曾青萍

閱讀理解測試是中考英語試題的重要組成部分，占試卷中很大比分，近50%。它主要考查學生對于不同體裁或不同題材語言材料的閱讀理解能力以及捕捉閱讀材料中相關信息的能力。下面我們將結(jié)合近兩年各地區(qū)的中考真題，談談選擇型閱讀理解題的主要特點及解題技巧。

一、主要特點

1. 增加閱讀篇幅數(shù)

閱讀理解測試的分值和篇幅數(shù)增加，體現(xiàn)在閱讀材料容量大，包含的信息量大，詞匯量大；要求考生在規(guī)定的時間內(nèi)完成的閱讀材料篇幅數(shù)由三篇增加至四、五篇，每篇材料的閱讀量（不含試題部分內(nèi)容）為200～300詞。在考試時間保持不變的情況下，要求考生要有較快的閱讀速度，并向大綱要求的二級閱讀速度（每分鐘50～70詞）靠攏。

2.題材和體裁更廣泛

閱讀理解材料的選材范圍更廣：題材更加廣泛，內(nèi)容貼近生活實際，富有時代氣息；更注重實用性，有日常生活、人物傳記、故事、歷史、地理、文化習俗、科普知識、社會、電視節(jié)目介紹、廣告、電子郵件、書信、教育、醫(yī)學、天文、政治、軍事、經(jīng)濟等。涉及的體裁有說明文、記敘文和應用文，三者均占有一定的比例。

3.推理判斷題和主旨大意題增多

閱讀理解重視對事實細節(jié)的考查，如果沒有對文章中事實與細節(jié)的正確理解就難以挖掘文章的深層含義。近幾年來在閱讀理解測試中推理判斷題和主旨大意題所占分值比例逐年增大，而且題目設計巧妙，因為這更能測試考生的閱讀能力。要求考生針對閱讀材料中出現(xiàn)的事實和細節(jié)，結(jié)合上下文所提供的信息，認真細致地加以分析、判斷和推理，才能得出符合邏輯的結(jié)論或概括出文章的主旨大意。同時，閱讀理解難度呈上升趨勢。

4.語篇結(jié)構(gòu)更復雜

作者在闡述問題時使用多種語篇組織形式，文章隱含信息較多，長句和復雜結(jié)構(gòu)的語句會介入短文中，這會影響閱讀和理解。其結(jié)果是，考生讀懂了文字，但不一定能立即領悟語篇的意思，而要側(cè)重從整體上去理解語篇才行。

5.非大綱詞匯增加

猜測詞義能力是閱讀理解測試的一個方面，考查的詞匯主要是一些未學過的非大綱詞匯（學生不熟悉的新詞），但也有結(jié)合上下文猜測舊詞新義。

二、解題技巧點撥

1.細節(jié)理解題

在中考閱讀理解試題中，細節(jié)理解題占有很大的比例。它主要考查學生對文章或某一段落中的特定細節(jié)或文章的重要事實的理解能力。一般來說，此類題目屬于直接解答性問題，是閱讀理解題中最簡單的一種，多數(shù)屬于中低難度的“送分”題。

命題人在設計細節(jié)理解試題時，多使題干所設的“問題”可以直接從原文中找到。答案多數(shù)能“直截了當”地對號入座；有的試題的文字表述方式略微變換一下，考生只需稍加思考，就能很容易地得出正確答案。

其常見形式有以下兩種：

（1）是非判斷類型。

Which of the following is true？

（2）特殊疑問詞提問類型。

How many …？

What / Who / When / Where / How / Why …？

技巧點撥：

（1）是非判斷類型一般都遵循對照選項進行“三對一錯或三錯一對”的判斷。若該信息句是長句或難句，我們要學會找出其主干部分，分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，正確理解信息句的意義。一定要注意的是，要所答是所問，不要受到思維定式的影響，習慣性地選擇正確的細節(jié)事實，切記要弄清題目要求，不要所答非所問。

（2）對特殊疑問詞提問或填空類型，我們可以首先從問題中找到關鍵詞，然后以此為線索，運用略讀及查閱的技巧在文中迅速尋找這一細節(jié)，找到后再把這一部分內(nèi)容仔細閱讀一遍，仔細比較所給選項與文中細節(jié)之間一點一滴的區(qū)別。在準確理解細節(jié)的前提下，最后確定最佳答案。

【經(jīng)典題例1】（2016年菏澤卷節(jié)選，保留原題號，下同）

A new report shows what life might be like in 100 years from now. Experts on space and architecture （建筑）， and city planners gave their ideas on life in 2116. Twenty-five years ago， we could not imagine how greatly the Internet would change our lives. Now the Internet has revolutionized the way we communicate and learn. They said the changes in the next century would be even more unbelievable.

51. Who gave their ideas on life in 2116？

A. Experts and city planners.

B. Teachers and workers.

C. Researchers and 2000 adults.

【答案解析】A。根據(jù)本段“Experts on space and architecture （建筑）， and city planners gave their ideas on life in 2116.”一句可知，空間建筑專家、城市規(guī)劃者們描繪出2116年的生活場景，故選A。

【經(jīng)典題例2】（2016年大慶卷節(jié)選）

[Passage A

Yuan Longping was born in Beijing in 1930. He developed his new kind of rice in 1974， which helped many countries grow more rice than ever before. So he is called “the Father of Rice”. ]

41. According to Passage A， which sentence is right？

A. Yuan Longping is “the Grandfather of Rice”.

B. Yuan Longping was born in 1932.

C. Yuan Longping helped only one country grow more rice.

D. A new kind of rice was developed by Yuan Longping.

【答案解析】D。根據(jù)Passage A，袁隆平生于1930年，幫助多個國家培育水稻，被稱為“雜交水稻之父”。故選D。

【經(jīng)典題例3】（2016年義烏卷節(jié)選）

A new camera made by a company named Netatmo has facial recognition software （面部識別系統(tǒng)） that can tell parents at work that their children have returned from school， or that a package has been taken to their home. It can also tell them if a stranger has entered their home.

38. The new camera made by Netatmo can _____.

A. warn the strangers

B. welcome the children

C. stop the visitors

D. recognize the comers

【答案解析】D。根據(jù)該段最后一句“It can also tell them if a stranger has entered their home.”可知，這種新型的攝像頭可以對來訪者進行識別。故選D。

2.詞義猜測題

詞義猜測是指在閱讀過程中根據(jù)對語篇的信息、邏輯、背景知識及語言結(jié)構(gòu)等的綜合理解去猜測或推斷某一生詞、關鍵詞或短語的含義?？疾閮?nèi)容以名詞、名詞短語、動詞和動詞短語為主，兼顧代詞的考查；既考查生詞，也考熟詞新義。所考查的單詞或短語在文中用下畫線和粗體標明。主要有以下幾種體現(xiàn)形式：

What does the underlined word ... （in Paragraph 1/2/3） mean？

The underlined word（s） / phrase（s） mean（s） _____.

The underlined word / phrase could be replaced by _____.

Whats the meaning of the word / phrase ... as used in the passage / text？

The underlined part ... is closest in meaning to “_____”.

技巧點撥：

（1）運用構(gòu)詞法進行猜測。

英語構(gòu)詞法主要有派生、轉(zhuǎn)化和合成三種。掌握構(gòu)詞法是擴大詞匯量的一條捷徑。盡早學習基本的構(gòu)詞知識，我們不但可以較快地記住新詞，鞏固舊詞，而且還可以通過推理思考，使有限的詞匯知識服務于大量的閱讀實踐活動。

例如： We should feel the thankfulness for those who help us.

根據(jù)我們熟知的thankful（感激的、感恩的），再根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法“thankful+ness”，可知thankfulness 是名詞，意為“感恩”。

（2）根據(jù)同義詞或反義詞來判斷。

通常情況下，英語為避免重復的方法之一是利用同義詞或近義詞加以替換。一些常見的同義詞的標志詞語有or，like，similarly等。

例如：Mr. White loves to talk and his wife is similarly loquacious.

loquacious是個生詞，但根據(jù)similarly這個詞，它暗示loquacious與love to talk同義，意為“多嘴的、饒舌的”。

（3）根據(jù)定義或釋義來推測詞義。

我們有時可以在文章中找到類似that is，in other words，to mean 等標志詞，對生詞作出解釋，或用破折號、冒號和逗號等標點符號對后面的詞語來解釋說明。

例如：A hibernating animal doesnt wake in winter. That is / In other words， it sleeps in winter.

hibernating是生詞，但根據(jù)That is后面的解釋可知，hibernating意為“冬眠的”。

（4）根據(jù)常識來推測。

例如：Water usually boils at 100 centigrade.

眾所周知，水的沸點是100攝氏度，由此不難判斷出centigrade 的意思是“攝氏度”。

（5）通過因果關系來推斷詞義。

例如：The little girl was the only grandchild in the family. She was the apple of her grandparents eyes.

從上下文我們得知這個女孩是家中唯一的孫女，因而是祖父母的“掌上明珠”。

（6）通過句法功能來猜測詞義。

例如：Bananas， oranges， pineapples， coconuts and some other kinds of fruit grow in warm areas.

從句意我們不難看出pineapple，coconuts和bananas，oranges 是同類關系，即它們是生長在溫暖地帶的水果，準確地說，也就是菠蘿和椰子。

【經(jīng)典題例1】（2016年襄陽卷節(jié)選）

The waitress looked at the young man a little perplexed， not fully understanding the request. That was when the young man asked her to give the juice to the old gentleman eating his lunch outside， as well as the change （零錢） from the 20 dollars.

62. The word “perplexed” in the second paragraph probably means _____.

A. doubtful B. embarrassed

C. worried D. angry

【答案解析】A。根據(jù)該詞后面的一句話“not fully understanding the request”可知，服務員不明白年輕男子這么做的原因。doubtful“懷疑的，不確定的”；embarrassed“窘迫的”；worried“擔心的”；angry“生氣的”。故選A。

【經(jīng)典題例2】（2016年樂山卷節(jié)選）

The school wanted to help the girls build an ability to get better from setbacks quickly， so they wouldnt think it was the end of the world if they didnt do well in an exam.

64. What does the underlined word “setbacks” mean in Chinese？

A. 弱點 B. 吹噓

C. 病痛 D. 挫折

【答案解析】D。根據(jù)“... so they wouldnt think it was the end of the world if they didnt do well in an exam.”可知，即便她們沒考好，也不會覺得這就是世界末日。由此可確定：學校想幫助女孩培養(yǎng)快速從挫折中成長的能力。

【經(jīng)典題例3】（2016年衡陽卷節(jié)選）

“Everything happens for the best，” my mother said whenever things werent going my way. “Dont worry， one day your luck will change.”

I found mom was right after I finished my college education. I had decided to try for a job in a radio station. I wanted to host （主持） a sports program day. One day， I went to Chicago and knocked on the door of every station. But I got turned down every time.

In one station， a kind lady said my problem was that I hadnt got enough experience. “Get some work in a small station and work your way up，” she said.

57. The underline sentence “But I got turned down every time” in Paragraph 2 most probably means “_____”.

A. But I was successful every time

B. But I was refused every time

C. But I lost my way every time

【答案解析】B。根據(jù)上文中“I went to Chicago and knocked on the door of every station.”可知，我去芝加哥求職。再根據(jù)下文“In one station， a kind lady said my problem was that I hadnt got enough experience.”可知，我的工作經(jīng)驗不足。由此我們確定該句的意思是“但是我每次都被拒絕了”。故選B。

3.指代題

指代題考查學生在閱讀過程中，根據(jù)對語篇的信息、邏輯、背景知識及語言結(jié)構(gòu)等的綜合理解，去確定指代詞是指代某個人、物或事件等的能力。指代題一般有兩種：一種是代詞的指代（常考的有it，that，one等）；另一種是名詞的指代。所考查的部分在文中用下畫線和粗體標明。主要有以下幾種體現(xiàn)形式：

The underlined word ... in the passage refers to （指的是） _____.

What does the underlined word ... refer to in the … paragraph？

In this story the underlined word ... refers to _____.

Here ... refers to _____.

技巧點撥：

（1）首先分析前后文，明確所指代的對象是人還是物，避免誤判，要有目的地做題，才能真正做到有的放矢。

（2）若是代詞，則要明確其指代的是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞。我們一定要在理解句子意思的基礎上進行判斷，只有判斷準確，才能理解文章的意思，準確理解題目的要求。

（3）確定指代范圍。在認真閱讀的基礎上明確代詞的指代范圍。只有明確代詞所表示的具體范圍，才能搞清楚文章的邏輯關系和前后文的聯(lián)系，正確理解文章的中心思想。

【經(jīng)典題例1】（2016年宜賓卷節(jié)選）

You walk into the kitchen. You grab the milk， but a voice says， “You shouldnt drink that！” Your fridge has read the small computer chip （芯片） on the milks label （商標）， and it knows the milk is old. In 2040， every food item in the grocery store has a small chip.

51. The word “that” in Paragraph 4 refers to _____.

A. the kitchen B. the fridge

C. the milk D. the label

【答案解析】C。根據(jù)上文“You grab the milk”以及drink可確定that指代“牛奶”。

【經(jīng)典題例2】（2016年咸寧卷節(jié)選）

Making Use of Smog

SMOG （霧霾） is annoying. But what if it could be made into a diamond （鉆石）？！ A “Smog Free Tower” will try to do that although the diamonds will not be as dear as real ones. Black particles （顆粒） in smog and diamonds are mostly carbon. A designer from the Netherlands made the tower.

53. What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 2 refer to？

A. Make the diamonds seem dear.

B. Make the smog become more annoying.

C. Make the diamonds from the tower.

D. Make the carbon particles in smog into diamonds.

【答案解析】D。根據(jù)前句“SMOG （霧霾） is annoying. But what if it could be made into a diamond （鉆石）？”和下句“Black particles in smog and diamonds are mostly carbon.”可確定該詞是指“將霧霾中的碳顆粒變成鉆石”。

【經(jīng)典題例3】（2016年棗莊卷節(jié)選）

Youll soon be 84 years old. Dad， and you and I will have had 56 Fathers Days together. I didnt think that you were old. But the sad thing happened last week. I watched as you turned at the corner in your car. I didnt realize at once that it was you because the man who was driving looked so elderly.

……

Love，

Jenny

28. What do the underlined words “the man” in Paragraph 2 refer to （指）？

A. An old man. B. A car driver.

C. Jennys father. D. Jennys husband.

【答案解析】C。根據(jù)“Dad， and you and I will have had 56 Fathers Days together.”和“I watched as you turned at the corner in your car.”以及落款處的Jenny可知，坐在車里的人是Jenny的父親。故選C。

4.推理判斷題

推理判斷題是英語閱讀理解中難度較大的題型。它要求學生對文章中的內(nèi)容及作者的思路進行合理地判斷和推理，也就是要運用邏輯推理能力推斷出蘊含在文章中，然而作者卻沒有明說的事實及暗示的含義。推理判斷題有事實判斷、邏輯判斷和對作者的意圖和態(tài)度的判斷等類型。常見形式有以下幾種：

What can we get from the passage？

What can we infer （推斷） from the passage？

Where may the passage come from？

What would the writer write the passage mainly for？

Whats the writers opinion about …？

技巧點撥：

（1）事實判斷題常常針對某一個或幾個具體細節(jié)，是比較簡單的判斷。進行這種判斷，要首先在文章中找出據(jù)以判斷的有關文字，然后加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行間的意思。

（2）邏輯推斷題往往要求學生根據(jù)文章所提供的背景以及人物的表情、動作和語言來推斷出人物的態(tài)度或感覺。

（3）對作者的意圖和態(tài)度的判斷，大都要求考生就作者對論述對象持什么樣的態(tài)度作出推斷，如作者對所陳述的觀點是贊同、反對，還是猶豫不定；對記述或描寫的人、物或事件是贊頌、同情、冷漠，還是厭惡。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出來，而往往隱含在字里行間。因此，進行這種推斷時，我們既要依靠短文的主題思想作為推斷的前提，又要注意作者的措辭，尤其是形容詞一類的修飾語。

【經(jīng)典題例1】（2016年紹興卷節(jié)選）

Like her classmates， Eha loves to sing. Here， music is part of daily life. Even the students who do not study English can sing some American pop songs， such as Stand By Me， “Stand by me. Please stand， stand by me. Stand by me ...”

Iyehezkiel Parudani says the song has special meaning to the students. “In our life， we need other persons. You have to stand by me. Without you standing by me， Im meaningless.”

36. From the last two paragraphs， we can infer （推斷） that the students _____.

A. sang songs side by side

B. achieved their dreams

C. had a meaningless life

D. needed help from others

【答案解析】D。根據(jù)“In our life， we need other persons. You have to stand by me. Without you standing by me， Im meaningless.”可知，在生活中我們需要別人站在自己一邊，也就是支持自己。故選D。

【經(jīng)典題例2】（2016年江西卷節(jié)選）

So is there a connection （聯(lián)系） between traditional tattoos and fashionable tattoos？ And can you call tattoos a fashion？ Chris Rainier is an expert in tattoos and his book Ancient Monks has photos of tattoos from all over the world. He thinks people in modern societies often have tattoos because they are a connection to the trad-itional world. But tattoos arent a fashion like clothes or a haircut because you cant put them on and take them off again like a jacket or a hat. They are permanent （永久的） and for life.

74. Whats the writers opinion about tattoos？

A. Tattoos are religious in modern societies.

B. Tattoos connect tradition with fashion.

C. Tattoos are a fashion among famous people.

D. Tattoos show information about a persons hobby.

【答案解析】B。根據(jù)“But tattoos arent a fashion like clothes or a haircut because you cant put them on and take them off again like a jacket or a hat. They are permanent （永久的） and for life.”可知，B項是作者的觀點。

【經(jīng)典題例3】（2016年南充卷節(jié)選）

Later someone asked the violinist why he didnt take the lottery ticket to pay for his high education. He said， “Although I dont have much money， I live a happy life. If I lose honesty， I wont be happy forever.”

60. We can learn from the passage that the violinist was _____.

A. poor but honest

B. rich and honest

C. poor and careless

D. rich but careless

【答案解析】A。由“Although I dont have much money， I live a happy life. If I lose honesty， I wont be happy forever.”一句，我們可推斷A項是正確的。

5.主旨大意題

幾種體現(xiàn)形式：

What would be the best title （標題） for the passage？

Whats the best title of the passage？

Whats the main idea of the passage？

The passage mainly tells us _____.

技巧點撥：

（1）抓住關鍵詞，確定文章標題。

關鍵詞即在文章中反復出現(xiàn)的高頻詞，通過快速閱讀全文的方式我們不難找到。抓住關鍵詞有助于理解文章的中心思想，從而確定文章的標題。

（2）抓主題句，確定文章中心思想。

我們可以通過閱讀文章的開頭和結(jié)尾，每段的開頭、結(jié)尾等方式尋找主題句。通常情況下用演繹法撰寫的文章主題句在文章的開頭，而用歸納法撰寫的文章主題句在文章的末尾。如果文章沒有明顯的主題句，同學們可通過閱讀每段的開頭和結(jié)尾來總結(jié)文章的主題。

【經(jīng)典題例1】（2016年泰安卷節(jié)選）

A city without cars would be very strange， right？ But Venice is such a city.

Venice is in the northeast of Italy. It wasnt built on land， like Beijing or Shanghai， but on more than 110 islands. Seawater is everywhere around the city.

Even so， travel isnt that difficult. The waterways have always been the best way to get around. There are 117 waterways and more than 400 bridges that can guide you where you want to go. People in Venice move from place to place by boat.

Water makes the city special， but it is also a big problem. Sometimes tourists will have such strange experiences. One moment they walk across the Rialto Bridge， and theres nothing special. But when they come back to the bridge an hour later， its underwater and everyone is wearing rain shoes.

Once， people used too much underground water. This made the city get lower little by little. Now the city has gone down by 23 centimeters. Another problem is the rising seawater. The temperature has risen over the years. This has made ice of the Arctic Ocean （北冰洋） melt （融化）. Every year， high waters hit the city in autumn and winter. When a lot of water comes， more than half of the city is underwater.

Scientists are trying different ways to stop the city from getting even lower. The Italy government has asked some of Italys biggest companies to build the MOST project， which was planned to be built under the seawater to stop the rising water. Anyway， this project is helping solve the problem.

56. Whats the best title of this passage？

A. The Places of Interest of Venice.

B. The History of Venice.

C. The Specials and Problems of Venice.

D. The MOST Project of Venice.

【答案解析】C。本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了位于意大利西北部的水上城市威尼斯的特殊交通方式，以及這個城市面臨的一些問題，故選C。

【經(jīng)典題例2】（2016年廈門卷節(jié)選）

Lockheed Martin， American space system company （空間系統(tǒng)公司） has found a really cool way to inspire the young minds of today to the research fields in Science， Technology， Engineering and Math （STEM）.

It may look like a normal yellow bus， but all the magic happens once you get inside. Meet the “Mars （火星） Experience Bus”， part of Lockheed Martins new “Generation Beyond” national education program to get the kids joining in studying what goes on outside of our home planet. The bus offers a virtual reality （VR， 虛擬現(xiàn)實） experience making the teenagers feel like they are driving on Mars.

The VR experience was developed by taking advantage of software （軟件） created for todays best video games， so you can imagine the picture shown is top level. The kids do seem really excited to see the bus take a virtual trip on the red planet and search unknown places. Its certainly a great way of learning about the universe by virtual reality working on a common bus.

The Lockheed Martins bus will start a tour in the United States to allow kids from different parts of the country to take a ride in it. The Generation Beyond project also includes an iPhone app for IOS providing real-time information about weather reports for Mars， and theres also a free deep space course for middle school teachers and students.

61. The best title of this passage may be _____.

A. The common yellow bus

B. The mysterious red planet

C. The magic VR tour

【答案解析】C。本文主要介紹洛克希德·馬丁公司已經(jīng)找到一種激勵年輕人從事科學、技術、工程、數(shù)學等這些最具前景的專業(yè)的很酷的方式——利用神奇的虛擬現(xiàn)實技術乘坐火星體驗車。故選C。