劉尚雨,劉志敏,糜家睿,楊繩文, 華偉,張澍
臨床研究
心房顫動(dòng)對心臟再同步化治療患者臨床預(yù)后的影響
劉尚雨,劉志敏,糜家睿,楊繩文, 華偉,張澍
目的:探討心臟再同步化治療(CRT)患者合并心房顫動(dòng)(房顫)的臨床特征,并分析房顫對CRT患者臨床預(yù)后的影響。
心房顫動(dòng);心臟再同步治療;死亡率
(Chinese Circulation Journal, 2016,31:256.)
心力衰竭(心衰)是指由于心臟的收縮和(或)舒張功能減低,從而引起心臟循環(huán)障礙的終末階段,發(fā)生率高且預(yù)后不良。心臟再同步化治療(cardiac resynchronization therapy,CRT)可有效同步心房心室,并能讓雙心室協(xié)調(diào)收縮,提高泵血效率,改善心衰患者的心功能,從而延長患者生存期,改善患者生存質(zhì)量。心房顫動(dòng)(房顫)是一種以快速、無序心房電活動(dòng)為特征的室上性快速性心律失常[1]。研究表明,大約30%的心衰患者會(huì)合并房顫,心衰患者中合并房顫是不良預(yù)后的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[2]。理論上,CRT患者合并房顫會(huì)降低心臟的同步化收縮比例,但是否影響患者的臨床預(yù)后目前并沒有明確的證據(jù)。本研究旨在探討CRT合并房顫患者的心衰再住院和全因死亡情況,評估房顫對CRT患者臨床預(yù)后的影響。
回顧性選取 2010-01至2014-12在阜外醫(yī)院心律失常中心行首次CRT植入術(shù)264例患者的病歷資料,排除隨訪過程中新發(fā)生房顫患者,最終納入258例患者。所有患者均符合2013年歐洲心律學(xué)會(huì)/ 歐洲心臟病學(xué)會(huì)(EHRA/ESC)心臟起搏器和心臟再同步治療指南推薦的CRT適應(yīng)證[3],且均簽署知情同意書。將患者根據(jù)既往是否患有房顫分為無房顫組(216例)、房顫組(42例)。
數(shù)據(jù)收集:通過阜外醫(yī)院電子住院病歷系統(tǒng)收集患者的人口學(xué)資料(年齡、性別、體重、身高)、生活方式(吸煙史、飲酒史)、基礎(chǔ)心臟疾病(冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟?。殡S疾?。ǜ哐獕?、糖尿病、卒中、室性心律失常)、紐約心臟病學(xué)會(huì)(NYHA)心功能分級、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查、心電圖(入院心電圖、術(shù)后心電圖)、超聲心動(dòng)圖、術(shù)后用藥(鈣通道阻滯劑、螺內(nèi)酯、洋地黃類、胺碘酮等)并對患者行電話隨訪。定義隨訪終點(diǎn)為心衰再住院(多次住院只計(jì)算1次)和全因死亡(包括心臟移植)。
實(shí)驗(yàn)室及影像檢查:采集患者入院第2天空腹靜脈血,測定血常規(guī)、血生化、血沉、大內(nèi)皮素、高敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(hs-CRP)、N末端B型利鈉肽原(NT-proBNP)。采用GE公司的Vivid7型彩色多普勒超聲心動(dòng)儀,于胸骨旁左心室長軸切面采集左心房直徑(LAd)、左心室舒張末期內(nèi)徑(LVEDd)、左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)等指標(biāo);LVEF測定采用Simpson雙平面法。入院及術(shù)后心電圖QRS波寬度為I、aVF、V1導(dǎo)聯(lián)QRS波寬度的平均值。
統(tǒng)計(jì)分析:采用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件。計(jì)量資料呈正態(tài)分布用表示,比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);偏態(tài)分布資料用中位數(shù)(四分位數(shù)間距)表示,比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料用M(百分比)表示,比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。對NT-proBNP行對數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換為正態(tài)分布的LgNT-proBNP。生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法和log-rank檢驗(yàn);采用單因素和多因素Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸模型分析合并房顫對CRT植入患者臨床終點(diǎn)的預(yù)測作用。雙側(cè)P< 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
基本情況:258例患者平均年齡59(24~88)歲,男性173例(67.1%),女性85例(32.9%),合并房顫42例(16.3%);心臟基礎(chǔ)病方面:擴(kuò)張性心肌病190例(73.6%),缺血性心臟病48例(18.6%),酒精性心肌病8例(3.1%),心臟瓣膜病8例(3.1%),高血壓心肌病2例(0.8%),肥厚性心肌病1例(0.4%),圍產(chǎn)期心肌病1例(0.4%);患者終點(diǎn)事件:死亡(不含心臟移植)33例(12.8%),心臟移植5例(1.9%),心衰再住院72例(27.9%)。中位隨訪時(shí)間22個(gè)月。
無房顫組和房顫組基線資料比較(表1):與無房顫組比較,房顫組患者年齡較大,男性比例較高,左束支傳導(dǎo)阻滯(LBBB)比例、估計(jì)腎小球?yàn)V過率(eGFR)較低,血肌酐、血尿酸、大內(nèi)皮素、超聲LAd、胺碘酮使用比例較高,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05)。
生存分析:房顫組患者心衰再住院率顯著高于非房顫組(χ2= 6.651,P=0.010,圖1),全因死亡率與非房顫組相比無明顯差異(χ2=0.528,P=0.468,圖2)。
單因素分析顯示:房顫、非左束支傳導(dǎo)阻滯、血肌酐高、大內(nèi)皮素高、左心房大對心衰再住院有顯著影響;血肌酐高、大內(nèi)皮素高、左心房大對全因死亡有顯著影響;房顫不是全因死亡的危險(xiǎn)因素[HR = 1.333,95%可信區(qū)間(CI): 0.611~2.910,P=0.471]。多因素分析顯示:房顫不是心衰再住院的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(HR = 1.291,95% CI: 0.727~2.293,P=0.383);但左心房大(HR = 1.041,95% CI: 1.007~1.075,P=0.018)是心衰再住院的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,左心房大 (HR = 1.045,95% CI: 1.001~1.091,P=0.048)和血肌酐高(HR = 1.008,95% CI: 1.001~1.015,P=0.035)是全因死亡的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(表2、3)。
表1 心臟再同步化治療患者基線資料比較
圖1 心臟再同步化治療患者心衰再入院曲線
圖2 心臟再同步化治療患者Kaplan-Meier生存曲線
表2 單因素和多因素Cox回歸分析心臟再同步化治療患者心衰再住院影響因素
表3 單因素和多因素Cox回歸分析心臟再同步化治療患者全因死亡影響因素
臨床上心衰和房顫常同時(shí)發(fā)生并相互加重[4]。心衰的發(fā)生導(dǎo)致LVEF降低和水鈉潴留會(huì)相對增加心房的負(fù)荷,引起心房機(jī)械和電重構(gòu);房顫發(fā)生時(shí)心房功能的紊亂不僅使心臟損失舒張期25%左右的血液充盈量,房顫下傳引起的快心室率也會(huì)導(dǎo)致心輸出量的進(jìn)一步下降,加重心衰的發(fā)生[5]。
CRT已被認(rèn)為是在最優(yōu)化的抗心衰藥物治療基礎(chǔ)上改善心衰患者臨床預(yù)后的重要手段之一。CRT可同步雙心室收縮,提高心臟工作效率,改善心室重構(gòu)[6-8]。對于CRT患者,在房顫發(fā)生時(shí)快速的心房率及房室傳導(dǎo)時(shí)間的不定會(huì)影響心室的起搏比例,另外LBBB的患者由于右室的快速提前起搏也會(huì)降低雙心室的起搏同步化。為了減小房顫對心室收縮同步化的影響,2013年EHRA/ESC心臟起搏器和心臟再同步化治療指南[3]建議對于房顫患者可通過房室結(jié)消融打斷生理性的房室傳導(dǎo),由起搏器同步房室收縮。起搏器在感知心房高頻事件時(shí)自動(dòng)發(fā)生模式轉(zhuǎn)換,雙心室按設(shè)定頻率起搏以控制心室率和雙心室收縮的同步化,從而最大限度保證心輸出量。
房顫增加CRT患者心衰再住院率不僅由于心臟的同步化收縮比例降低,而且房顫時(shí)發(fā)生血栓形成和栓塞的幾率更高于普通CRT患者[9,10]。房顫患者發(fā)生血栓形成和栓塞的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素包括高齡、左心房增大、高血壓和糖尿病史等[11]。左心房附壁血栓的脫落有90%會(huì)導(dǎo)致缺血性腦卒中,不僅會(huì)影響患者的生活狀態(tài),也有可能影響中樞對機(jī)體穩(wěn)態(tài)的調(diào)節(jié),增加心衰再住院率[12]。
國外房顫對CRT預(yù)后的多中心研究中研究[13]入選1 285例CRT患者(房顫患者243例),經(jīng)過中位隨訪時(shí)間34個(gè)月的隨訪,房顫和竇性心律患者的心衰相關(guān)死亡率沒有差別,與本研究結(jié)果相似,但是房顫患者的組內(nèi)比較發(fā)現(xiàn)房室結(jié)消融可以減少心衰相關(guān)死亡;SPARE研究[14]及SPARE II[15]研究分別入選470例和202例CRT患者患者,隨訪12個(gè)月發(fā)現(xiàn)房顫患者的死亡率更高。本研究Cox生存分析房顫并非CRT患者心衰再入院和全因死亡的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,結(jié)果提示CRT合并房顫患者年齡更大、左心房重構(gòu)更明顯、腎功能更差,與既往研究相符,房顫與其他危險(xiǎn)因素常共同作用增加終點(diǎn)事件的發(fā)生。
本研究為單中心回顧性隊(duì)列研究,樣本量有限,隨訪時(shí)間尚短,未收集到房顫類型及術(shù)后起搏器程控房顫負(fù)荷對患者預(yù)后的影響的數(shù)據(jù),但本研究提示對于CRT合并房顫患者應(yīng)加強(qiáng)隨訪,盡早干預(yù)房顫的發(fā)生及治療相關(guān)合并癥,降低房顫負(fù)荷和心衰再住院,提高患者的生活質(zhì)量?;谝陨习l(fā)現(xiàn),有必要開展更大樣本的前瞻性長期隨訪研究對本文結(jié)論加以證實(shí)。
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Impact of Atrial Fibrillation on Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
LIU Shang-yu, LIU Zhi-min, MI Jia-rui, YANG Sheng-wen, Hua Wei, ZHANG Shu.
State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing (100037), China
LIU Zhi-min, Email: liucory@163.com
Objective: To explore the impact of atrial fibrillation (AF) on clinical outcomes in patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT).Methods: A total of 258 arrhythmia patients who received CRT in our hospital from 2010-01 to 2014-12 were retrospectively enrolled. According to AF occurrence, the patients were divided into 2 groups: AF group,n=42 and Non-AF group,n=216. The end point events were defined by heart failure (HF) re-admission and all-cause death (including heart transplantation). Survival curve was drawn by Kaplan-Meier method, clinical prognosis was comparedbetween 2 groups with log-rank test and the impact of AF on end point prediction was analyzed by uni- and multivariate Coxproportional-hazards regression models.Results: There were 16.3% (42/258) patients combining AF. The following indexes were statistically different between AF group and Non-AF group: patients’ age, the ratios of male gender and left bundle branch block (LBBB), eGFR, blood levels of creatinine, uric acid, big endothelin-1, left atrial diameter and application of amiodarone. With the median of 22 months follow-up study, there were 33/258 (12.8%) patients died, 5 (1.9%) received heart transplantation and 72 (27.9%) with HF re-admission. Survival analysisindicated that HF re-admission rate in AF group was higher than Non-AF group (χ2=6.651,P=0.010), all cause mortality was similar between 2 groups (χ2=0.528,P=0.468). Univariate Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis showed that AF, LBBB, higher blood levels of creatinine, big endothelin-1 and large left atrium were the suspiciousrisk factors for HF re-admission; increased blood levels of creatinine, big endothelin-1 and large left atrium were thesuspiciousrisk factors for all cause death. Multivariate Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis presented that AF was not the independent risk factor for HF re-admission and all-cause death, while largeleft atrium was the independent risk factor for HF re-admission (HR=1.041, 95% CI 1.007-1.075,P=0.018); large left atrium and increased serum creatinine were the independent risk factors for all cause death (HR=1.045, 95% CI 1.001-1.091,P=0.048) and (HR=1.008, 95% CI 1.001-1.015,P=0.035) respectively.Conclusion: AF was associated with the higher rate of HF re-admission in CRT patients; while no clear evidencesupported that AF was the independent risk factor for HF re-admission and all cause death in CRT patients.
Atrial fibrillation; Cardiac resynchronization therapy; Mortality
2016-04-20)
(編輯:寧田海)
100037 北京市,北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 國家心血管病中心 阜外醫(yī)院 心血管疾病國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室
劉尚雨 碩士研究生 主要從事心律失常研究 Email:liushangyu_fw@163.com 通訊作者:劉志敏 Email:liucory@163.com
R54
A
1000-3614(2017)03-0256-05
10.3969/j.issn.1000-3614.2017.03.012
方法:回顧性收集2010-01至2014-12于阜外醫(yī)院心律失常中心接受首次CRT植入的258例患者臨床資料,根據(jù)患者是否合并房顫分為房顫組和無房顫組。定義隨訪終點(diǎn)為心力衰竭再住院和全因死亡(包括心臟移植)。采用Kaplan-Meier法繪制生存曲線,log-rank檢驗(yàn)比較兩組的臨床預(yù)后,采用單因素和多因素Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸模型分析房顫對CRT植入患者臨床終點(diǎn)的預(yù)測作用。
結(jié)果:基線數(shù)據(jù)顯示,42例(16.3%)患者合并陣發(fā)性房顫,房顫組患者年齡、男性比例、左束支傳導(dǎo)阻滯(LBBB)比例、估計(jì)腎小球?yàn)V過率(eGFR)、血肌酐、血尿酸、大內(nèi)皮素、超聲左心房直徑、胺碘酮使用比例與非房顫組患者相比差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。經(jīng)過中位隨訪時(shí)間22個(gè)月隨訪,死亡33例(12.8%),心臟移植5例(1.9%),心力衰竭再住院72例(27.9%)。生存分析顯示,房顫組患者心力衰竭再入院率顯著高于無房顫組(χ2=6.651,P=0.010),全因死亡率與無房顫組比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=0.528,P=0.468)。Cox單因素分析顯示:房顫、非LBBB、血肌酐高、大內(nèi)皮素高、左心房大為心力衰竭再住院可疑危險(xiǎn)因素;血肌酐高、大內(nèi)皮素高、左心房大為全因死亡可疑危險(xiǎn)因素。Cox多因素分析顯示:房顫不是心力衰竭再住院和全因死亡的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素;但左心房大[HR=1.041, 95%可信區(qū)間( CI): 1.007~1.075,P=0.018]是心力衰竭再住院的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,左心房大(HR = 1.045,95% CI: 1.001~1.091,P=0.048)和血肌酐高(HR=1.008,95% CI: 1.001~1.015,P=0.035)是全因死亡的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
結(jié)論:合并房顫的CRT患者心力衰竭再住院率增加,尚無確切證據(jù)支持房顫是合并房顫的CRT患者心衰再住院和全因死亡的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。