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MSI結(jié)直腸癌的研究進(jìn)展

2017-04-01 15:16綜述審校
實(shí)用腫瘤學(xué)雜志 2017年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:微衛(wèi)星黏液甲基化

馬 悅 綜述 陶 冀 審校

MSI結(jié)直腸癌的研究進(jìn)展

馬 悅 綜述 陶 冀 審校

結(jié)直腸癌是最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,隨著生活水平的提高以及飲食習(xí)慣的西化,我國(guó)結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)病率和死亡率均有上升趨勢(shì)。結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展是一個(gè)多步驟、多基因參與的過(guò)程,目前認(rèn)為染色體不穩(wěn)定(Chromosomal instability,CIN)和微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定(Microsatellite instability,MSI)是其發(fā)生的主要基因途徑,本文就MSI結(jié)直腸癌在臨床病理及分子特征方面的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。

MSI;黏液腺癌;PD-1;CIMP;BRAF

結(jié)直腸癌(Colorectal cancer,CRC)在西方國(guó)家仍然是重大的公共衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題,在男性及女性中均為第三大常見腫瘤,5年生存率約為65%,由于篩查計(jì)劃的進(jìn)行,2015年有超過(guò)70%的新發(fā)病例接受了潛在的根治性切除[1]。盡管結(jié)直腸癌作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的疾病,但由于其具有各種基因事件的組合發(fā)生及表觀遺傳學(xué)改變等特征,因此對(duì)結(jié)直腸癌進(jìn)行更精準(zhǔn)的分型意義重大[2]。微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定(Microsatellite instability,MSI)的結(jié)直腸癌占所有結(jié)直腸癌的10%~20%,其中包括散發(fā)性結(jié)直腸癌(Sporadic colorectal cancer,SCRC)(約占12%)和遺傳性非息肉病性結(jié)直腸癌(Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer,HNPCC)/林奇綜合征(Lynch syndrome,LS)(約占3%),超過(guò)95%的HNPCC/LS表現(xiàn)為MSI,但只有10%~15%的SCRC表現(xiàn)為MSI[3]。既往研究表明MSI可作為結(jié)直腸癌的臨床病理特征及預(yù)后的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志,并且在結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展中,MSI與CpG島甲基化表型(CpG island methylator phenotype,CIMP)、鼠類肉瘤濾過(guò)性毒菌(V-raf)致癌同源體B1(BRAF)等分子表型有著密切的關(guān)系[2]。

MSI由DNA錯(cuò)配修復(fù)系統(tǒng)缺陷(Deficiency of mismatch-repair,dMMR)引起,表現(xiàn)為簡(jiǎn)單DNA序列的重復(fù)導(dǎo)致的微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)[4]。DNA錯(cuò)配修復(fù)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化保守,通過(guò)鏈間的特異性修復(fù)途徑來(lái)糾正DNA復(fù)制和校對(duì)過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的錯(cuò)配,其作用是消除復(fù)制錯(cuò)誤、維持基因組穩(wěn)定性和提高藥物的敏感性[5]。DNA錯(cuò)配修復(fù)系統(tǒng)包括hMSH2、hMSH6、hMSH3、hMLH1、hPMS、hPMS1及hMLH3等蛋白,正常的DNA MMR功能是由MMR蛋白復(fù)合物執(zhí)行的,MMR復(fù)合物由MutL同系物(MLH,PMS系列)或MutS同系物(MSH系列)異源二聚體組成。MutLa(包括MLH1-PMS2異二聚體)和MutSa(包括MSH2-MSH6異二聚體)復(fù)合物在人類DNA MMR中起著重要作用,當(dāng)DNA錯(cuò)配修復(fù)基因出現(xiàn)胚系突變時(shí)可引起這些蛋白的功能缺失從而導(dǎo)致腫瘤的發(fā)生[6-7]。微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定的結(jié)直腸癌因其獨(dú)特的基因表型而表現(xiàn)出與Lynch綜合征、黏液腺癌、程序性死亡受體1(Programmed death 1,PD-1)、CIMP及BRAF關(guān)系密切,并受到廣泛關(guān)注,本文就MSI結(jié)直腸癌的臨床病理特征及相關(guān)分子特征的研究進(jìn)展做一綜述。

1 MSI的臨床病理特征

1.1 MSI與Lynch綜合征

Lynch綜合征作為結(jié)直腸癌中特殊的一類,表現(xiàn)出明顯的基因異質(zhì)性,大多數(shù)是由DNA MMR基因(包括MLH1、MSH2、MSH6和PMS2)突變引起,幾乎不與BRAF突變同時(shí)存在,然而卻可與KRAS突變同時(shí)存在[8-9]。有研究顯示在滿足阿姆斯特丹標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的情況下,有高達(dá)88%的LS家族成員檢測(cè)到MMR基因胚系突變進(jìn)而表現(xiàn)為腫瘤的MSI狀態(tài)[6]。其中大約70%的Lynch綜合征攜帶MLH1及MSH2突變,其余的則是與MSH6及PMS2突變相關(guān)[10]。MLH1啟動(dòng)子甲基化通常發(fā)生在MSI SCRC中,但也有研究顯示LS的發(fā)生也可由MLH1突變引起,主要原因是MLH1的半等位基因甲基化導(dǎo)致了可遺傳的表觀胚系突變[7,11]。由于上皮細(xì)胞黏附分子的最后一個(gè)外顯子(EPCAM,MSH2上游的一個(gè)基因)的胚系缺失,引起了MSH2表觀遺傳的失活突變,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致了Lynch綜合征的發(fā)生[12]。LS發(fā)生的另外一種原因則是“二次打擊”學(xué)說(shuō),即在MSI Lynch綜合征中,對(duì)等位基因的二次打擊可導(dǎo)致LS的發(fā)生,而二次打擊則認(rèn)為是通過(guò)雜合性缺失(Loss of heterozygosity,LOH)、體細(xì)胞突變或啟動(dòng)子甲基化導(dǎo)致剩余的野生型等位基因的體細(xì)胞失活[13]。LS很少發(fā)生抑制基因和原癌基因的突變,相比于其他CRC,LS通常表現(xiàn)為分化程度差,且其特征為黏蛋白過(guò)量、克羅恩樣反應(yīng)及印戒細(xì)胞征象,雖然這些特征提示預(yù)后差,但在LS卻表現(xiàn)出比SCRC更長(zhǎng)的生存期,這可能是源于腫瘤浸潤(rùn)T細(xì)胞、基因組不穩(wěn)定性降低了腫瘤的生存能力及LS腫瘤的二倍體特征等因素[14]。Lynch綜合征發(fā)生的機(jī)制頗為復(fù)雜,需要更多的研究來(lái)探索其遺傳的奧秘。

1.2 MSI與黏液腺癌

MSI結(jié)直腸癌具有明顯的臨床病理特征,如表現(xiàn)為分化差或黏液腺癌、發(fā)病年齡低、預(yù)后較好及好發(fā)于右半結(jié)腸[15]。此外,既往研究報(bào)道顯示黏液腺癌也有明顯的分子特征,如MSI、CIMP及BRAF的高頻突變和APC、p53及KRAS的低頻失活突變[16]。目前認(rèn)為導(dǎo)致黏液腺癌發(fā)生的原因可分為兩類:一是腸道炎癥,二是由于錯(cuò)配修復(fù)蛋白表達(dá)缺失導(dǎo)致的MSI[17]。Jung等[18]證明不論是近端還是遠(yuǎn)端結(jié)腸甚至不論CIMP的狀態(tài),MSI都可以作為CRC細(xì)胞外黏液組織形成的重要分子預(yù)測(cè)因素。Tanaka等[19]的研究也證明了MSI在黏液腺癌更常見,其中27%的黏液腺癌表現(xiàn)為MSI,而僅有12%的非黏液腺癌表現(xiàn)為MSI。對(duì)于MSI黏液腺癌預(yù)后的探究,Yoon等[20]對(duì)2 028名CRC患者進(jìn)行了分析,其中84名患者的病理類型為黏液腺癌(即黏液成分達(dá)到50%以上),結(jié)果顯示相比于微衛(wèi)星穩(wěn)定(Microsatellite stability,MSS)的CRC,MSI CRC具有更好的4年無(wú)疾病生存期(Disease free survival,DFS)及總生存期(Overall survival,OS)。此外,Inamura等[15]對(duì)研究數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行單變量及多變量分析后證明,相比于MSS黏液腺癌,MSI黏液腺癌的腫瘤特異性死亡率更低??傮w來(lái)說(shuō),MSI結(jié)直腸癌預(yù)后較好[15],但又常表現(xiàn)為預(yù)后不良的病理類型如分化差或黏液腺癌[21],因此二者之間的關(guān)系及分子機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步研究。

2 MSI的分子特征

2.1 MSI與PD-1

既往研究證明MSI可作為抑制腫瘤PD-1途徑有效的生物學(xué)標(biāo)記[22]。PD-1是位于T細(xì)胞、B細(xì)胞、自然殺傷細(xì)胞(NK細(xì)胞)上的免疫檢查點(diǎn)受體,與其相結(jié)合的配體PD-L1則位于腫瘤或間質(zhì)細(xì)胞上,PD-1與其配體PD-L1的相互作用促進(jìn)了腫瘤免疫微環(huán)境的產(chǎn)生[23]。由于MSI CRC具有高負(fù)荷突變的特性,其產(chǎn)生的腫瘤特異性新抗原通常是MSS CRC的10~50倍,Llosa等[24]通過(guò)對(duì)結(jié)直腸癌基因組及免疫微環(huán)境的分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)在未經(jīng)過(guò)化療的原發(fā)性SCRC中有這樣一種現(xiàn)象,這表現(xiàn)為一些細(xì)胞及細(xì)胞因子的高浸潤(rùn),其中包括活化的CD8+細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞(CTL)、活化的輔助性T細(xì)胞(Th1細(xì)胞)及Th1轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(T-bet)。而這一腫瘤幾乎都表現(xiàn)為MSI。他們進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn)相比于MSS CRC,MSI CRC上調(diào)了多種免疫檢查點(diǎn)的表達(dá),這其中就包括了PD-1。Yuan等[15]在對(duì)1 450名CRC進(jìn)行研究時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)相比于MSS CRC(13.2%),約有20.6%的MSI CRC表現(xiàn)出克羅恩樣淋巴反應(yīng)、癌周淋巴細(xì)胞及腫瘤浸潤(rùn)淋巴細(xì)胞。此外,Scarpa等[25]研究了微衛(wèi)星狀態(tài)對(duì)CRC免疫反應(yīng)的影響,dMMR的腫瘤表達(dá)出更高水平的Th1及CTL,同時(shí)高表達(dá)CD80。同樣Schwitalle等也證明MSI腫瘤免疫檢查點(diǎn)蛋白(包括PD-1、PD-L1)的上調(diào)使其腫瘤細(xì)胞存活,PD-L1的表達(dá)不僅存在于腫瘤細(xì)胞中,也存在于腫瘤浸潤(rùn)淋巴結(jié)和(或)髓細(xì)胞[26]。而PD-1/PD-L1免疫療法是利用人體自身的免疫系統(tǒng)來(lái)控制癌癥,通過(guò)阻斷PD-1/PD-L1信號(hào)通路使癌細(xì)胞死亡,具有治療多種類型腫瘤的潛力[27]。

2.2 MSI與CIMP

在人類基因中CpG島所占比例高達(dá)40%~50%,CpG島是一段包含了高頻率胞嘧啶和鳥嘌呤核苷酸的基因組,在人類的腫瘤中高頻出現(xiàn)的異常CpG島甲基化稱為CIMP[28]。有研究顯示,70%~80%的MSI CRC可以歸因于CIMP和相關(guān)的MLH1甲基化,其機(jī)制就是CIMP高甲基化導(dǎo)致MLH1啟動(dòng)子甲基化,從而致使MLH1錯(cuò)配修復(fù)基因沉默,最終表現(xiàn)為MSI狀態(tài)[29]。Jung等[18]證明MLH1甲基化的狀態(tài)與CIMP CRC的異質(zhì)性有著密切的關(guān)系,MLH1沉默的CIMP陽(yáng)性CRC的特征是好發(fā)于近端結(jié)腸、微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定、超突變表型及高頻的BRAF突變,而MLH1非沉默的CIMP陽(yáng)性CRC則與高頻的KRAS及APC突變相關(guān)。CIMP陽(yáng)性的CRC也具有如下特征:預(yù)后不良,好發(fā)于女性,多位于近端結(jié)腸,分化差,印戒細(xì)胞組織類型,鋸齒狀組織,BRAF V600E突變,MSI[28,30]。既往一些關(guān)于微衛(wèi)星狀態(tài)、CIMP狀態(tài)與OS相關(guān)性的研究顯示,對(duì)于MSS的患者來(lái)說(shuō),CIMP陽(yáng)性與OS呈負(fù)相關(guān);而在MSI的患者中CIMP與OS也表現(xiàn)出一定的相關(guān)性,Ward等人發(fā)現(xiàn)CIMP陽(yáng)性與總生存期無(wú)相關(guān)性,而Rhee等人則證明二者呈負(fù)相關(guān)[31-32]。此外,Tanaka等[19]對(duì)83名SCRC的患者進(jìn)行了MSI、CIMP、BRAF、KRAS分析,其中79%的MSI表達(dá)CIMP,而只有13%的MSS表達(dá)CIMP,這預(yù)示著CIMP與MSI密切相關(guān)。

2.3 MSI與BRAF

BRAF突變?cè)诮Y(jié)直腸癌的總體突變率可達(dá)到5%~15%,可作為CRC預(yù)后不良的預(yù)測(cè)因素,尤其在MSI CRC中尤為明顯,無(wú)論是早期階段還是進(jìn)展期[33]。與LS不同,MSI SCRC中BRAF V600E的突變率可達(dá)到50%,通常伴有BRAF V600E的突變,BRAF基因第600位置的谷氨酸替代了纈氨酸從而導(dǎo)致BRAF突變,包括通過(guò)磷酸化絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MEK)的下游使MAPK途徑激活[8,34-35]。根據(jù)遺傳及表觀遺傳學(xué)可將CRC分為四個(gè)不同的分子分型(CMSs),其中具有MSI和/或BRAF V600E的CRC為CMS1,盡管這一類型的CRC具有較好的DFS,但在這四種類型中表現(xiàn)為較差的復(fù)發(fā)后生存期(Survival after relapse,SAR)[36]。在PETACC-8和N0147研究中,對(duì)3 934名患者進(jìn)行了預(yù)后分析結(jié)果顯示BRAF V600E是復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)間、SAR和OS更短的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素[37]。有趣的是在轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌(Metastatic colorectal cancer,mCRC)中,BRAF V600E突變與dMMR狀態(tài)是相反的預(yù)后因素。因此,dMMR狀態(tài)可能降低BRAF V600E mCRC的復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但是在復(fù)發(fā)后BRAF V600E積極的預(yù)后價(jià)值也許會(huì)被掩蓋,這就解釋了BRAF V600E突變與SAR及OS相關(guān),而不是DFS[34]。在一項(xiàng)綜合了CAIRO、CAIRO2、COIN和FOCUS的四項(xiàng)研究的匯總分析顯示,在dMMR mCRC中,用BRAF的狀態(tài)來(lái)分層分析,相比于BRAF野生型的mCRC來(lái)說(shuō),BRAF突變型的mCRC在中位無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期(Progression free survival,PFS)和OS上有明顯的下降。這項(xiàng)匯總分析的數(shù)據(jù)表明dMMR提示預(yù)后差的價(jià)值源于BRAF突變的狀態(tài)[35]。

3 小結(jié)與展望

盡管對(duì)于結(jié)直腸癌的研究仍在不斷的進(jìn)行著,但其發(fā)生發(fā)展的機(jī)制仍不明確,目前認(rèn)為結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展包括以下幾種機(jī)制:原癌基因的激活、腫瘤抑制基因的失活、錯(cuò)配修復(fù)基因的突變等。MSI與結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展有著密切的關(guān)系,目前MSI作為國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者公認(rèn)的腫瘤相關(guān)因素,已經(jīng)成為腫瘤領(lǐng)域的研究熱點(diǎn),對(duì)于MSI的結(jié)直腸癌來(lái)說(shuō),機(jī)制頗為復(fù)雜,本文從機(jī)制及臨床預(yù)后分別闡述了LS、黏液腺癌、PD-1、CIMP及BRAF與MSI CRC的關(guān)系,未來(lái)的目標(biāo)在于利用精準(zhǔn)醫(yī)療對(duì)患者的基因進(jìn)行分析,選出最適合患者的個(gè)體化治療方案及對(duì)患者的預(yù)后做出最準(zhǔn)確的判斷。

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(收稿:2017-02-27)

Research progress of MSI colorectal cancer

MAYue,TAOJi

Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital,Harbin 150081,China

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors,with the improvement of living standards and eating habits of Westernization.The incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer are on the rise in China.The development of colorectal cancer is a multi-step,multi-gene involved in the process.At present,chromosome instability(CIN)and microsatellite instability(MSI)are considered to be the main genetic pathways in colorectal cancer.This article reviews research progress of MSI colorectal cancer in clinical pathology and molecular characteristics.

MSI;Mucinous adenocarcinoma;PD-1;CIMP;BRAF

哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院(哈爾濱 150081)

馬悅,女,(1991-),碩士研究生,從事消化道腫瘤化療的研究。

陶冀,E-mail:taoji-66@163.com

R735.34

A

10.11904/j.issn.1002-3070.2017.04.017

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