樊勝明,沈國新,胡金靈,劉君義
(浙江省安吉縣人民醫(yī)院 外二科,浙江 安吉 313300)
遠(yuǎn)端胰腺切除是治療胰體尾腫瘤的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)術(shù)式。隨著技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥已經(jīng)顯著減少,微創(chuàng)技術(shù)在外科手術(shù)中越來越普遍,與開腹手術(shù)相比,腹腔鏡遠(yuǎn)端胰腺切除具有術(shù)中出血少,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥少,住院時(shí)間短等優(yōu)勢[1]。盡管優(yōu)點(diǎn)很多,但是術(shù)后并發(fā)癥仍然在30%~40%,最常見的并發(fā)癥是胰瘺,胰瘺可以進(jìn)一步增加其他并發(fā)癥,例如腹腔膿腫、腹腔感染、敗血癥、出血等[2-3]。許多外科技術(shù)及方法被探索來阻止胰瘺發(fā)生[4-5],但目前為止,仍未達(dá)成共識。本研究對我院自2010年2月—2016年5月所實(shí)施的遠(yuǎn)端胰腺切除術(shù)患者臨床資料作回顧性分析,以探討影響遠(yuǎn)端胰腺切除術(shù)后胰瘺發(fā)生的因素。
經(jīng)我院倫理委員會批準(zhǔn),回顧性分析安吉縣人民醫(yī)院100例行遠(yuǎn)端胰腺切除患者臨床病理資料,主要包括性別、年齡、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)、手術(shù)方式、胰腺殘端處理技術(shù)、術(shù)中出血、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后病理、術(shù)后胰瘺等。
1.2.1 手術(shù)方法 首先分離胃結(jié)腸韌帶,暴露胰腺,游離胰腺上緣,依次暴露肝總動脈,脾動脈。分離胰腺下緣,暴露腸系膜下靜脈,門靜脈,于腸系膜下靜脈上方貫通胰腺后方,采用超聲刀或者腹腔鏡直線切割閉合器(ETHICON ENDOSURGERY,EC60A)離斷胰腺,沿胰腺及脾動靜脈繼續(xù)分離。根據(jù)胰腺腫瘤性質(zhì)或脾臟血供情況決定是否切除脾臟。超聲刀切斷胰腺殘端采用5-0 prolene線(ETHICON)行連續(xù)鎖邊縫合,胰管單獨(dú)縫扎。
1.2.2 圍手術(shù)期處理 所有患者術(shù)前完善CT或MRI檢查,明確診斷,完成術(shù)前評估,術(shù)前均接受預(yù)防性抗生素,術(shù)后生長抑素根據(jù)引流液淀粉酶情況使用,術(shù)后3~7 d內(nèi)完成CT評估腹腔情況,引流管根據(jù)術(shù)后引流量及淀粉酶情況拔除。
根據(jù)國際胰瘺研究小組(ISGPF)的定義[6]來確定患者術(shù)后是否有胰瘺及其分級情況,其定義為:手術(shù)3 d后(含術(shù)后第3天)任何可測量容積的引流液的淀粉酶值超過血清淀粉酶值的3倍。A級:短暫的胰瘺,無臨床意義,對治療和住院時(shí)間無影響;B級:需對癥治療,延長住院時(shí)間,但經(jīng)原位引流可治愈;C級:需經(jīng)皮穿刺置管引流腹腔積液,或再次手術(shù),并可能導(dǎo)致敗血癥和多器官功能衰竭,需要重癥監(jiān)護(hù)。B級和C級胰瘺被認(rèn)為是有臨床意義的胰瘺。
由于目前缺乏客觀的胰腺質(zhì)地評估方法,胰腺質(zhì)地按兩種方式主管評估,并按胰腺纖維化硬度分為軟,硬(包括正常胰腺質(zhì)地),開腹手術(shù)中有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的外科醫(yī)師對胰腺質(zhì)地評估,腹腔鏡手術(shù)由有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的外科醫(yī)師對胰腺質(zhì)地通過器械評估。隨后由有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的病理科醫(yī)師對胰腺殘端進(jìn)行主觀性硬度評估。
采用SPSS 22.0 統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析。計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示。單因素分析采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher確切概率法。多因素分析采用二元Logistic回歸分析,將單因素分析中P<0.05或查閱文獻(xiàn)及臨床實(shí)踐中認(rèn)為有意義的變量納入,進(jìn)行多因素分析,采用逐步進(jìn)入法,計(jì)算OR值,95% CI及P值。以P<0.05作為有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異的界值。
100例患者被實(shí)施遠(yuǎn)端胰腺切除術(shù),其中60例開腹手術(shù),40例腹腔鏡手術(shù)。其中男36例,女64例;年齡(21~79)歲,平均(50.99±15.79)歲;平均體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)為(22.00±3.08)kg/m2;腫瘤平均大小(4.34±2.39)cm;24例為惡性腫瘤,12例為交界性腫瘤,64例為良性腫瘤;平均手術(shù)時(shí)間(169.01±53.99)min;平均術(shù)中出血量(77.90±66.80)mL;43例行脾臟切除,57例行保脾手術(shù),腹腔鏡下保脾手術(shù)26例,脾臟切除14例;平均住院時(shí)間(9.36±3.38)d。術(shù)后胰瘺發(fā)生率為32%(32例),18例為A級胰瘺,有臨床意義的有為14例,其中8例為B級胰瘺,6例為C級胰瘺。1例術(shù)后死亡,7例再次入院,其中2例因腹腔出血再次手術(shù),4例因腹腔積液,3例行經(jīng)皮置管腹腔積液穿刺引流。
單因素分析中,BMI與胰瘺有關(guān)(χ2=4.128,P=0.042),但與有臨床意義的胰瘺無關(guān)(χ2=1.545,P=0.214);胰腺質(zhì)地與胰瘺及有臨床意義的胰瘺均明顯有關(guān)(χ2=4.569,P=0.033;χ2=11.374,P=0.001);年齡、性別、手術(shù)方式、胰腺殘端處理方式、手術(shù)時(shí)間、腫瘤大小均與胰瘺的發(fā)生無明顯關(guān)系(均P>0.05)(表1-2)。
表2 有臨床意義術(shù)后胰瘺(B/C級)影響因素的單變量分析Table 2 Univariate analysis of the influential factors for clinically signi ficant postoperative pancreatic fistula(grade B/C)
將單因素分析中P<0.05因素及可能相關(guān)的因素如胰腺殘端處理方式納入多因素分析。分析發(fā)現(xiàn)胰腺質(zhì)地是胰瘺及有臨床意義的胰瘺唯一的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(OR=2.476,P=0.043;OR=8.012,P=0.003)(表3-4)。
表3 術(shù)后胰瘺影響因素的多變量分析Table 3 Multivariate analysis of the influential factors for postoperative pancreatic fistula
表4 有臨床意義術(shù)后胰瘺(B/C級)影響因素的多變量分析Table 4 Multivariate analysis of the influential factors for clinically signi ficant postoperative pancreatic fistula(grade B/C)
采用不同的胰瘺定義,遠(yuǎn)端胰腺切除術(shù)術(shù)后胰瘺發(fā)生率為3.7%~68.5%[8],國際胰瘺研究組根據(jù)淀粉酶及臨床嚴(yán)重程度定義了胰瘺及胰瘺分級[6]。根據(jù)ISGPF,本研究胰瘺率為32%,其中A級胰瘺率18%,有臨床意義的胰瘺(B、C級)胰瘺率14%,這與以往報(bào)道[1,9]的胰瘺發(fā)生率基本相似。隨著微創(chuàng)技術(shù)發(fā)展,近2年來腹腔鏡遠(yuǎn)端胰腺切除術(shù)在我院已開展40例,腹腔鏡手術(shù)較開腹手術(shù)有很多優(yōu)點(diǎn),但與其他研究[10-11]相同,開腹與腹腔鏡對胰瘺發(fā)生率無明顯影響。影響術(shù)后胰瘺的因素有很多,如患者自身因素(年齡、性別),疾病相關(guān)因素(胰腺質(zhì)地、胰管大?。┦中g(shù)因素(手術(shù)時(shí)間,胰腺殘端處理),及外科醫(yī)生經(jīng)驗(yàn)[12-14]。但到目前為止,沒有一個(gè)很好的方法來阻止胰瘺[15]。
胰腺殘端處理目前被認(rèn)為阻止胰瘺最有效的方法,報(bào)道最多的是縫線與縫釘,另外還有射頻消融,生物黏合劑等[5,16]。多個(gè)系統(tǒng)分析及隨機(jī)對照實(shí)驗(yàn)[4,17]表明縫線與縫釘對術(shù)后胰瘺的影響是沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的,但縫釘還是被認(rèn)為是簡單,安全的,特別是腹腔鏡手術(shù)中[18]。本研究46例手術(shù)使用縫線關(guān)閉胰腺殘端,54例使用縫釘封閉殘端,經(jīng)分析胰腺殘端的處理方式對胰瘺發(fā)生無明顯影響。
Weber等[19]報(bào)道BMI>27 kg/m2是腹腔鏡遠(yuǎn)端胰腺切除術(shù)后胰瘺發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因子。BMI>25 kg/m2會增加開腹遠(yuǎn)端胰腺切除術(shù)后的腹腔內(nèi)并發(fā)癥、胰瘺、病死率[20]。本研究根據(jù)WHO標(biāo)準(zhǔn)認(rèn)為BMI>25 kg/m2為超重,在單因素分析中發(fā)現(xiàn)BMI≥25 kg/m2與術(shù)后胰瘺相關(guān)。較高的體質(zhì)量指數(shù)會導(dǎo)致胰腺小葉、小葉間及整個(gè)胰腺的脂肪生長,過多的脂肪會導(dǎo)致胰腺質(zhì)地變軟[21],在本研究中胰腺質(zhì)地軟是胰瘺及有臨床意義的胰瘺發(fā)生的唯一風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。軟胰腺質(zhì)地是胰瘺的影響因素報(bào)道較少[22-23]。軟的胰腺使用縫釘后胰瘺概率會更大,Unek等[23]認(rèn)為軟胰腺質(zhì)地是胰瘺的危險(xiǎn)因素(OR=12.420,P=0.048),”U”型縫合可以減少胰瘺的發(fā)生。本研究采用連續(xù)鎖邊縫合,未嘗試U型縫合技術(shù)。在軟的胰腺質(zhì)地中可以嘗試使用。但目前胰腺軟硬無客觀的評價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),目前主要通過主觀評估[24]。因此胰腺軟硬客觀評估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有待進(jìn)一步研究,在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步評估胰腺軟硬對胰瘺的影響及控制方法。
本研究為回顧行研究,存在一定偏倚,很多其他可能影響因素未能詳細(xì)記錄,如胰腺厚度等。目前沒有統(tǒng)一的共識去阻止胰瘺發(fā)生,這需要進(jìn)一步隨機(jī)對照實(shí)驗(yàn)等研究。
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