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英語(yǔ)中的邏輯主謂關(guān)系

2017-04-13 16:49荊曉霞
校園英語(yǔ)·上旬 2017年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:類型用法

荊曉霞

【摘要】英語(yǔ)中除了句子結(jié)構(gòu)上的主謂關(guān)系外,還有其它形式的主謂關(guān)系,這就是存在于不同結(jié)構(gòu)中通過(guò)各種形式體現(xiàn)出來(lái)的內(nèi)在意義上的邏輯主謂關(guān)系。正確認(rèn)識(shí)這種主謂關(guān)系,對(duì)于理解原文,判斷意義的正誤乃至正確運(yùn)用句子都是非常重要的。下面談?wù)勥壿嬛髦^關(guān)系的存在形式及用法。

【關(guān)鍵詞】英語(yǔ)知識(shí) 邏輯主謂關(guān)系 類型 用法

一、復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中的邏輯主謂關(guān)系

復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)由賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)構(gòu)成,它們?cè)谶壿嬌鲜侵髡Z(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的關(guān)系,賓語(yǔ)是邏輯主語(yǔ),賓補(bǔ)是邏輯謂語(yǔ)。

1.邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)主要是不定式和分詞。

(1)名詞或代詞+不定式:這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞或代詞為不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ),它支配不定式所表示的動(dòng)作,賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)就構(gòu)成了主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞關(guān)系。如:

①The doctor advised me to give up smoking.( I gave up smoking)

②Weve sent for a doctor to examine the patient.( The doctor will examine the patient.)

(2)名詞或代詞+分詞:這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的現(xiàn)在分詞表示其邏輯主語(yǔ)正在進(jìn)行的某一動(dòng)作或所處狀態(tài),現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式表示其邏輯主語(yǔ)正在承受他人所授予的動(dòng)作,過(guò)去分詞表示其邏輯主語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作或完成狀態(tài)。如:

①I(mǎi) found him working at the table when I came in.( He was working—)

②We watched the thief being taken into the police station.

(The thief was being taken into the police station.)

③Ive never heard Latin spoken.( People spoke Latin.)

2.邏輯上具有主表關(guān)系的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。這類復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)主要有名詞或代詞+名詞、形容詞、副詞或介詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。后者表示前者的身份、特征、狀態(tài)等。因此賓補(bǔ)之間在邏輯上就形成了主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)關(guān)系。

(1)名詞或代詞+形容詞:后者表示前者的狀態(tài)。如:

①The news made everyone happy.(Everyone was happy with the news.)

②She dyed the cloth red. (The cloth turned red.)

(2)名詞或代詞+名詞:

①The class made him the monitor.(He is a monitor of the class.)

②We found Qingdao a very good summer resort.) (Qingdao is a very good summer resort.)

(3)名詞或代詞+介詞短語(yǔ):這種結(jié)構(gòu)的介詞短語(yǔ)一般都是固定的,介詞不能隨便選用。如:

① The police put the robber in prison.

② The good news set all of us at ease.

(4)名詞或代詞+副詞。如:

We found him upstairs.

We found him out when we called on him.

二、動(dòng)詞的非限定形式中的邏輯主謂關(guān)系

1.動(dòng)名詞。

(1)物主代詞或名詞所有格+動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成的動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在邏輯上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。如:

①Do you mind my closing the window? (If I close the window)

②Her boys falling ill (That the boy fell ill) worried her greatly.

(2)動(dòng)名詞作及物動(dòng)詞或介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)往往是句子的主語(yǔ),該動(dòng)名詞便是邏輯謂語(yǔ)。如:

①We enjoyed seeing the film. (We saw the film.)

②They were praised for having finished their work ahead of time. (They had finished their work ahead of time.)

2.不定式。

(1)for+名詞或代詞的賓格+不定式構(gòu)成的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)本身具有邏輯主謂關(guān)系,for后的名詞或代詞賓格是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ),不定式為邏輯謂語(yǔ)。如:

①I(mǎi)t is important for us to learn English well. (That we learn English well is important.)

②The text is too long for us to memorize. (We memorize the text.)

(2)不定式作動(dòng)詞或介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),與句子的主語(yǔ)往往有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如:

①He likes to read newspapers after lunch.

(He reads newspapers.)

②They had no choice but to obey.

③The machine needs to be repaired.

(3)不定式作狀語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)也有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如:

①We are working hard to improve the quality of products.

②We jumped with joy to hear of your success.

③I was so fortunate as to find my lost bag.

(4)不定式作定語(yǔ)與被修飾的詞之間存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如:

①He is always the first to come and the last to leave. ( He is always the one who comes first and leaves last.)

②I have a meeting to attend this evening. (Ill attend a meeting this evening.)

3.分詞短語(yǔ)的邏輯主謂關(guān)系。

(1)分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)。分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)其邏輯主語(yǔ)一定是句子的主語(yǔ),分詞所表示的動(dòng)作受句子的主語(yǔ)支配,因此句子的主語(yǔ)和分詞之間存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如:

①Hearing the good news (When he heard the good news) he shed tears of joy.

②Heated to 100°C(When water is heated to 100°C) water begins to boil.

③Having been discussed (After it was discussed) the problem seemed solved.

(2)分詞作定語(yǔ)。

A.分詞作前置定語(yǔ):?jiǎn)蝹€(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)通常放在被修飾的名詞前,表示中心詞的的動(dòng)作或所處的進(jìn)行狀態(tài),二者之間也有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如:

a sleeping child (a child who is sleeping)

a running horse (a horse is running)

the boiling water (the water is boiling)

a broken cup ( a cup which is broken)

a lost child (a child that lost his way)

a frightened child (a child who was frightened)

B.分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)。分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)只能放在被修飾詞的后面,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,它和被修飾之間具有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如:

①The student sitting (Who is sitting) at the desk is good at math.

②Rays coming(that come)straight down from over head strike the earth strongly.

③ It is a factory built (which was built) last year.

4.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的邏輯主謂關(guān)系。名詞或代詞+一個(gè)分詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式或介詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞或代詞就是后面分詞、形容詞等的邏輯主語(yǔ)、分詞、形容詞等是它的邏輯謂語(yǔ)。如:

①Their work having been down,they took a rest.

②The children are a snowman,hands red with cold.

③I have bought a new coat,the old one being worn out.

獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)也可以用with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示。

①He stood there with his hands in his pockets.

②With his head held high,he walked past the pole.

三、It作形式賓語(yǔ)時(shí)的邏輯主謂關(guān)系

引導(dǎo)詞it作形式賓語(yǔ)代替由不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句表示的真正賓語(yǔ),結(jié)構(gòu)上實(shí)際是一個(gè)復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。因此代替的不定式、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)及從句與句子的賓語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)二者之間具有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如:

①We found it important to learn English well.(To learn English well is important.)

②We think it no good learning theory without practice.(Learning theory without practice is no good.)

③Ill make it clear to you that failure is the mother of success.(That failure is the mother of success will be made clear to you.

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1]荊茂彬.淺談復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的類型[J].英語(yǔ)知識(shí),1989(06).

[2]水青,秀蘭.使役動(dòng)詞have的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)用法歸納[J].英語(yǔ)知識(shí),2004(12).

[3]張偉宗,李宣榮.要求復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞句型[J].英語(yǔ)知識(shí),1990 (03).

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