梁語絲 譚永剛 綜述 鄒華偉 審校
低劑量化療作用機制的研究進展
梁語絲 譚永剛 綜述 鄒華偉 審校
化療是腫瘤綜合治療的主要方式之一,多年來在腫瘤治療中發(fā)揮著重要作用。但近年來低劑量化療(Low-dose chemotherapy)利用其化療藥物的作用點,采取合理的給藥方式和計劃,且相對于最大耐受劑量化療具有毒副反應(yīng)小、患者耐受性明顯提高、療效更佳等優(yōu)勢,已逐漸成為臨床中常用的治療策略。本文就低劑量化療的作用機制的研究進展做一系統(tǒng)綜述。
低劑量化療;抗血管生成;細胞凋亡
化療開始于19世紀(jì)40年代,隨著研究結(jié)果的不斷增多,在癌癥患者中實施低劑量、間隔時間短的持續(xù)化療,能得到與傳統(tǒng)化療相似甚至更好的療效和生存期,且毒副作用減少,患者耐受性明顯提高,生活質(zhì)量顯著改善,稱之為低劑量化療(Low-dose chemotherapy)。一項系統(tǒng)性回顧研究表明最常用的低劑量化療藥物是環(huán)磷酰胺(43%),低劑量化療常與其他療法結(jié)合,平均反應(yīng)率(RR)為26.03%,中位無進展生存時間(PFS)為4.6個月,平均疾病控制率(DCR)為56.3%,發(fā)生3~4級不良事件少(貧血7.78%,疲勞13.4%)[1]。
目前對于低劑量化療的研究大多數(shù)來自早期的II期研究,主要內(nèi)容為低劑量化療與傳統(tǒng)化療的預(yù)后比較以及給藥方式、副作用的比較。少數(shù)進入III期臨床試驗,其中CAIRO3研究證實轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌在使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)奧沙利鉑、卡培他濱及貝伐單抗一線治療后,采用每日口服低劑量卡培他濱聯(lián)合貝伐單抗作為維持治療的無進展生存率較單純觀察組有所提高[2]。低劑量化療一般為傳統(tǒng)劑量的1/3~1/2,采用靜脈或口服給藥方式,時間間隔短,療效相當(dāng),不良反應(yīng)少[3]。最近的一項Meta分析支持低劑量化療與常規(guī)劑量化療在抗腫瘤效果方面相似,但低劑量方案具有毒性低的優(yōu)點[4],這在乳腺癌及其他許多實體腫瘤中已經(jīng)得到證實[5-6],正在進行的SYSUCC-001試驗和IBCSG 22-00試驗明確了激素受體陰性乳腺癌患者在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輔助治療后應(yīng)用環(huán)磷酰胺聯(lián)合甲氨蝶呤低劑量維持治療的價值[7]。最近的一項研究顯示新型脂質(zhì)體阿霉素與5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)以最佳的協(xié)同比聯(lián)合,可以在低劑量下實現(xiàn)腫瘤消失[8]。有報道口服型紫杉醇生物利用度良好,低劑量口服同樣可以通過TOLL4受體發(fā)揮其抗腫瘤作用,且沒有神經(jīng)毒性[9]。即便在內(nèi)臟轉(zhuǎn)移疾病進展中,低劑量化療也有很強的抗腫瘤效應(yīng)[10]。明確低劑量化療的作用機制可以為其臨床應(yīng)用提供理論依據(jù),目前低劑量化療的作用機制可以總結(jié)為以下幾方面。
低劑量化療的作用體現(xiàn)在其促進腫瘤細胞凋亡的方面。在對HT-29結(jié)腸癌細胞的體外研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低劑量伊立替康可以通過TNF增強Bax及Caspase-9表達,并且腫瘤壞死因子相關(guān)凋亡誘導(dǎo)配體(TRAIL)協(xié)同其作用,促進大腸癌細胞凋亡[11-12]。對宮頸黏液細胞癌的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),低劑量的SN-38協(xié)同紫杉醇可有效殺傷腫瘤細胞,其中Caspase-3及Caspase-7被激活,說明低劑量的SN-38協(xié)同紫杉醇通過Caspase-3及Caspase-7誘導(dǎo)細胞凋亡[13]。但也有研究顯示高劑量化療導(dǎo)致細胞凋亡,而低劑量化療通過有絲分裂障礙導(dǎo)致細胞死亡[14-15],這一論點為進一步的實驗驗證提供了方向。
低劑量化療不僅對腫瘤細胞起作用,而且對微環(huán)境也有影響,低劑量化療藥物損害內(nèi)皮細胞的修復(fù)過程,從而導(dǎo)致抗血管生成作用[5]。血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF)是血管生成不可缺少的條件,低劑量化療可以使VEGF表達有不同程度的下降[16],通過VEGF途徑抑制了腫瘤組織中的血管生成,進而抑制腫瘤生長。Zhou等在體外對H22肝癌細胞的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低劑量順鉑通過抑制VEGF抑制血管內(nèi)皮細胞生長[17]。在小鼠模型中,低劑量多西他賽抑制VEGF表達進而抑制微血管生成,并且沒有表現(xiàn)出巨大的毒副作用[18]。在非小細胞肺癌(NSCLC)的臨床研究中同樣發(fā)現(xiàn),低劑量口服長春瑞濱可能通過抑制血管生成達到臨床療效[19]。低劑量化療在抑制血管生成方面表現(xiàn)出許多優(yōu)勢,如在HT-29結(jié)腸癌模型小白鼠中使用紫杉醇和西妥昔單抗的低劑量聯(lián)合方案,其抑制腫瘤細胞血管生成的活性比最大耐受劑量強[20],且低劑量化療可以選擇性抑制腫瘤組織中的血管形成,而對全身血管沒有抑制[21]。
低劑量化療藥物不僅通過VEGF發(fā)揮作用,在小鼠移植瘤模型的體內(nèi)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)維拉帕米聯(lián)合低劑量紫杉醇增強了其抗血管效應(yīng),說明抑制P糖蛋白(P-gp)也可能是低劑量化療抗血管生成的機制之一[22]。
除了抗血管生成作用外,低劑量化療還可以通過恢復(fù)免疫系統(tǒng)的抗腫瘤作用和誘導(dǎo)腫瘤休眠而起到免疫作用。因此,低劑量化療與靶向治療及免疫治療結(jié)合可提高其療效[5]。在老年急性白血病患者中的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低劑量化療配合免疫治療,患者體內(nèi)樹突細胞(DC)活性增強并且細胞因子表達增加[23],大部分化療藥物均可使DC細胞成熟,誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生CD8細胞,并且促進其發(fā)揮生物學(xué)功能。臨床中許多藥物如紫杉醇、環(huán)磷酰胺等在低濃度時表現(xiàn)出這方面的優(yōu)勢:高濃度的紫杉醇抑制DC成熟,而低濃度的紫杉醇不但不會對DC細胞產(chǎn)生抑制作用,反而能夠阻止腫瘤細胞對DC細胞成熟表達的抑制[24]。骨髓源性的抑制細胞(MDSC)抑制NK細胞的活性,使腫瘤細胞逃脫免疫監(jiān)視,低劑量紫杉醇使腫瘤小鼠體內(nèi)MDSC水平下降,抑制腫瘤的生長[25-26]。低劑量環(huán)磷酰胺抑制成熟結(jié)腸癌細胞生長,實時PCR分析表明,IFN-γ、TNF-α的mRNA表達增加,F(xiàn)oxp3和TGF-β表達下降,使調(diào)節(jié)T細胞發(fā)揮功能[27]。在小鼠乳腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移模型中低劑量環(huán)磷酰胺可增強TOLL受體激動劑活性及CD4、CD8、CD11的腫瘤細胞濾過效應(yīng),增強小鼠的免疫系統(tǒng)抗腫瘤能力[28]。低劑量環(huán)磷酰胺聯(lián)合吉西他濱在CT-26結(jié)腸癌小鼠模型中能夠增強抗腫瘤T細胞的免疫活性,抑制由MDSC介導(dǎo)的免疫抑制[29]。在黑色素瘤小鼠模型中,低劑量吉西他濱可增強小鼠的免疫系統(tǒng)抗腫瘤作用,且增強巨噬細胞及DC活性[30],更多低劑量化療藥物在免疫調(diào)節(jié)方面的優(yōu)勢有待進一步發(fā)掘。
低劑量化療聯(lián)合免疫治療也是未來腫瘤治療的趨勢。Nars總結(jié)得出低劑量化療可以增強免疫細胞活性,且配合免疫調(diào)節(jié)治療可以大幅度發(fā)揮免疫系統(tǒng)的功能[31]。最新的一項研究通過高通量系統(tǒng)方法分析得出低劑量化療相比最大耐受劑量化療的優(yōu)勢可能與免疫宿主效應(yīng)有關(guān)[32]??傊蛣┝炕熆赡芡ㄟ^對腫瘤組織中的血管、腫瘤細胞及免疫系統(tǒng)的作用,達到了抗腫瘤的效果,但低劑量化療的抗腫瘤作用機制龐大,仍需大量研究來闡明。
傳統(tǒng)化療殺死了一部分腫瘤細胞,但它也激活了基質(zhì),促進殘留腫瘤細胞的生長和存活,從而促進腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移。近期的一項研究表明,干細胞樣腫瘤起始細胞(TICs)的擴增導(dǎo)致了腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移及對治療的抵抗,最大耐受劑量化療誘導(dǎo)STAT-1和NF-κB活性,導(dǎo)致ELR陽性趨化因子的表達和分泌,通過CXCR-2使腫瘤細胞表型轉(zhuǎn)化為TICs,促進腫瘤細胞的侵襲性。相反,低劑量化療方案在很大程度上預(yù)防治療誘導(dǎo)的基質(zhì)ELR陽性趨化因子的旁分泌信號,從而提高治療反應(yīng)并延長帶瘤小鼠的生存[33]。說明了基質(zhì)在癌癥治療中的重要性,以及如何通過改變?nèi)砘煹膭┝坑媱潄頊p輕其對治療耐藥性的影響。另一項研究在小鼠模型的術(shù)后輔助治療中證實抑制Tie2的配體Ang2能夠有效地阻止腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移,Ang2抗體聯(lián)合低劑量化療有效而聯(lián)合最大耐受劑量無效。Ang2阻滯可能與轉(zhuǎn)移灶的炎癥終止及內(nèi)皮細胞(ECs)血管生成反應(yīng)相關(guān),降低內(nèi)皮細胞黏附分子和趨化因子的表達能夠抑制轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)巨噬細胞的補充[34]。
血管內(nèi)皮細胞被確定為神經(jīng)干細胞微環(huán)境的重要組成部分,腫瘤干細胞樣細胞(TSLC)與附近腫瘤血管的信號相互作用使其保持干細胞狀態(tài),TSLC對化療療效有重要影響。有實驗研究腦膠質(zhì)瘤中TSLC所占的比例對抗血管治療的影響,結(jié)果表明在大鼠移植膠質(zhì)瘤細胞系模型中采用單純抗血管治療或傳統(tǒng)最大耐受劑量環(huán)磷酰胺化療并不能降低腫瘤球形成單位(SFU),而抗血管治療聯(lián)合低劑量化療則引起SFU顯著減少[35]。說明低劑量化療可能通過降低腫瘤干細胞性靶向腫瘤微環(huán)境,從而實現(xiàn)抗腫瘤效應(yīng)。
低劑量化療已逐漸成為腫瘤治療學(xué)方面研究的熱點,傳統(tǒng)的化療方案副作用大,患者耐受性較差,相比較低劑量化療顯現(xiàn)出優(yōu)勢,其作用機制是研究的重點,除上述機制外,低劑量化療的作用機制還與克隆形成和抗氧化等相關(guān)[36,37],更多的機制有待進一步的試驗去發(fā)現(xiàn)。根據(jù)現(xiàn)有的研究結(jié)果我們大致可以確定低劑量化療的四個主要臨床適應(yīng)癥:難治性疾病、虛弱/晚期疾病、早期疾病及誘導(dǎo)化療后的維持治療。但低劑量化療目前缺乏大規(guī)模的臨床試驗,沒有規(guī)范化的應(yīng)用指南,其巨大的應(yīng)用潛能沒有被挖掘,如針對不同的個體,我們所采用的低劑量化療如何確定給藥劑量、方式和間隔;傳統(tǒng)化療方案耐受較好的患者使用低劑量化療是否也能有較好的治療效果;采用低劑量化療對患者總生存是否有影響;低劑量化療與靶向治療及免疫療法的聯(lián)合策略等,這些都有待進一步研究。因此,研究低劑量化療的機制并將其應(yīng)用于臨床,根據(jù)大量臨床經(jīng)驗制定低劑量化療的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方案是未來的研究方向。
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Researchprogressonmechanismoflow-dosechemotherapy
LIANGYusi,TANYonggang,ZOUHuawei
Department of Oncology,Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University,Shenyang 110022,China
Chemotherapy is one of the main ways for comprehensive treatment of tumors,and has played an important role in tumor treatment for many years.However,in recent years,low-dose chemotherapy(Low-dose chemotherapy) has gradually become a clinical treatment strategy commonly used to taken a reasonable mode of administration and planning,relative to the maximum tolerated dose of chemotherapy with small side effects,patient tolerance significantly improved,better efficacy and other.In this paper,the mechanism of low-dose chemotherapy on the progress is reviewed systematicly.
Low-dose chemotherapy;Anti-angiogenesis;Cell apoptosis
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項目(81472806)
中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院腫瘤科(沈陽 110022)
梁語絲,女,(1989-),碩士,住院醫(yī)師,從事惡性腫瘤耐藥機制及逆轉(zhuǎn)耐藥策略的研究。
鄒華偉,E-mail:zouhw@sj-hospital.org
R730.53
A
10.11904/j.issn.1002-3070.2017.06.011
(收稿:2017-06-11)