周子娟,王 亮,李雅嬋,張 敏,劉 暢,陳大朋,王靖宇
(大連醫(yī)科大學(xué) 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心,遼寧 大連 116044)
綜 述
肌球蛋白輕鏈激酶與炎癥性疾病關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展
周子娟,王 亮,李雅嬋,張 敏,劉 暢,陳大朋,王靖宇
(大連醫(yī)科大學(xué) 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心,遼寧 大連 116044)
肌球蛋白輕鏈激酶(myosin light chain kinase,MLCK)可以調(diào)控肌球蛋白輕鏈的磷酸化,進(jìn)而調(diào)控基于肌動(dòng)蛋白與肌球蛋白之間相互作用的細(xì)胞骨架活動(dòng)。近幾年研究報(bào)道,長(zhǎng)鏈MLCK與短鏈MLCK的異常表達(dá)在不同的炎癥性疾病中多有發(fā)生,炎癥相關(guān)因子能誘導(dǎo)MLCK表達(dá)升高。本文對(duì)MLCK在肺炎、血管損傷以及炎性腸病中的作用,及MLCK參與炎癥性疾病的可能信號(hào)通路進(jìn)行了綜述。
肌球蛋白輕鏈激酶;炎癥;屏障功能
肌球蛋白輕鏈激酶(myosin light chain kinase,MLCK)在哺乳動(dòng)物中,主要由兩種MLCK基因編碼,分別是mylk1基因與mylk2基因[1]。mylk2基因編碼產(chǎn)物主要分布在橫紋肌細(xì)胞,而mylk1基因編碼產(chǎn)物在許多組織和細(xì)胞中均有表達(dá),包括骨骼肌以及心肌中[2]。mylk1基因編碼產(chǎn)物主要包括兩類(lèi)MLCK,即長(zhǎng)鏈MLCK(220 kDa)和短鏈MLCK (130 kDa),以及非催化性蛋白-端蛋白(17 kDa)[3]。
MLCK可以調(diào)控平滑肌和非平滑肌的肌球蛋白輕鏈的磷酸化(phosphorylated myosin light chain 20, p-MLC20),肌球蛋白輕鏈磷酸化可以調(diào)控基于肌動(dòng)蛋白與肌球蛋白之間相互作用的細(xì)胞骨架活動(dòng),比如細(xì)胞粘附、應(yīng)力纖維的形成,分泌,離子交換,胞質(zhì)分裂,神經(jīng)突起生長(zhǎng),細(xì)胞擴(kuò)散,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和上皮屏障的形成及細(xì)胞遷移等[4-6]。在平滑肌細(xì)胞,MLCK激活肌球蛋白磷酸化,對(duì)于平滑肌細(xì)胞的起始收縮非常重要[6]。
MLCK參與許多重要的生命活動(dòng),已有研究表明,MLCK的異常表達(dá)常與許多炎癥疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展息息相關(guān)。比如血管損傷[7]、炎性腸病[8]、氣管高敏感性等多種疾病中均發(fā)現(xiàn)存在MLCK異常表達(dá),本文就此作一綜述。
1.1 肺炎與MLCK
脂多糖可以通過(guò)增加MLCK表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)肺壁上皮細(xì)胞肌球蛋白輕鏈磷酸化,進(jìn)而破壞肺壁上皮細(xì)胞黏膜屏障緊密連接的通透性,導(dǎo)致病原物質(zhì)可透過(guò)上皮層,誘發(fā)肺部炎癥的發(fā)生[10-11]。 脂多糖誘導(dǎo)的肺部炎癥可以顯著被MLCK抑制劑ML-7所阻斷,提示MLCK異常表達(dá)可能是脂多糖誘導(dǎo)肺部炎癥的重要機(jī)制之一[10]。
1.2 炎性腸病與MLCK
長(zhǎng)鏈MLCK和短鏈MLCK均由mylk1基因編碼,但短鏈MLCK在上皮細(xì)胞中一般不表達(dá),涉及上皮細(xì)胞屏障功能改變時(shí)一般都是由長(zhǎng)鏈MLCK表達(dá)引發(fā)的[12]。
炎性腸病(inflammatory bowel disease, IBD)是一種慢性的可反復(fù)發(fā)作的腸道炎癥性疾病,臨床上主要分型有克羅恩病(Crohn’s disease, CD)和潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎(Ulcerative colitis, UC)[13]。上皮細(xì)胞功能的缺陷或缺失可直接導(dǎo)致炎癥性腸病發(fā)生或癥狀加重[14]。有臨床研究表明,在人類(lèi)炎性腸病患者的回腸以及結(jié)腸組織中,MLCK表達(dá)以及肌球蛋白磷酸化水平均顯著上升[15]。對(duì)CD患者的結(jié)腸組織研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CD患者腸道上皮細(xì)胞屏障功能紊亂,由此可見(jiàn),上皮細(xì)胞屏障功能的改變很有可能是炎性腸病發(fā)病的潛在病理機(jī)制[16-17]。
1.3 血管損傷與MLCK
研究表明,大鼠頸總動(dòng)脈損傷后,短鏈MLCK的表達(dá)會(huì)在損傷后第6小時(shí)開(kāi)始增加,直到第7天,短鏈MLCK的表達(dá)仍顯著高于空白對(duì)照組[18]。血管損傷誘發(fā)的短鏈MLCK表達(dá)的升高,可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致血管平滑肌收縮活性的改變。此研究中,血管長(zhǎng)鏈MLCK表達(dá)并沒(méi)有顯著改變[18]。
血管損傷之后,往往伴隨著炎癥反應(yīng)的發(fā)生,影響血管壁的再生以及重構(gòu),包括內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、平滑肌細(xì)胞的活化增生以及細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)蛋白的表達(dá)[19]。血管損傷引發(fā)的炎癥反應(yīng)在損傷初期以及血管壁重構(gòu)過(guò)程中均起到很重要的作用,常常會(huì)導(dǎo)致血管疾病的發(fā)生,如管腔狹窄,血壓增加,晚期常導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化[19]。而在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化患者的血管中,長(zhǎng)鏈MLCK表達(dá)顯著增加,其通過(guò)降低內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞屏障功能以及誘導(dǎo)單核細(xì)胞的遷移,導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化[20]。
1.4 短鏈MLCK與炎癥性疾病的可能關(guān)系
短鏈MLCK相對(duì)于長(zhǎng)鏈MLCK而言,在上皮細(xì)胞層一般不表達(dá),而在平滑肌層大量表達(dá),可磷酸化肌球蛋白輕鏈,因此,短鏈MLCK是平滑肌收縮非常重要的起始調(diào)節(jié)步驟[12]。炎性腸病發(fā)生過(guò)程中,伴隨著胃腸動(dòng)力的顯著改變。在炎性腸病的活性期或者非活性期間,常常會(huì)出現(xiàn)胃排空能力下降、小腸收縮幅度增加以及收縮頻率增加、大腸則出現(xiàn)收縮性下降但是推動(dòng)能力增加等動(dòng)力改變癥狀,臨床上常出現(xiàn)腸易激綜合征以及腹瀉等癥狀[21]。研究表明,短鏈MLCK對(duì)于胃腸道基本緊張狀態(tài)的維持、胃排空、以及小腸推動(dòng)等基本動(dòng)力起著非常重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用[22]。炎性腸病中經(jīng)常伴隨的小腸以及大腸推動(dòng)頻率和推動(dòng)力的增加是否和短鏈MLCK在炎性腸病中的表達(dá)有關(guān),具有潛在的研究意義。
2.1 炎癥性疾病中TNF-α誘導(dǎo)的MLCK表達(dá)
TNF-α是一種涉及到系統(tǒng)性炎癥的細(xì)胞因子,同時(shí)也是屬于引起急相反應(yīng)的眾多細(xì)胞因子中的一員,主要由巨噬細(xì)胞分泌[23]。在炎性疾病中,尤其是炎性腸病中,TNF-α可誘導(dǎo)長(zhǎng)鏈MLCK表達(dá),進(jìn)而破壞上皮細(xì)胞屏障功能[24]。研究表明,TNF-α可以激活ERK1/2酶活性,ERK1/2磷酸化含有轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Elk-1的ETS結(jié)構(gòu)域,轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Elk-1可進(jìn)入細(xì)胞核與MLCK啟動(dòng)子結(jié)合,導(dǎo)致MLCK的表達(dá)增加[25]。另外TNF-α阻斷劑可顯著降低MLCK表達(dá),進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明TNF-α可以導(dǎo)致MLCK的表達(dá)[24, 26]。
2.2 炎癥性疾病中IL-1β誘導(dǎo)的MLCK表達(dá)
體外實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,IL-1β可劑量依賴(lài)性降低結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞黏膜屏障的跨膜電阻,說(shuō)明IL-1β可增加黏膜屏障的通透性進(jìn)而誘發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng)的加劇[27]。IL-1β可以通過(guò)PKC細(xì)胞通路活化NF-κB P65導(dǎo)致MLCK高表達(dá)[28]。
綜上所述,MLCK在正常生理和病理中有不可忽視的作用,但抗MLCK制劑廣泛應(yīng)用于炎性疾病及恢復(fù)黏膜屏障功能治療還尚需進(jìn)行大量研究。
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Research progress of myosin light chain kinase and inflammatory disease
ZHOU Zijuan, WANG Liang, LI Yachan, ZHANG Min, LIU Chang, CHEN Dapeng,WANG Jingyu
(LaboratoryAnimalCenter,DalianMedicalUniversity,Dalian116044,China)
Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) regulates cytoskeletal activity in response to myosin light chain phosphorylation, which is also based on the interaction between actins and myosin. Recent studies have shown that abnormal expression of long-chain MLCK and short-chain MLCK is involved in different inflammatory diseases and inflammation-related factors induces MLCK expression. This review summarizes the role of MLCK in the pathogenesis of pneumonia, vascular injury and inflammatory bowel disease, and summarizes the possible signaling pathways involved in inflammatory diseases, suggesting that MLCK has a potential role in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
myosin light chain kinase; inflammation; barrier function
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31272392)
周子娟(1987-),女,助理實(shí)驗(yàn)師。E-mail:zhouzijuan0512@163.com
陳大朋,講師。E-mail:cdp.9527@163.com
10.11724/jdmu.2017.01.18
R963
A
1671-7295(2017)01-0078-03
周子娟,王亮,李雅嬋,等.肌球蛋白輕鏈激酶與炎癥性疾病關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展[J].大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2017,39(1):78-80.
2016-07-08;
2016-12-30)