丁玉芬
(2016·全國卷Ⅰ) Secret codes (密碼) keep messages private. Banks, companies, and government agencies use secret codes in doing business, especially when information is sent by computer.
People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 36 . Code breaking never lags (落后) far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.
There are three main types of cryptography. 37 . For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me.”
38 . You might represent each letter with a number. For example, lets number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message “Meet me” would read “13 5 20 13 5.”
A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. 39 . For example, “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me”. The message “bridge out” would actually mean “meet me”. 40 . However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.
A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.
B. In any language, some letters are used more than others.
C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message.
D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.
E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.
F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words.
G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.
本文是一篇說明文,簡要介紹了密碼的歷史以及三種密碼術(shù)。文章結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,脈絡(luò)清晰,同學們理解起來難度不大。短文內(nèi)容可分為三部分:密碼的廣泛應用、密碼的歷史及密碼生成的三種密碼術(shù)。
解析 36. D。此題的關(guān)鍵詞是code breaking。根據(jù)這兩個詞的復現(xiàn),可知應該在A和D兩項之間選擇。D項中的as long as與橫線前面一句中的for thousands of years形成照應,而A項中的code book是上下文中都沒有出現(xiàn)的信息,放在此處與上下文無法形成連貫的意思,故選D。
37. E。此題的關(guān)鍵詞是the first letters。E項中的the first letters與橫線后面一句中的the first letters構(gòu)成詞匯上的同現(xiàn)關(guān)系,故選E。
38. G。此題的關(guān)鍵是本段第三句中的specific letters of the alphabet。G項中的specific letters of the alphabet與本段第三句句中的specific letters of the alphabet構(gòu)成詞匯上的同現(xiàn)關(guān)系,故選G。
39. F。此題的關(guān)鍵詞是a code book。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞,可知應該在A和F兩項之間選擇。另外,根據(jù)橫線后一句中的for example可知,橫線處應該是一項破譯密碼的規(guī)則,A項只強調(diào)了密碼本的重要性,沒有講破譯密碼的方法,所以排除A項。F項介紹了利用密碼本破譯密碼的方法,故選F。
40. A。此題的關(guān)鍵詞是It is hard to和code book。根據(jù)這兩個關(guān)鍵詞的復現(xiàn),可以確定本題應該選A。
根據(jù)解析,我們可以總結(jié)出七選五閱讀的解題方法:
1.通讀全文,尋找主題句
一般情況下,七選五的閱讀材料是說明文或者議論文,文章主題明確,結(jié)構(gòu)清晰。拿到題目后,首先要根據(jù)文章的標題、首尾兩段和各段第一句話確定文章的主題和結(jié)構(gòu)。
2.定位段落關(guān)鍵詞
文章正文部分通常分為若干小段落,對文章主體的不同方面展開描述。找出各個小段落中的關(guān)鍵詞,各個擊破,明確各段主題句或主旨大意。
3.定位解題關(guān)鍵詞
在一個完整連貫的文段中,前后兩個句子之間一定存在某種關(guān)聯(lián)。這種關(guān)聯(lián)可能是詞匯上的復現(xiàn),可能是指代關(guān)系,也有可能是邏輯關(guān)系。因此,可以先根據(jù)詞語復現(xiàn),圈定可選項,然后根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系,確定答案。
句子間的銜接手段一般包括以下幾種:
(1)詞匯手段:原詞復現(xiàn)、同義詞、近義詞、上下義詞、同范疇詞
例如2015年全國卷Ⅰ的第39題:Stop regarding yourself as the victim. If youve been betrayed, you are the victim of your circumstance. But theres a difference between being a victim and living with a victim mentality. 正確選項中的victim在下文中多次重復出現(xiàn)。
再如2015年全國卷Ⅰ的第40題:Instead of looking at the situation from this hopeless angle, look at everything you still have and be thankful for all of the good in your life. Seeing the positive side of things doesnt mean youre ignoring what happened.正確選項中的see與上一句中的look at是近義詞,the positive side和上一句中的the good是近義詞。
再如2014年全國卷Ⅰ的第37題:Your children need to be deeply curious. Encourage kids to cook with you. Ask kids, “What ingredients(配料) can we add to make these pancakes even better next time” and then try them out. 正確選項中的cook與后一句中的ingredients和pancakes屬于同范疇詞,構(gòu)成詞匯上的同現(xiàn)關(guān)系。
(2)照應關(guān)系
例如2015年全國卷Ⅰ的第37題:Sometimes people simply cant trust anymore. Theyve been too badly hurt and they cant bear to let it happen again. 正確選項中的They指代的就是上一句中的people,兩者構(gòu)成人稱照應關(guān)系。
(3)邏輯關(guān)系
文章的內(nèi)容是由各個層次、各個段落的大意有機組合而成,各層、各段所表達的內(nèi)容都是要圍繞中心的。從邏輯上看,語段的句際關(guān)系可分為平列、順序、層遞、轉(zhuǎn)折、總分、解釋、因果等關(guān)系。構(gòu)成語段的各個句子之間有時可以包含一種以上的句際關(guān)系。
例如2015年全國卷Ⅰ的第20題:For each of those gardens, writer down the strongest memory you have. Then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grown-up garden. 根據(jù)后一句中的then可知前后兩個句子之間是按照先后順序展開的。
4.通讀全文
在初步確定答案后,應通讀全文,檢查文章內(nèi)容是否完整,語義是否連貫合理、各段落內(nèi)容是否緊扣主題,語篇結(jié)構(gòu)是否通順、連貫、合乎邏輯,寫作思路是否清晰明了,格式以及用語是否恰當,從而判斷選擇的答案是否正確。
同學們備考中應著重訓練定位全文或段落主題句、理解文章篇章結(jié)構(gòu)與邏輯關(guān)系、關(guān)注詞匯復現(xiàn)與邏輯提示詞的能力。只要掌握了科學的做題方法,在復習備考階段加強專項訓練,認真歸納分析錯題,及時調(diào)整解題思路,用心體會該題型的出題規(guī)律,拿滿分并不是非常困難的事。