿病合并肝癌生物學(xué)特性不同于單純性肝癌的原因之一。DMHC組和HCC組低分化者M(jìn)KK7、JNK1的相對(duì)表達(dá)量均高于高分化者,表明MKK7/JNK信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)途徑可能與肝癌的組織分化程度相關(guān);而DMHC組MKK7、JNK1的相對(duì)表達(dá)量高于HCC組,提示MKK7及JNK1參與了2型糖尿病患者肝癌的發(fā)生及維持。因此,MKK7、JNK1可能是肝癌的致癌因子,其高表達(dá)可促進(jìn)2型糖尿病患者肝癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),無(wú)論是DMHC組還是HCC組,RAGE、MKK7、JNK1的相對(duì)表達(dá)量均與患者年齡、腫瘤直徑、轉(zhuǎn)移傾向以及HBsAg無(wú)關(guān),說(shuō)明不論肝癌患者是否處于2型糖尿病狀態(tài),其年齡、腫瘤直徑、轉(zhuǎn)移傾向及HBsAg不影響RAGE、NKK7及JNK1的相對(duì)表達(dá)量。本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),兩組RAGE、MKK7、JNK1的相對(duì)表達(dá)量均呈正相關(guān),表明三者在肝癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中關(guān)系密切,2型糖尿病狀態(tài)下MKK7、JNK1的表達(dá)可能在一定程度上受RAGE調(diào)控。Guo等[4]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),RACK1通過(guò)增加MKK7活性使JNK的活性增強(qiáng),繼而促進(jìn)肝癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展,考慮到RAGE作為信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)受體在細(xì)胞表面可與其他配體(如Rac1/Cdc42、NF-κB、p38MAPK)結(jié)合,參與腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移,故不排除在糖尿病狀態(tài)下通過(guò)其他配體信號(hào)通路激活MKK7/JNK1,導(dǎo)致2型糖尿病合并肝癌的發(fā)生率、復(fù)發(fā)率和病死率升高。
綜上所述,RAGE表達(dá)升高可能參與肝癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展;2型糖尿病患者M(jìn)KK7、JNK1表達(dá)升高可能促進(jìn)肝癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展;MKK7和JNK1可能在一定水平上受RAGE的調(diào)控。
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Expression of RAGE, MKK7 and JNK1 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with hepatocellular carcinoma
MENGLiheng,HUANGYao,XUMengjie,ZHOUJia,LILi,QINYingfen
(TheFirstAffiliatedHospitalofGuangxiMedicalUniversity,Nanning530031,China)
Objective To investigate the expression and significance of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MKK7) and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase 1 (JNK1) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods The resected cancer tissues and corresponding normal tissues were obtained from 18 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with hepatocellular carcinoma (DMHC group) and 30 patients with simple hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC group). The expression of RAGE, MKK7 and JNK1 was detected by Western blotting. The relationships of RAGE, MKK7 and JNK1 expression in the two groups with the clinical and pathological parameters of the patients were analyzed as well as the relationship among RAGE, MKK7 and JNK1. Results The expression levels of RAGE, MKK7 and JNK1 were higher in the cancer tissues of both DMHC and HCC groups than those in their corresponding adjacent normal tissues (allP<0.05). Compared with the HCC group, MKK7 and JNK1 expression in the cancer tissues of the DMHC group was higher (allP<0.05). In the HCC group, the relative expression levels of RAGE, MKK7 and JNK1 in patients with poor differentiation were higher than those in patients with high differentiation, and in the DMHC group, the relative expression levels of MKK7 and JNK1 in patients with poor differentiation were higher than those in patients with high differentiation (allP<0.05). There was a positive correlation between the expression of RAGE, MKK7 and JNK1 in the DMHC group and HCC group (allP<0.05). Conclusions The increase of RAGE expression may be involved in the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma. The expression of MKK7 and JNK1 might promote the progress of hepatocellular carcinoma in hyperglycemic state. MKK7 and JNK1 may be regulated by RAGE to some extent.
hepatocellular carcinoma; diabetes mellitus, type 2; receptor for advanced glycation end products; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7; c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase 1
中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)臨床醫(yī)學(xué)科研專(zhuān)項(xiàng)資金(12020310321);廣西高等學(xué)??蒲许?xiàng)目(201204LX042)。
蒙麗恒(1989-),女,碩士在讀,研究方向?yàn)樘悄虿〖捌渎圆l(fā)癥。E-mail: downshifter@163.com
秦映芬(1968-),女,主任醫(yī)師,研究方向?yàn)樘悄虿〖捌渎圆l(fā)癥。E-mail: yingfenq@126.com
10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2017.08.001
R735.7
A
1002-266X(2017)08-0001-04
2016-06-16)