湯莊力 王曉鵬 肖生祥
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·論著·
遺傳性對(duì)稱性色素異常癥ADAR1基因剪切突變一例
湯莊力 王曉鵬 肖生祥
目的: 檢測(cè)一例遺傳性對(duì)稱性色素異常癥散發(fā)病例ADAR1基因突變。方法: 提取患者及100名健康對(duì)照外周血DNA,采用聚合酶鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)(PCR)擴(kuò)增ADAR1基因的全部外顯子并測(cè)序。結(jié)果: 該患者ADAR1基因11號(hào)外顯子與11號(hào)內(nèi)含子交界處檢測(cè)到一新的c.3091+1G>T剪切突變,家族成員及100例無關(guān)正常人中未發(fā)現(xiàn)突變。應(yīng)用Mutation Taster進(jìn)行剪切突變蛋白功能預(yù)測(cè)分析,提示該突變?yōu)橹虏〖羟型蛔?,可能?dǎo)致編碼蛋白的催化結(jié)構(gòu)域丟失。結(jié)論: 本例患者檢測(cè)到一個(gè)ADAR1基因新的突變位點(diǎn),豐富了突變譜。
遺傳性對(duì)稱性色素異常癥; 剪切突變; ADAR1基因
遺傳性對(duì)稱性色素異常癥(dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria, DSH, MIM127400)是一種發(fā)病率較低的,具有高外顯率的常染色體顯性遺傳疾病。其臨床表現(xiàn)為發(fā)生在手足伸側(cè)的對(duì)稱性色素減退及色素沉著斑。部分患者顏面部位亦可受累,表現(xiàn)為雀斑樣改變。組織病理示:色斑處表皮棘層下部和基層內(nèi)黑素增加,其下真皮上部嗜黑素細(xì)胞增多及少量淋巴細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),而白斑處基層色素減少乃至消失[1]。2003年,Zhang等[2]將本病定位在1號(hào)染色體1q11~1q21區(qū)域內(nèi),同年日本學(xué)者M(jìn)iyamura等[3]將致病基因確定為該區(qū)域內(nèi)雙鏈RNA特異性腺苷脫氨酶(adenosine deaminase, RNA specific, ADAR1)基因。本研究運(yùn)用PCR技術(shù)檢測(cè)1例散發(fā)患者ADAR1基因突變位點(diǎn)。
1.1 臨床資料 患者,男,27歲。父母非近親婚配。自3歲時(shí)手足背部出現(xiàn)散在針尖大小色素減退斑伴色素沉著斑,其間皮膚顏色正常(圖1)。皮損隨患者年齡增大逐漸增多增大,光照后皮損加劇,冬季有所減輕,患者既往未予重視,否認(rèn)其他系統(tǒng)疾病史。家族中無類似病史。
1.2 標(biāo)本收集 向患者及其直系近親充分闡明本研究目的及意義,獲取其知情同意后經(jīng)肘正中靜脈采集外周靜脈血2 mL,EDTA抗凝,-80℃深低溫保存。募集100名健康志愿者(募集入選條件:男女不限,24~28歲,無系統(tǒng)疾病),獲取知情同意后采集外周靜脈血2 mL作為對(duì)照,血樣編號(hào)后相同條件下保存。
1.3 DNA提取 凍存外周血樣完全融化后用全血基因組DNA提取試劑盒(天根生化科技)提取基因組DNA備用。
圖1 患者手部皮損
1.4 聚合酶鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)擴(kuò)增ADAR1基因全部外顯子 采用Primer3.0軟件設(shè)計(jì)ADAR1基因15個(gè)外顯子共17對(duì)引物。擴(kuò)增11號(hào)外顯子的上游引物為5’- TCCCATGGTAGGCCTTAGAA -3’;下游引物為5’- CTGTGCCCAGTGACTAATGG -3’。擴(kuò)增目的片段長(zhǎng)度約為358 bp。PCR體系為20 μL,上下游引物各1 μL 、DNA模板3 μL、DEPC水5 μL、PCR mix 10 μL,反應(yīng)條件為預(yù)變性95℃,5 min;35個(gè)擴(kuò)增循環(huán),每個(gè)循環(huán)由變性(94℃,30 s)、復(fù)性(56℃,30 s)、延伸(72℃,1 min);72℃延伸5 min。PCR產(chǎn)物經(jīng)2%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳,溴化乙錠/紫外線以了解產(chǎn)物情況。
1.5 DNA序列分析 PCR產(chǎn)物純化后經(jīng)ABI3730XL型全自動(dòng)熒光DNA測(cè)序儀(Applied Biosystems, CA, USA)測(cè)序。將測(cè)序所得序列與Gen Bank中人類ADAR1基因序列進(jìn)行比對(duì),分析SNP及突變情況。
2.1 基因測(cè)序結(jié)果 該患者基因組DNA經(jīng)PCR、DNA測(cè)序后在第11外顯子與第11內(nèi)含子交界處檢測(cè)到一新的c.3091+1G>T剪切突變(圖2),導(dǎo)致第11號(hào)內(nèi)含子剪切受體發(fā)生改變。正常的100人對(duì)照及患者直系近親均未見此剪切突變。其余外顯子及內(nèi)含子均未見突變。
2.2 剪切突變功能預(yù)測(cè)分析 應(yīng)用Mutation Taster軟件進(jìn)行剪切突變蛋白功能預(yù)測(cè)分析[4],以該突變點(diǎn)兩側(cè)各6 bp范圍的DNA序列為目標(biāo)序列進(jìn)行檢索,結(jié)果提示該突變?yōu)橹虏〖羟形稽c(diǎn)突變,可能影響正常剪切并使得蛋白質(zhì)功能受到影響。檢索序列共有兩個(gè)限制性內(nèi)切酶識(shí)別位點(diǎn),分別為c.3091+3位點(diǎn)的GAGT以及c.3091+1位點(diǎn)的GTGA,兩者的突變型較野生型對(duì)蛋白質(zhì)功能的影響均顯著增加。
對(duì)蛋白特征改變進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)提示,除了下游蛋白質(zhì)序列可能發(fā)生改變外,所編碼蛋白的催化結(jié)構(gòu)域可能丟失。通過與ExAC及1000G數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行比對(duì),未發(fā)現(xiàn)已報(bào)道的相關(guān)突變。
c.3091+1G>T mutation in Intron11 of ADAR1 gene in the patient
遺傳性對(duì)稱性色素異常癥發(fā)病率至今少見報(bào)道,該病曾被普遍認(rèn)為是罕見病且僅發(fā)生于東亞尤其是日本和中國(guó)[5],但近年歐美國(guó)家關(guān)于該病的報(bào)道亦可見諸筆端[6]。一般認(rèn)為由于色減斑或色沉斑與白種人或黑種人膚色相近,易被患者忽視或錯(cuò)診、漏診及誤診。同時(shí)該病無礙患者生存,且非增齡性疾病,輕癥僅對(duì)患者生活質(zhì)量造成影響,部分患者因此不愿就診。
該病目前仍無特效療法,可通過避免日光直接暴曬減慢疾病進(jìn)展?;颊哂?0歲左右后有自行緩解的趨勢(shì),但無法痊愈[1]。
ADAR1基因編碼的雙鏈RNA特異性腺苷脫氨酶全長(zhǎng)1226個(gè)氨基酸,分為6個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)域,分別為2個(gè)Z-DNA結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域(Zα, Zβ),3個(gè)dsRNA結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域(DRBM1,DRBM2,DRBM3),1個(gè)催化結(jié)構(gòu)域[7]。該酶廣泛分布于全身各組織器官,通過將mRNA前體靶位點(diǎn)的腺嘌呤催化為次黃嘌呤完成RNA編輯[8]。當(dāng)該基因發(fā)生剪切突變時(shí),突變位點(diǎn)不能被限制性核酸內(nèi)切酶正確識(shí)別并催化,可能造成片段插入或出現(xiàn)提前終止密碼子(premature termination codons),造成基因轉(zhuǎn)錄翻譯異常進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致疾病發(fā)生[9]。在已報(bào)道的可能致病突變中,剪切突變所占比例最小,累計(jì)報(bào)道12例(T1601+2G,A1935-2G,G2080-1A,T2270+2G,A2271-3G,T2668+2A,G2763-1T,A2886-2C,c.3020-2A>T,G3202+5A,A3203-2G,G 3315+1 A)[10-19],約占現(xiàn)有所有突變報(bào)道的7%,且其中僅3例報(bào)道通過進(jìn)一步實(shí)驗(yàn)明確了理論的蛋白質(zhì)改變。
從基因結(jié)構(gòu)上分析,ADAR1基因11號(hào)外顯子位于催化結(jié)構(gòu)域中,其c.3089位點(diǎn)至c.3090位點(diǎn)是限制性內(nèi)切酶Psp1406 I的酶切位點(diǎn)(AACGTT),而在其下游c.3091+14至c.3091+15位點(diǎn)是潛在的限制性核酸內(nèi)切酶Nsp I的酶切位點(diǎn)(ACATGC),當(dāng)c.3091+1位點(diǎn)發(fā)生突變而不能被酶特異性識(shí)別時(shí),下游的潛在酶切位點(diǎn)就可能被識(shí)別并被剪切,進(jìn)而造成下游mRNA及蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)物結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的改變。同時(shí)由于該位點(diǎn)無法被內(nèi)切酶識(shí)別,繼續(xù)轉(zhuǎn)錄可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)提前終止密碼子,導(dǎo)致該基因編碼的蛋白不完整甚至通過泛素化等細(xì)胞自我保護(hù)途徑降解。本例患者拒絕進(jìn)一步提供血樣以供realtime-PCR明確該突變的具體剪切方式,因而無從得知最終的蛋白改變。蛋白質(zhì)作為生物功能的執(zhí)行者,該層面的改變有助于更好地理解該病的生物學(xué)行為。
遺傳性對(duì)稱性色素異常癥至今機(jī)制仍不明,通過基因測(cè)序手段獲得的大量突變數(shù)據(jù)有助于為后續(xù)的蛋白組學(xué)研究、基因型與表型關(guān)聯(lián)、發(fā)病機(jī)制及治療等進(jìn)一步研究提供幫助。
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(收稿:2016-10-12 修回:2016-10-26)
Splice-site mutation in ADAR1 gene in a patient with dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria
TANGZhuangli,WANGXiaopeng,XIAOShengxiang.
TheSecondAffiliatedHospitalofXi'anJiaotongUniversity,DepartmentofDermatology,Xi'an710004,ChinaCorrespondingauthor:WANGXiaopeng,E-mail:wangdctor@163.com
Objective: To detect the mutations in ARAD1 gene in one sporadic patient with dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria. Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood of patient and 100 healthy controls. All exons of ADAR1 gene were amplified by polymorphism chain reaction (PCR) and the products were purified and directly sequenced to detect mutations. Results: A novel splice-site mutation c.3091+1G>T was identified in the junction of exon 11 and intron 11, which was not detected in controls. Potential protein function changes of the altered DNA sequence was detected by Mutation Taster and the result showed the splice-site mutation was a pathogenic mutation which might lead to the loss of catalytic structural domain. Conclusion: One novel splice-site mutation was identified, which further expand the database of ARAD1 mutations.
dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria; splice site mutation; ADAR1 gene
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(編號(hào):30800991)
西安交通大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院,陜西西安,710004
王曉鵬,E-mail: wangdctor@163.com