陳 勇,張 娜,范敬靜,韓永平,蔣榮猛
自發(fā)性細菌性腹膜炎實驗診斷研究進展
陳 勇,張 娜,范敬靜,韓永平,蔣榮猛
自發(fā)性細菌性腹膜炎是肝硬化腹水患者常見且可致命的并發(fā)癥,住院患者具有較高的病死率。延遲診斷和未能及時采用有效的抗生素治療,可明顯增加患者的死亡風(fēng)險。因此,合理使用腹水分析,血清腹水檢測以及腹水病原學(xué)檢測等技術(shù)對實現(xiàn)該病早期診斷具有重要的臨床意義。本文對自發(fā)性細菌性腹膜炎的實驗室診斷進展進行綜述。
自發(fā)性細菌性腹膜炎;失代償期肝硬化;腹水;實驗診斷
自發(fā)性細菌性腹膜炎(spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, SBP)是由于多種因素導(dǎo)致腸道菌群移位引起的腹腔感染,臨床上須依據(jù)腹水多形核細胞(polymorphonuclear cell, PMN)計數(shù)≥250/mm3判斷并排除繼發(fā)性腹膜炎和腹腔內(nèi)明確感染灶所致的腹膜炎[1]。SBP是失代償期肝硬化伴腹水患者常見且可致命的感染性并發(fā)癥,也有心源性、腎源性、惡性腫瘤、門靜脈血栓、自身免疫性疾病相關(guān)的SBP的報道。SBP是肝硬化合并感染中最常見的類型,約占64.9%[2]。在門診治療的無癥狀肝硬化腹水患者中,SBP的患病率約為2.1%~3.5%[3-4],而在住院患者中的患病率可達11.2%[4]。有研究顯示,肝硬化住院患者的病死率約為5.0%[5]。合并SBP的住院患者病死率可達16.0%~32.6%[5-7]。Kim 等[8]的研究顯示,延遲診斷可使SBP住院患者的死亡風(fēng)險增加2.70倍。而對于伴發(fā)膿毒性休克的肝硬化SBP患者,每延誤恰當(dāng)抗生素治療時間1 h,死亡風(fēng)險增加1.86倍[9]。因此,SBP的早期診斷具有重要的臨床意義。本文從腹水分析,血清腹水檢測,腹水病原學(xué)檢測等方面對SBP的實驗診斷進展進行綜述。
1.1 腹水分析指征 Chinnock等[10]對144例腹水患者的研究顯示,依靠醫(yī)生的臨床印象診斷SBP的敏感度為76%(95%CI:0.62~0.91),特異度為34%(95%CI:0.28~0.40),研究認(rèn)為,依據(jù)臨床特征和醫(yī)生評估不足以診斷或排除SBP。因此,SBP的診斷不僅須要依靠特征性的臨床表現(xiàn),還須排除有病因明確的感染以及胃腸道穿孔、闌尾炎、憩室炎或膽囊炎等所致的繼發(fā)性腹膜炎[1]。由于SBP的患病率較低[3-4],對于門診治療的肝硬化腹水患者,不建議進行常規(guī)腹水分析[11]。然而,對于所有肝硬化腹水的住院患者,均建議行腹水分析檢測,以便早期診斷SBP。Kim等[8]的研究顯示,入院12~72 h行腹水分析的患者,較入院12 h內(nèi)行腹水檢查的患者,死亡風(fēng)險增加2.70倍。然而,在臨床上只有60%左右的肝硬化腹水住院患者進行了腹腔穿刺術(shù)[12]。
1.2 腹水細胞計數(shù) 目前SBP實驗室診斷的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是:通過手工細胞計數(shù)法測得腹水
PMN≥250/mm3,并排除其他病因所致的繼發(fā)性腹膜炎[1]。但由于手工細胞計數(shù)與操作者的技術(shù)水平和實驗室之間的經(jīng)驗不同,可能導(dǎo)致結(jié)果的差異。實驗室廣泛并大量應(yīng)用于血細胞計數(shù)的自動化血細胞計數(shù)技術(shù)在檢測腹水PMN方面顯示出準(zhǔn)確、可靠、快速的特征[13]。Riggio等[14]對52例肝硬化患者的112例腹水標(biāo)本的研究顯示,與手工計數(shù)相比,自動化血細胞計數(shù)診斷SBP的敏感度和特異度分別為100%和97.7%,而對抗生素治療有效性的評價敏感度為91.0%,特異度為100%。
2種方法對感染控制的評價完全一致。然而,當(dāng)腹水PMN計數(shù)水平較低,如在250/mm3左右時,有出現(xiàn)假陽性的可能[15]。而且,這一檢測技術(shù)并未普遍用于腹水細胞計數(shù)中,因此目前的指南未作推薦。流式細胞術(shù)作為一種新型細胞分類計數(shù)技術(shù),可用于肝硬化腹水患者的快速腹水細胞計數(shù),其敏感度和特異度可達100%,特別是對腹水PMN計數(shù)在250/mm3以上的患者[16]。
1.3 腹水白細胞酯酶試紙條法 白細胞酯酶試紙條法最初是由Butani等[17]用于SBP的診斷。其原理是:腹水中活化的粒細胞酯酶、水解酯化的吡咯、釋放的苯基吡咯與重氮鹽發(fā)生反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致含偶氮染料的試紙條顯示出紫色改變。白細胞酯酶試紙條法在快速檢測腹水PMN計數(shù)增高方面的敏感性變異較大,但特異性較好,是一種方便、廉價、簡單并可在床旁診斷SBP的檢測技術(shù)[18],并具有較好的陰性預(yù)測值,其陰性結(jié)果可基本排除SBP的診斷[19]。
Rerknimitr 等[20]對200例肝硬化腹水患者的研究顯示,以腹水PMN計數(shù)為參照,白細胞酯酶尿量尺法1+診斷SBP的敏感度、特異度和陰性預(yù)測值分別為88.0%、81.0%和96.0%;而白細胞酯酶尿量尺法2+診斷SBP的敏感度、特異度和陰性預(yù)測值分別為63.0%、96.0%和81.0%。在Nousbaum等[21]的一項大型多中心研究中顯示,Multistix 8SG 試紙法具有較差的敏感性、陽性預(yù)測值,且不能排除感染。而Gaya等[22]對Multistix 10SG 試紙條法床旁檢測與以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的手工實驗室PMN計數(shù)法為對照的研究顯示,Multistix 10SG 試紙條法的敏感度、特異度、陽性預(yù)測值、陰性預(yù)測值和精確度分別是100%、91.0%、50.0%、100%和92.0%。研究認(rèn)為陰性結(jié)果可排除SBP的診斷,從而避免手工PMN計數(shù)。隨后的幾項研究同樣觀察到了白細胞酯酶試紙條法診斷SBP可靠的陰性預(yù)測值[23-25]。近期Thevenot等[4]發(fā)表的一項多中心研究顯示,649例肝硬化腹水患者的1402份標(biāo)本中,84份標(biāo)本診斷為SBP,其中,17份標(biāo)本來自9例門診患者,67份標(biāo)本來自31例住院患者。以腹水PMN計數(shù)>250/mm3為參照標(biāo)準(zhǔn),采用以“痕量”為陽性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的新型試紙條法診斷SBP的敏感度、特異度、陽性預(yù)測值及陰性預(yù)測值分別為91.7%、57.1%、12.0%和99.1%,并且在門診患者中,其敏感度和陰性預(yù)測值可達100%,在住院患者中分別為 89.5%和97.9%。因此研究認(rèn)為白細胞酯酶試紙條法在門診排除SBP方面快速而高效。
然而,白細胞酯酶試紙條法也存在一些不足[18],比如受腹水PMN計數(shù)水平的影響,白細胞酯酶并不特異于中性粒細胞,在很多研究中并未區(qū)分白細胞和中性粒細胞;不適用于乳糜樣腹水和結(jié)核性腹膜炎的診斷。因此該法可能更適用于急診、基層醫(yī)院等設(shè)備和人員短缺的部門或機構(gòu)[26]。
1.4 其他腹水檢查 Dang等[27]使用流式細胞儀對123例肝硬化腹水患者的標(biāo)本中檢測中性粒細胞Fcγ受體I 指數(shù),即中性粒細胞CD64指數(shù)。研究顯示中性粒細胞CD64指數(shù)與腹水PMN計數(shù)呈正相關(guān),ROC曲線下面積為 0.894,理想的診斷界值是2.02,其敏感度和特異度分別為80.49% 和93.90%,且中性粒細胞CD64指數(shù)的升高因抗生素的使用而下調(diào)。但研究數(shù)據(jù)較少,尚不適合在臨床中開展。腹水乳鐵蛋白可作為一項初步的篩查方法。乳鐵蛋白是PMN活化的產(chǎn)物和標(biāo)志物,利用乳鐵蛋白診斷SBP的敏感度和特異度分別為95.50%和97.00%[28]。但也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,其臨床應(yīng)用與手工計數(shù)相比,并未顯示出明顯的優(yōu)勢[29]。
2.1 血清-腹水蛋白梯度(serum-ascites albumin gradient, SAAG) SAAG是血清白蛋白水平與腹水白蛋白水平的差值。早期研究中,由于腹水pH值降低和乳酸脫氫酶升高可見于惡性腹水、結(jié)核性腹膜炎和胰源性腹水患者中,因此,腹水pH值降低和乳酸脫氫酶升高以及二者分別聯(lián)合SAAG均無法可靠的診斷SBP;而SAAG聯(lián)合腹水PMN計數(shù)在SBP的診斷中較為可靠[30]。SAAG>11 g/L時為高SAAG腹水,尤其是診斷門脈高壓性腹水的準(zhǔn)確度可達96%以上[31-32]。對于高SAAG腹水患者,尚須排除心功能衰竭或布-加氏綜合征等病因,而腹水總蛋白水平也須檢測。當(dāng)腹水總蛋白水平>25 g/L,常提示存在心源性腹水的可能[33]。而最近Wang等[34]的一項回顧性研究顯示,與非肝硬化心源性腹水患者相比,心源性肝硬化腹水患者的腹水蛋白水平更低,但兩者間SAAG無顯著性差異。
2.2 降鈣素原(procalcitonin, PCT) 在Lesinska等[35]的研究中,血清和腹水中PCT的濃度在SBP組和非SBP組間未發(fā)現(xiàn)顯著性差異。然而,隨后較大樣本的研究肯定了PCT在SBP診斷中的價值。Abdel-Razik等[36]對包括52例SBP和27例非SBP的肝硬化腹水患者的研究顯示,血清PCT>0.94 ng/ml,診斷SBP的敏感度和特異度分別為94.30%和91.80%。此外,腹水鈣衛(wèi)蛋白>445 ng/ml,診斷SBP的敏感度和特異度分別為95.40% 和85.20%。Yang等[37]對發(fā)表的7項關(guān)于PCT的研究進行的meta分析顯示,血清PCT診斷終末期肝病所致SBP的敏感度為82.00%(95% CI:0.79~0.87),特異度為86.00%(95% CI:0.82~0.89),ROC曲線下面積為0.92。Cai等[2]對129例肝硬化患者的隊列研究顯示,在血清PCT≥2.000 ng/ml肝硬化腹水患者中,診斷SBP的敏感度和特異度分別為68.80% 和94.20%。在吳靜等[38]的研究中,以血清PCT>0.462 ng/ml為參考值,診斷SBP的敏感度和特異度分別為83.70%和94.90%,ROC曲線下面積為0.95(95%CI:0.93~0.97)。因此,血清PCT對診斷肝硬化腹水患者SBP的診斷可能具有較大的臨床價值。
2.3 其他炎性標(biāo)志物 γ-干擾素誘導(dǎo)蛋白-10(interferon-gamma-induced protein 10, IP-10)屬趨化因子CXC家族,又稱CXCL10,由中性粒細胞、嗜酸性粒細胞、單核細胞、上皮細胞等在γ干擾素的誘導(dǎo)分泌,特異性活化CXCR3受體,而CXCR3受體主要表達于活化的T、B淋巴細胞、NK細胞、樹突樣細胞及巨噬細胞表面,體液中IP-10水平的異常可見于病毒、細菌、真菌及寄生蟲等感染[39]。Abdel-Razik等[40]對425例肝硬化腹水患者的研究顯示,血清和腹水IP-10在肝硬化合并SBP患者中明顯升高,以1915 pg/ml為界值時,血清IP-10診斷SBP的敏感度和特異度分別為91.0%和89.0%,ROC曲線下面積為0.912;以2355 pg/ml為界值時,腹水IP-10診斷SBP的敏感度和特異度分別為92.5%和87.0%,ROC曲線下面積為0.943。此外,Lesinska 等[35]對肝硬化患者血清和腹水中巨噬細胞炎癥蛋白1β(macrophage in fl ammatory protein-1 beta, MIP-1β)水平的研究顯示,當(dāng)以69.4 pg/ml為界值時,腹水MIP-1β診斷SBP的敏感度和特異度分別為80.0%和72.7%,ROC曲線下面積為0.770(95%CI:0.58~0.96),而血清MIP-1β水平診斷SBP的效度較低。這些炎癥標(biāo)志物特異性較差,且研究資料有限,限制了其臨床應(yīng)用。
3.1 腹水培養(yǎng) 腹水培養(yǎng)可為SBP的診斷獲得病原學(xué)證據(jù),并提供藥物敏感性依據(jù),對指導(dǎo)治療具有重要價值。雖然腹穿的技術(shù)是可行的,但是在腹水PMN計數(shù)增高的患者中,至少有40%的患者腹水培養(yǎng)陰性[41]。國內(nèi)的研究顯示,SBP患者腹水培養(yǎng)的陽性率僅為4.6%[38]。而腹水培養(yǎng)陰性SBP,又稱培養(yǎng)陰性中性粒細胞腹水,須要給予和腹水培養(yǎng)陽性SBP同樣的治療[42]。腹水的直接床旁接種和BACTEC培養(yǎng)瓶方法,較傳統(tǒng)方法有更高的陽性率。
3.2 腹水細菌DNA檢測 El-Naggar等[43]對34例腹水培養(yǎng)陰性無中性粒細胞增多的肝硬化患者的研究顯示,腹水細菌DNA檢測陽性患者發(fā)生肝腎綜合征、SBP及死亡風(fēng)險明顯增加。Frances等[44]對226例無腹水感染的肝硬化患者,22例肝硬化并SBP患者及10例長期口服諾氟沙星的肝硬化腹水患者的比較研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),無感染者腹水細菌DNA檢測陽性率為34%,而在并發(fā)SBP患者中檢測陽性率達100%,包括在腹水培養(yǎng)陰性的患者中。而Mortensen等[45]通過定量PCR檢測16S rDNA的方法,對38例肝硬化患者血清及腹水中細菌DNA的研究顯示,在無癥狀且培養(yǎng)陰性的SBP患者中,可發(fā)現(xiàn)細菌DNA的陽性率升高,但血和腹水標(biāo)本檢測的一致性較低,這可能提示腹水細菌DNA水平的升高,患者發(fā)生腸道菌群移位的風(fēng)險增加,而對診斷SBP的臨床價值有限。
3.3 其他病原體的檢測 由于真菌培養(yǎng)、抗酸桿菌的涂片和培養(yǎng),以及腹水細胞學(xué)檢查等檢測方法價格昂貴且陽性率低,建議臨床上用于存在結(jié)核性腹膜炎、真菌性腹膜炎或惡性腫瘤風(fēng)險的患者中??傊琒BP是肝硬化失代償患者常見且重要的并發(fā)癥,早期診斷及合理的抗生素治療對改善患者臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸具有重要意義。雖然腹水PMN計數(shù)法、腹水白細胞酯酶試紙條法、SAAG、PCT以及病原學(xué)分子生物學(xué)等實驗室診斷技術(shù)具有重要的臨床價值,但目前對于肝硬化腹水住院患者來說,積極的腹水分析,PMN手工計數(shù)及腹水培養(yǎng)仍為診斷SBP的主要手段。
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Research progress in laboratory diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
CHEN Yong, ZHANG Na, FAN Jing-jing, HAN Yong-ping, JIANG Rong-meng*
Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
, E-mail: 13911900791@163.com
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a common bur fatal complication in patients who developed cirrhosis with ascites, and can induce a high mortality in the in-hospital patients. Delaying diagnosis and lacking appropriate and timely antibiotic therapy can increase the risk of mortality significantly. Therefore, reasonable application of ascites fluid analysis, serum-ascites examination and ascites etiologic detecting technique are critical for early diagnosis of SBP. This article reviews the progress of laboratory diagnosis of SBP.
spontaneous bacterial peritonitis; decompensated cirrhosis; ascites; laboratory diagnosis
R575.2
A
1007-8134(2017)05-0310-05
10.3969/j.issn.1007-8134.2017.05.016
河北省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究重點課題計劃(20160036);張家口市科技計劃(1521072D)
075000 張家口,河北北方學(xué)院附屬第一醫(yī)院感染內(nèi)科(陳勇、張娜、范敬靜、韓永平);100015,首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京地壇醫(yī)院感染病科(蔣榮猛)
蔣榮猛,E-mail: 13911900791@163.com
(2017-03-11收稿 2017-09-02修回)
(本文編輯 胡 玫)