李景德,張曼,李卉
(1.錦州醫(yī)科大學(xué)研究生院,遼寧錦州121000;2.沈陽醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬中心醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科)
?;⒎酋;痝hrelin與動脈粥樣硬化的關(guān)系
李景德1,張曼2*,李卉2
(1.錦州醫(yī)科大學(xué)研究生院,遼寧錦州121000;2.沈陽醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬中心醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科)
ghrelin是生長激素促分泌物受體的內(nèi)源性配體,具有多種生物學(xué)作用,包括促進(jìn)生長激素釋放、調(diào)節(jié)攝食和糖脂代謝、保護(hù)心血管系統(tǒng)等。體內(nèi)ghrelin以酰基化和非?;瘍煞N形式存在,具有各自的生物功能。酰基化和非?;痝hrelin與動脈粥樣硬化及動脈粥樣硬化的危險因素之間存在不同的關(guān)聯(lián),在動脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)展中起到不同作用。
?;痝hrelin;非酰基化ghrelin;動脈粥樣硬化
ghrelin包含28個氨基酸,N端第3位絲氨酸殘基的N辛酞化是其生物活性的必要修飾,以?;头酋;瘍煞N形式存在。ghrelin的N末端第3位絲氨酸由脂肪酸鏈(C7H15CO)修飾,被稱為?;痝hrelin[1];非?;痝hrelin沒有脂肪酸鏈的修飾。ghrelin首先在小鼠的胃組織中發(fā)現(xiàn),大部分由胃底黏膜的x/a樣細(xì)胞分泌,除了胃以外的腸道組織中也有g(shù)hrelin表達(dá),在中樞神經(jīng)組織中也含有g(shù)hrelin[2-3]。ghrelin可以刺激生長激素、促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素、皮質(zhì)醇、催乳素的分泌[4-6],還可增加進(jìn)食、減少能量消耗,也可促進(jìn)成骨細(xì)胞的增殖和分化[7]。ghrelin在心血管系統(tǒng)廣泛分布,起到防止缺血/再灌注損傷,減弱心肌梗死后左室重構(gòu),提高左室功能等作用[8]。ghrelin可以調(diào)節(jié)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞功能[9-10],阻止動脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)展,同時起到抑制血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡的作用[11]。本文就?;头酋;痝hrelin與動脈粥樣硬化的危險因數(shù)的關(guān)系進(jìn)行綜述。
?;痝hrelin被認(rèn)為是體內(nèi)具有生物學(xué)活性的ghrelin,但研究表明非?;痝hrelin也具有生物學(xué)活性[12-14]。?;c非?;痝hrelin存在不同的生物學(xué)活性[15],在某些方面起到協(xié)同作用,而在有些方面起到拮抗作用[16]。Rodríguez等[17]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)酰基化和非?;膅hrelin均可以直接刺激人類內(nèi)臟脂肪細(xì)胞脂質(zhì)的積累,減少脂肪分解相關(guān)蛋白,從而減少脂肪的分解。給小鼠注射?;痝hrelin后可以明顯提高小鼠食物攝入量,?;c非?;痝hrelin同時注射時可以消除這種提高食物攝入的效應(yīng);單獨應(yīng)用?;头酋;痝hrelin都能刺激弓狀核神經(jīng)元活動,而兩者同時注射時神經(jīng)活動減少。Inhoff等[18]認(rèn)為非?;痝hrelin通過抑制?;痝hrelin介導(dǎo)的弓狀核神經(jīng)元活動,來抑制食物攝入量。非?;痝hrelin在肥胖型代謝綜合征患者體內(nèi)含量較低,酰基化ghrelin在肥胖型和非肥胖型患者體內(nèi)水平相當(dāng)[19]。在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),非?;痝hrelin可以直接使下丘腦神經(jīng)元的活動增加,調(diào)節(jié)下丘腦腎上腺皮質(zhì)信號系統(tǒng),從而調(diào)節(jié)體內(nèi)能量平衡,非酰基化ghrelin可以抵消?;痝hrelin在室旁核和孤束核的中樞神經(jīng)功能[20]。
ghrelin與動脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生發(fā)展存在相關(guān)性[21]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟病的嚴(yán)重程度與血清ghrelin水平呈負(fù)相關(guān)[22]。在代謝綜合征的老年人中,頸動脈內(nèi)中膜的厚度與血清總ghrelin水平呈負(fù)相關(guān)[23]。通過研究ghrelin受體缺乏的小鼠,發(fā)現(xiàn)ghrelin受體缺乏會加重動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的不穩(wěn)定,同時也會加重血管炎癥反應(yīng)[24]。在ghrelin的兩種類型中,非?;痝hrelin與頸動脈內(nèi)中膜的厚度呈負(fù)相關(guān),并在動脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)展過程中起控制作用[25]。而P?ykk?等[26]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)血清ghrelin水平與頸動脈粥樣硬化呈正相關(guān),即使調(diào)整與動脈粥樣硬化相關(guān)的危險因素(年齡、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇、高血壓和吸煙等)的影響后這種相關(guān)性依然存在,可能是與動脈粥樣硬化后ghrelin反應(yīng)性的增高有關(guān)。動脈粥樣硬化與ghrelin之間的關(guān)系需要進(jìn)一步研究。
3.1 ghrelin與血壓高血壓與動脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生密切相關(guān),而ghrelin與血壓水平相關(guān)[27],ghrelin參與血壓的調(diào)節(jié)。給健康志愿者應(yīng)用ghrelin后會發(fā)現(xiàn)血壓和心率降低,血壓和心率的降低可能與交感神經(jīng)活動被抑制有關(guān)[28]。除了降低交感神經(jīng)活動,ghrelin還可以調(diào)節(jié)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能。Kleinz等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn)ghrelin在人的動脈、靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞以及培養(yǎng)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的分泌囊泡中表達(dá),可以有力地逆轉(zhuǎn)內(nèi)皮素引起的血管收縮效應(yīng),同時發(fā)現(xiàn)?;头酋;膅hrelin都可以通過ghrelin受體介導(dǎo)血管舒張反應(yīng)。此外,ghrelin可以調(diào)節(jié)內(nèi)皮素和一氧化氮(NO)之間的平衡,恢復(fù)血管收縮和血管舒張之間的平衡來維持血管的穩(wěn)態(tài),ghrelin可以使內(nèi)皮素表達(dá)下調(diào),同時使NO增加,NO可以抑制內(nèi)皮素的產(chǎn)生,從而降低內(nèi)皮素介導(dǎo)的血管收縮[30]。ghrelin可通過磷脂酰肌醇激酶途徑激活內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的NO合酶,刺激NO的產(chǎn)生、提高NO生物活性[31]。Yano等[32]發(fā)現(xiàn)在發(fā)生心血管事件的老年高血壓患者體內(nèi)非酰基化ghrelin水平較低,非?;痝hrelin可以通過增加血管NO的生物活性改善內(nèi)皮功能障礙,NO具有抗動脈粥樣硬化和穩(wěn)定斑塊的作用,包括:調(diào)節(jié)血管張力和血管壁壓力,擴(kuò)張外周血管,降低外周阻力[31]。
3.2 ghrelin與脂質(zhì)代謝脂質(zhì)代謝異常是動脈粥樣硬化的危險因素。其中高密度脂蛋白膽固醇是心血管的保護(hù)因素,體內(nèi)低水平的高密度脂蛋白膽固醇是心血管疾病的獨立危險因素[33]。Nogueira等[34]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)非?;痝hrelin與肥胖患者體內(nèi)低水平的高密度脂蛋白膽固醇相關(guān),非?;痝hrelin可能導(dǎo)致低水平的高密度脂蛋白膽固醇,ghrelin可能直接參與高密度脂蛋白的代謝。在基因研究中,發(fā)現(xiàn)ghrelin基因在啟動子區(qū)域的多態(tài)性與血漿高密度脂蛋白膽固醇的水平相關(guān)[35]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)血清ghrelin的水平與甘油三酯、總膽固醇呈負(fù)相關(guān)[36]。在更年期女性中,ghrelin水平的增加與低密度脂蛋白膽固醇的增加有關(guān)[37]。ghrelin與脂質(zhì)代謝的關(guān)系,可能與甘油三酯脂蛋白轉(zhuǎn)運?;痝hrelin,高密度脂蛋白和極低密度脂蛋白參與?;头酋;痝hrelin的轉(zhuǎn)運有關(guān)[38]。ghrelin與脂質(zhì)代謝的關(guān)系及其對動脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)展的影響需要深入研究。
3.3 ghrelin的抗炎、抗纖維化及抗細(xì)胞凋亡作用研究表明ghrelin可以抑制炎癥反應(yīng)和核因子κB(NF-κB)的活動[39]。給急性心肌梗死的大鼠模型應(yīng)用ghrelin后,發(fā)現(xiàn)可以明顯降低心室重構(gòu),與ghrelin抑制炎癥反應(yīng)有關(guān),ghrelin可以降低白細(xì)胞介素1β(IL-1β)和腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)的mRNA以及蛋白的水平[40]。ghrelin通過阻止NF-κB的激活,抑制微血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能障礙和炎癥反應(yīng)[41]。在人臍靜脈細(xì)胞,ghrelin可阻止血管緊張素Ⅱ介導(dǎo)的IL-8、TNF-α的表達(dá)以及降低NF-κB的活性[42]。ghrelin可以阻止血管緊張素Ⅱ介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡,通過下調(diào)血管緊張素Ⅱ受體的表達(dá)和阻止內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激途徑的激活起抗凋亡作用[43]。?;c非酰基化ghrelin具有抗纖維化作用,具體機(jī)制不清,可能與ghrelin的抗細(xì)胞凋亡和抗炎作用有關(guān)[44]。ghrelin的抗炎、抗纖維化及抗細(xì)胞凋亡功能對血管起保護(hù)作用。
綜上所述,ghrelin調(diào)節(jié)血壓,參與脂質(zhì)代謝,同時起到抗炎、抗纖維化、抗細(xì)胞凋亡的作用,從而保護(hù)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,在防止動脈粥樣硬化的過程中起到一定的作用。酰基化與非?;痝hrelin具有不同的生物活性,對動脈粥樣硬化發(fā)展的作用需要進(jìn)一步深入研究。
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Relationshipsbetween Acylated and Unacylated Ghrelin and Atherosclerosis
LIJingde1,ZHANGMan2*,LIHui2
(1.Graduate School,Jinzhou Medical University,Jinzhou 121000,China;2.Department of Cardiology,The Central Hospital Affiliated to ShenyangMedicalCollege)
Ghrelin is a natural endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor and has various biological functions such as promoting the release of growth hormone,regulation of appetite and metabolism of glucose and lipid,and protective effects on the cardiovascular system.Acylated and unacylated ghrelin are different forms of ghrelin.They have different biological effect respectively.Acylated and unacylated ghrelin have different relationships with atherosclerosis and its related risk factorsand play different roles in the developmentofatherosclerosis.
acylated ghrelin;unacylated ghrelin;atherosclerosis
R543.5
A
1008-2344(2017)03-0287-03
10.16753/j.cnki.1008-2344.2017.03.032
2016-11-17
(文敏編輯)
張曼(1973—),女(漢),主任醫(yī)師,研究方向:冠心病的機(jī)制學(xué)研究.E-mail:zhangm0046@163.com