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腎透明細(xì)胞癌患者血清miR-214的表達(dá)及臨床意義

2017-04-06 02:31:43何江偉哈木拉提吐送王玉杰王文光
臨床誤診誤治 2017年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:組術(shù)腎癌我院

何江偉,哈木拉提·吐送,王玉杰,王文光

腎透明細(xì)胞癌患者血清miR-214的表達(dá)及臨床意義

何江偉,哈木拉提·吐送,王玉杰,王文光

目的 探討血清miR-214在腎透明細(xì)胞癌患者中的表達(dá)及在診斷、治療及預(yù)后判斷方面的臨床意義。方法 選擇我院確診的腎透明細(xì)胞癌30例(腎癌組),選取同期在我院體檢健康的30例(對(duì)照組)。對(duì)照組隨機(jī)檢測(cè)血清miR-214水平,腎癌組于術(shù)前、術(shù)后1周及術(shù)后1個(gè)月檢測(cè)血清miR-214變化,比較組間的表達(dá)差異及其與臨床參數(shù)的關(guān)系。結(jié)果 腎癌組術(shù)前、術(shù)后1周與對(duì)照組血清miRNA-214相對(duì)表達(dá)量比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);腎癌組術(shù)前與術(shù)后1個(gè)月、術(shù)后1周與術(shù)后1個(gè)月之間比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);腎癌組術(shù)前與術(shù)后1周、術(shù)后1個(gè)月與對(duì)照組之間比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.318,P=0.383)。利用受試者工作特征曲線做鑒別檢驗(yàn),獲得曲線下面積(AUC)=0.858[95%CI(0.756,0.960),P<0.05],根據(jù)Youden指數(shù)找出最佳診斷點(diǎn)為2.91,敏感度為80.0%,特異度為90.0%。結(jié)論 血清miR-214與腎透明細(xì)胞癌有明顯相關(guān)性,可作為該病的潛在生物標(biāo)記物。

微小RNAs;腎透明細(xì)胞癌;腫瘤標(biāo)記,生物學(xué)

2012年全球新發(fā)癌癥病例超過(guò)1410萬(wàn),死亡人數(shù)超過(guò)820萬(wàn),其中男性腎癌患者超過(guò)20萬(wàn)[1],死亡率大于50%[2]。腎細(xì)胞癌是常見的腎臟惡性腫瘤,來(lái)源于腎小管上皮,其中腎透明細(xì)胞癌約占腎細(xì)胞癌的75%~80%,是腎細(xì)胞癌最常見的亞型。由于腎腫瘤早期常無(wú)任何臨床癥狀,故早期診斷較困難。影像學(xué)檢查等方法在早期診斷方面靈敏度不高,限制了其在早期診斷中的應(yīng)用。隨著人們對(duì)健康的需求及生活水平的提高,臨床迫切需要一種用于早期診斷、治療和判斷預(yù)后的方法。大量研究證明miRNA與腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展密切相關(guān),可作為一種潛在的生物標(biāo)志物。Mitchell等[3]研究報(bào)道,血清特異性miRNAs來(lái)源于腫瘤組織,與其表達(dá)水平一致。多項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-214參與了腫瘤細(xì)胞的分化、生存和凋亡[4-6]。本文探討miR-214在腎透明細(xì)胞癌患者手術(shù)前后及健康志愿者血清中的表達(dá)差異,旨在發(fā)現(xiàn)其與腎透明細(xì)胞癌的關(guān)系,為進(jìn)一步的研究及臨床應(yīng)用提供理論依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 材料 選擇我院2013年7月—2016年4月確診的腎透明細(xì)胞癌30例(腎癌組),其中男、女各15例;年齡(53±12)歲,分別于術(shù)前、術(shù)后1周及術(shù)后1個(gè)月采集血液樣本。選擇同期在我院體檢健康的30例(對(duì)照組),其中男14例,女16例;年齡(54±10)歲,隨機(jī)采集血液樣本。兩組均清晨空腹采集靜脈血3~5 ml,放置2 h,待血液充分凝固后,在溫度4℃、轉(zhuǎn)速3000 r/min的情況下離心10 min,收集上清液,保存于-80℃冰箱中備用。本研究經(jīng)過(guò)我院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),所有研究對(duì)象均知情同意并簽署知情同意書。

1.2 試劑及儀器 β-巰基乙醇、無(wú)水乙醇等常規(guī)試劑、分光光度計(jì)Nanodrop ND-1000(Thermo)、普通多聚酶鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)(PCR)儀、Real-time PCR儀(ABI 7500)、離心機(jī)、-80℃超低溫冰箱、制冰機(jī)等均由我院實(shí)驗(yàn)室提供。mirVanaTMPARISTM試劑盒(Ambion)、revertAid First strand cDNA synthesis kit(Thermo)、Maxima SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix(2X)(Thermo)、相關(guān)引物(由life公司合成)等均由我院提供。

1.3 方法 嚴(yán)格按照mirVanaTMPARISTMKit說(shuō)明書提取血清中總RNA,完成后用分光光度計(jì)Nanodrop ND-1000檢測(cè),若A260/A280在1.9~2.1之間,則符合要求。根據(jù)revertAid First strand cDNA synthesis kit說(shuō)明書進(jìn)行反轉(zhuǎn)錄聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)。根據(jù)Maxima SYBR Green qPCR Master Mis說(shuō)明書進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理。對(duì)表示倍數(shù)關(guān)系的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行正態(tài)方差分析和方差齊性檢驗(yàn),對(duì)不服從正態(tài)分布的數(shù)據(jù),多樣本比較采用非參數(shù) Kruskkal-Wallis H秩和檢驗(yàn),組間比較采用 Wilcoxon 秩和檢驗(yàn)。以α=0.05為檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)。

2 結(jié)果

腎癌組術(shù)前、術(shù)后1周及術(shù)后1個(gè)月血清miR-214相對(duì)表達(dá)量中位數(shù)(四分位間距)分別為6.321(4.867,7.911)、4.959(2.884,9.567)、1.214(0.685,3.171),對(duì)照組血清miR-214相對(duì)表達(dá)量為1.045(0.444,1.451)。

腎癌組術(shù)前、術(shù)后1周與對(duì)照組血清miR-214相對(duì)表達(dá)量比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);腎癌組術(shù)前與術(shù)后1個(gè)月、術(shù)后1周與術(shù)后1個(gè)月之間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);腎癌組術(shù)前與術(shù)后1周、術(shù)后1個(gè)月與對(duì)照組之間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.318,P=0.383),見圖1。

圖1 腎透明細(xì)胞癌組與健康對(duì)照組血清miR-214相對(duì)表達(dá)量的比較

按照性別、平均年齡、腫瘤直徑及Fruhman分級(jí)[7]對(duì)腎癌組血清miR-214表達(dá)量進(jìn)行比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。根據(jù)腎癌組血清miR-214表達(dá)量的差異,利用受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線做鑒別檢驗(yàn),獲得曲線下面積(AUC)=0.858[95%CI(0.756,0.960),P<0.05],根據(jù)Youden指數(shù)得出最佳診斷點(diǎn)為2.91,敏感度為80.0%,特異度為90.0%,見圖2。

表1 腎透明細(xì)胞癌患者一般資料與血清miR-214表達(dá)水平的關(guān)系

圖2 腎透明細(xì)胞癌患者的受試者工作特征曲線

3 討論

腎透明細(xì)胞癌多為局限性癌,臨床對(duì)于局限性腎細(xì)胞癌首選外科手術(shù)治療,5年生存率可達(dá)80%~90%,若出現(xiàn)腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移或復(fù)發(fā),5年生存率則低于10%[4]。目前腎透明細(xì)胞癌對(duì)放化療缺乏敏感性,在腫瘤發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移或復(fù)發(fā)后,醫(yī)生常感到非常棘手。近年來(lái)靶向藥物治療給發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移及復(fù)發(fā)的腎透明細(xì)胞癌患者帶來(lái)了希望,如西羅莫司靶蛋白 (mammalian targeting of rapamycin, mTOR)激酶抑制劑西羅莫司和依維莫司、多靶點(diǎn)酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(tyrosine kinase inhibitor, TKI)索拉非尼、血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)單克隆抗體阿伐他汀,通過(guò)抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)和血管的生成達(dá)到控制腫瘤的目的,但臨床實(shí)際效果欠佳,且費(fèi)用昂貴。由此可見,早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早治療對(duì)腎癌患者的預(yù)后非常關(guān)鍵。

細(xì)胞周期的改變常被認(rèn)為是腫瘤發(fā)生的主要原因[5]。miRNA是由22~24個(gè)堿基對(duì)組成的小片段非編碼單鏈RNA,具有高度保守性,參與細(xì)胞的分化、生長(zhǎng)、增殖及凋亡等過(guò)程。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)組織中miRNA的差異表達(dá)與腫瘤密切相關(guān),miRNA可發(fā)揮癌基因或抑癌基因的作用[6]。Mitchell等[3]研究表明血漿及血清中miRNA來(lái)源于腫瘤細(xì)胞,發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-141可作為前列腺癌新的潛在生物標(biāo)志物,同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)miRNA對(duì)于內(nèi)源性RNA酶具有高度穩(wěn)定性,在室溫長(zhǎng)期放置或反復(fù)冷凍解凍的情況下仍能保持穩(wěn)定。Tsujiura等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn)miRNA在原發(fā)癌的組織與血漿中表達(dá)水平具有一致性?;趍iRNA的特點(diǎn)促使其成為腫瘤領(lǐng)域的研究熱點(diǎn),有可能成為潛在的無(wú)創(chuàng)檢測(cè)且穩(wěn)定的腫瘤標(biāo)志物。

miRNA常表現(xiàn)為組織特異性,多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí)了循環(huán)miRNA作為相對(duì)無(wú)創(chuàng)的腫瘤標(biāo)記物的價(jià)值,如miR-195、let7a可作為乳腺癌的潛在分子標(biāo)記物[9],miR-210可作為胰腺癌的潛在分子標(biāo)記物[10]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-214在腎透明細(xì)胞癌患者的血清中表達(dá)升高,在切除腫瘤組織后表達(dá)逐漸下降,術(shù)后1個(gè)月與對(duì)照組之間已無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,可見血清總miR-214有一部分來(lái)源于腎透明細(xì)胞癌組織,在腫瘤切除后,來(lái)源于腫瘤組織的miR-214經(jīng)代謝消除,使其表達(dá)水平逐漸降至正常。腎癌組術(shù)前及術(shù)后血清miR-214表達(dá)變化說(shuō)明其與腎腫瘤組織密切相關(guān)。目前對(duì)于miRNA的代謝機(jī)制及周期仍未完全明確。本研究表明miR-214的表達(dá)量在術(shù)后1周雖降低,但與術(shù)前無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,說(shuō)明其代謝周期較長(zhǎng)。相信隨著相關(guān)機(jī)制的深入研究,臨床可明確特異性miRNA監(jiān)測(cè)腫瘤或疾病狀態(tài)的時(shí)間原則。

隨著研究的進(jìn)展,發(fā)現(xiàn)miRNAs在不同腫瘤亞型及疾病狀態(tài)中存在差異,如Roth等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)血清miR-10b、miR-34a和miR-155在轉(zhuǎn)移性乳腺癌患者中明顯升高,可用于評(píng)估腫瘤進(jìn)展;Asaga等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn)血清miR-21在乳腺癌進(jìn)展的較早期明顯升高,可用于腫瘤的分期。因此,循環(huán)miRNA有廣泛的臨床應(yīng)用前景,可用于對(duì)有腫瘤高危因素患者的篩查、術(shù)后隨訪及評(píng)價(jià)放化療等輔助治療的效果評(píng)估。

相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-214與細(xì)胞的分化、生存、凋亡等具有明顯的相關(guān)性,在人類不同腫瘤組織中的表達(dá)有顯著性差異[13-15]。Yang等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-214通過(guò)靶向PTEN致其蛋白產(chǎn)物及AKt路徑活性降低,進(jìn)而介導(dǎo)卵巢癌細(xì)胞系的存活及對(duì)順鉑的抵抗。通過(guò)搜索PicTar和miRBase發(fā)現(xiàn)PTEN的3′-UTR (nucleotides 3257-3264, NM_000314)與has-miR-214的序列相匹配。Xu等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-214靶向于p53。Bartels等[6]證實(shí)HeLa細(xì)胞系凋亡水平的降低與miR-214被抑制有關(guān)。Xiong等[17]研究表明miR-214可在胃癌患者中表達(dá),同時(shí)驗(yàn)證了其靶向目標(biāo)是PTEN。由此可知,miR-214通過(guò)作用于不同靶向位點(diǎn),起到癌基因或抑癌基因的作用。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)不同靶向位點(diǎn)間有密切聯(lián)系[18],且miRNA具有組織特異性。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)血清miR-214的表達(dá)與腎透明細(xì)胞癌間有相關(guān)性,但其作用機(jī)制是否與PTEN有關(guān),尚需進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。本研究分析了血清miR-214在區(qū)分腎透明細(xì)胞癌患者和健康人群的價(jià)值,根據(jù)其表達(dá)的差異,利用ROC曲線,計(jì)算其AUC=0.858,敏感度為80.0%,特異度為90.0%,考慮其可用于腎透明細(xì)胞癌的鑒別診斷。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道m(xù)iRNA表達(dá)水平與腫瘤直徑相關(guān)[19]。本文發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-214的表達(dá)與性別、年齡、腫瘤直徑、Fuhrman分級(jí)等無(wú)明顯相關(guān)性,與上述結(jié)果不符,可能與樣本量較小有關(guān)。目前對(duì)于miRNAs表達(dá)尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Kirschner等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-16和miR-451常被用作管家基因,在紅細(xì)胞中含量很高,在血液凝固后血清中的表達(dá)量有較大的差異。本研究雖使用U6作為內(nèi)參基因,但仍不是理想的管家基因,因此今后需更嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)拇髽颖狙芯縼?lái)比較、印證。

綜上,血清miR-214與腎透明細(xì)胞癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展密切相關(guān),可作為潛在的生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物。

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Expression and Clinical Significance of Serum miR-214 in Patients with Clear Cell Carcinoma of Kidney

HE Jiang-wei , Halmurat·Tusong, WANG Yu-jie, WANG Wen-guang

(Department of Urinary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China)

Objective To investigate expression of serum miR-214 in patients with clear cell carcinoma of kidney and its clinical significance in diagnosis, therapy and prognosis judgement. Methods A total of 30 patients with clear cell carcinoma of kidney were selected as renal cancer group, and 30 healthy people taking medical examination at the same period were chosen as control group, and miR-214 expressions were detected by randomized method in control group, and the expressions were detected before surgery, 1 week and 1 month after surgery in renal cancer group, and then expression differences and correlations with clinical indexes were compared between two groups. Results The differences of relative miR-214 expressions before and 1 week after surgery in renal cancer group and in control group were statistically significant (P<0.05). The differences of miR-214 expressions were statistically significant between before surgery and 1 month after surgery, and between 1 week after surgery and 1 month after surgery in renal cancer group (P<0.05). The differences of miR-214 expressions were not statistically significant between before and 1 week after surgery in renal cancer group, and between 1 month after surgery in renal cancer group with in control group (P=0.318,P=0.383). Diagnostic test was performed by using receiver operating curve (ROC), and area under curve (AUC) was 0.858 [95%CI (0.756, 0.960),P<0.05]. The best diagnostic point, sensitivity and specificity were 2.91, 80.0% and 90.0% respectively according to Youden index. Conclusion Expressions of serum miR-214 in patients with clear cell carcinoma of kidney have correlation with clear cell carcinoma of kidney, and therefore it can be used as a potential molecular marker.

MicroRNAs; Clear cell carcinoma of kidney; Tumor markers, biological

自治區(qū)自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(2013211A101)

830054 烏魯木齊,新疆醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院泌尿外科[何江偉(在讀研究生)]

王玉杰,E-mail:wangyj-mr@vip.sina.com

R737.11

A

1002-3429(2017)03-0084-04

10.3969/j.issn.1002-3429.2017.03.032

2016-12-12 修回時(shí)間:2017-01-13)

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