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山楂酸與順鉑合用對肺癌A549細胞增殖、凋亡的影響

2017-04-26 11:55雪,彭揚,李慧,張月,何
實用藥物與臨床 2017年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:山楂熒光肺癌

白 雪,彭 揚,李 慧,張 月,何 平

山楂酸與順鉑合用對肺癌A549細胞增殖、凋亡的影響

白 雪,彭 揚,李 慧,張 月,何 平*

目的 探討山楂酸與順鉑合用對肺癌細胞A549增殖及凋亡產(chǎn)生的影響。方法 將人的肺癌細胞系A(chǔ)549經(jīng)過藥物干預(yù)(山楂酸、順鉑),并將干預(yù)后的肺癌細胞通過MTT實驗,分析細胞增殖能力變化,通過流式細胞技術(shù),分析細胞的凋亡水平變化。通過Western blot分析細胞中XIAP、Survivin的表達水平變化。結(jié)果 山楂酸和順鉑合用后,A549細胞的增殖率顯著降低,凋亡水平顯著提高;熒光電子顯微鏡下觀察到凋亡細胞明顯增加,核碎裂明顯,細胞大片脫落;Western blot結(jié)果顯示,山楂酸和順鉑合用,顯著下調(diào)XIAP、Survivin的蛋白表達量。結(jié)論 山楂酸和順鉑合用抑制肺癌細胞的增殖,促進肺癌細胞的凋亡,并下調(diào)細胞中凋亡抑制相關(guān)指標XIAP、Survivin的表達水平。

肺癌;山楂酸;順鉑;增殖;凋亡

0 引言

目前在全世界范圍內(nèi),肺癌已成為癌癥致死的主要原因,以鉑類為基礎(chǔ)的化療是肺癌的主要治療措施之一[1-3]。順鉑(Cisplatin,DDP)是無機金屬配位化合物,目前認為,其作用機制是通過與腫瘤細胞的DNA相結(jié)合,抑制DNA的復(fù)制過程,從而達到抗腫瘤的作用。但是鉑類藥物往往具有較大的毒副作用,在一定程度上限制了其抗腫瘤的應(yīng)用[4-6]。因此,尋找無毒或低毒的天然化學(xué)物作為增效劑,提高鉑類抗腫瘤藥物的療效,以減少其用量和不良反應(yīng),是臨床腫瘤治療的策略之一。山楂酸是從油橄欖、紅棗、枇杷葉、山楂等植物中分離得到的一個三萜類天然有機化合物[7-10]。近年來的研究表明,山楂酸具有抗腫瘤、抗氧化、抗艾滋病病毒、抗菌等諸多藥理活性[11-15]。近年國外研究發(fā)現(xiàn),山楂酸對部分腫瘤細胞有較強的抗腫瘤活性[16]。本研究觀察山楂酸與順鉑聯(lián)合應(yīng)用對人肺癌細胞A549凋亡的作用,以了解山楂酸是否能增強順鉑的抗腫瘤作用,從而減少順鉑的用量及毒性,為尋找潛在的化療增效劑提供實驗依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 材料、試劑及儀器 人肺癌細胞系A(chǔ)549購于美國典型培養(yǎng)物保藏中心(American Type Culture Collection,ATCC)。RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基購于Gibco公司,胎牛血清購于天津索萊寶生物工程有限公司,胰蛋白酶購于以色列Biological Industries公司,山楂酸購于上海純優(yōu)生物科技有限公司,順鉑購于山東齊魯制藥有限公司,Hoechst 33342:美國Sigma公司,四甲基偶氮唑藍(MTT)、Annexin V/PI雙染試劑盒購于南京凱基生物科技發(fā)展有限公司,XIAP、Survivin購于美國 Santa Cruz 公司,羊抗鼠IgG-HRP購于美國Proteintech公司,超敏ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光試劑盒購于碧云天生物科技有限公司,離心機購于德國Eppendorf公司,超凈工作臺(SW-CJ-1FD)購于蚌埠凈化設(shè)備廠,倒置顯微鏡(Olympus CKX31)購于日本奧林巴斯公司,酶標儀(BIOTEK-ELX808)購于美國賽默飛世爾公司,流式細胞儀(FACSCalibur)購于美國BD公司,熒光電子顯微鏡(Nikon C1)購于日本尼康公司。UP50超聲粉碎儀購于德國Dr.Hielseher公司,生化搖擺平臺購于北京沃德生物醫(yī)學(xué)儀器公司,穩(wěn)壓穩(wěn)流型電泳儀、電泳槽購于北京市六一儀器廠,凝膠成像分析系統(tǒng)(Tanon GIS-1000)購于上海天能科技有限公司。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 細胞培養(yǎng) 人肺癌A549細胞培養(yǎng)于含10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基,置于37 ℃、飽和濕度、5%二氧化碳的恒溫?zé)o菌培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)。細胞呈單層貼壁生長,將細胞濃度調(diào)整為5×105/mL,接種細胞過夜,進入對數(shù)生長期后,開始進行藥物干預(yù)。

1.2.2 MTT實驗 消化、收集對數(shù)增殖期細胞,并調(diào)整成濃度為1×105/mL的細胞懸液,接種于96孔板,過夜培養(yǎng)后,于鏡下觀察確認細胞貼壁良好。分別加入12 μg/mL山楂酸溶液、5 μg/mL順鉑溶液及聯(lián)合溶液(同時加入12 μg/mL山楂酸溶液和5 μg/mL的順鉑溶液),實驗同時設(shè)立含RPMI-1640全培養(yǎng)基的空白對照和未予藥物干預(yù)的陰性對照。細胞放于37 ℃、飽和濕度、5%二氧化碳的培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)24 h。結(jié)束培養(yǎng)前4 h,每孔加入MTT 20 μL,37 ℃繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)4 h,吸棄上清,每孔加DMSO 150 μL。酶標儀用于檢測波長為570 nm的每孔光密度值(OD值)。增殖抑制率按以下公式計算:抑制率=(1-藥物干預(yù)組OD值/對照組OD值)×100%。

1.2.3 熒光顯微鏡觀察凋亡 將預(yù)處理過的蓋玻片用無菌鑷子置于六孔板內(nèi),將A549細胞以5×105接種于6孔板中,加入終濃度為12 μg/mL的山楂酸溶液、5 μg/mL的順鉑溶液及聯(lián)合溶液(同時加入12 μg/mL山楂酸溶液和5 μg/mL順鉑溶液),并設(shè)立空白對照組(加入等量RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基),分別置于37 ℃、飽和濕度、5%二氧化碳的恒溫、無菌培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)24 h。取出樣本,在固定液(甲醇與冰乙酸的體積比為3∶1)作用下固定15 min。加入濃度為5 mg/L 的Hoechst 33342熒光染料1 mL,37 ℃條件下避光孵育15 min。用含1%甘油的PBS封片,于熒光顯微鏡下觀察、照相。每組實驗重復(fù)3次。

1.2.4 Annexin V/PI 雙標記法檢測細胞凋亡 A549細胞以5×105接種于6孔板中,實驗分組及藥物處理同上,分別于37 ℃、飽和濕度、5%二氧化碳的恒溫、無菌培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)24 h后,胰酶消化、收集細胞。4 ℃離心5 min(1 500 r/min),收集細胞。用500 μL Binding Buffer懸浮細胞后加入5 μL AnnexinV-FITC混勻,再加入5 μL PI后混勻,置于2~8 ℃避光下孵育15 min。在1 h內(nèi)使用流式細胞儀進行檢測。結(jié)果用Cellquest專業(yè)軟件獲取分析數(shù)據(jù)。每組實驗重復(fù)3次。

1.2.5 Western blot 檢測XIAP、Survivin的表達 經(jīng)過藥物處理以及對照組細胞用胰蛋白酶進行消化并收集。樣本中加入適量裂解液,低溫離心10 min(12 000 r/min,4 ℃),所得上清液即為樣本的蛋白溶液。將目的蛋白與蛋白上樣緩沖液混合,沸水浴中煮5 min,待冷卻后即可上樣。上樣結(jié)束后,在電泳槽加入電泳液,調(diào)節(jié)電壓為80 V,時間約為20 min,接著增大電壓為120 V,時間約為1 h,完成電泳。轉(zhuǎn)印、封閉后,孵育一抗。本實驗所用一抗抗體為:一抗XIAP、Survivin、GAPDH (1∶200;Santa Cruz;USA),孵育條件為4 ℃過夜。應(yīng)用羊抗鼠IgG-HRP(1∶3 000),孵育二抗2 h。PVDF膜上均勻滴加適量發(fā)光液,行ECL底物發(fā)光。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 山楂酸和順鉑協(xié)同抑制肺腺癌A549細胞的增殖 山楂酸、順鉑單獨作用均可抑制A549細胞的增殖,二者合用明顯增強對A549細胞的增殖抑制效應(yīng)。見圖1。

2.2 Hoechst 33258標記熒光顯微鏡觀察細胞凋亡 熒光電子顯微鏡觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),山楂酸、順鉑單獨作用A549細胞后,細胞核形態(tài)均發(fā)生顯著性改變,呈現(xiàn)染色質(zhì)濃縮、核固縮、核片斷化,二者合用時凋亡細胞明顯增多,核碎裂明顯,細胞大片脫落形成細胞脫失區(qū)(見圖2)。

圖1 山楂酸(MA)、順鉑(DDP)聯(lián)合應(yīng)用對A549細胞的 增殖抑制作用

圖2 Hoechst 33258標記熒光顯微鏡觀察山楂酸、順鉑 引起A549細胞核形態(tài)改變(400×) 注:A.對照組;B.山楂酸 12 μg/mL;C.順鉑5 μg/mL;D.聯(lián)合組

2.3 Annexin V/PI 雙標記法流式細胞儀檢測細胞凋亡 流式細胞分析凋亡水平結(jié)果顯示,山楂酸和順鉑單獨作用均可以引起肺癌A549細胞凋亡,聯(lián)合用藥組的凋亡率升高更明顯,具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。見圖3。

2.4 山楂酸和順鉑聯(lián)合抑制XIAP和Survivin的表達 Western blot方法檢測結(jié)果顯示,山楂酸、順鉑單獨應(yīng)用均可降低XIAP、Survivin蛋白的表達,二者合用可使XIAP、Survivin蛋白的表達明顯降低。見圖4。

3 討論

順鉑是治療非小細胞肺癌最重要的藥物之一,單藥有效率為16%~20%,含有順鉑的化療方案是目前非小細胞肺癌的一線化療方案[17-23]。但順鉑等化療藥物在殺滅腫瘤細胞的同時,對正常細胞也有一定的副作用,限制了其在臨床上的應(yīng)用。如何增加化療藥物對腫瘤的有效性,減輕化療藥物的不良反應(yīng),已經(jīng)引起腫瘤研究人員的廣泛關(guān)注。

圖3 Annexin V/PI 雙標記流式細胞儀分析山楂酸(MA)、 順鉑(DDP)單用或聯(lián)合應(yīng)用誘導(dǎo)A549細胞凋亡

圖4 山楂酸、順鉑單用及聯(lián)用抑制A549細胞XIAP、Survivin表達

有研究表明,多種中藥與順鉑合用可起到協(xié)同抗腫瘤作用[19,24-27],山楂酸與順鉑聯(lián)用尚未見報道。本研究通過MTT、熒光染色和凋亡率的檢測證明,山楂酸、順鉑聯(lián)合用藥后,較單一應(yīng)用其中一種藥物對A549細胞的凋亡、抑制作用增強。從而可為應(yīng)用山楂酸作為順鉑的增效劑,增加化療療效,減少化療不良反應(yīng)及損傷發(fā)生提供了體外實驗依據(jù)。

凋亡抑制蛋白(Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins,IAPs)是細胞內(nèi)一類內(nèi)源性的抑制凋亡蛋白家族,可與細胞凋亡的主要調(diào)節(jié)者半胱氨酸蛋白酶家族分子(Caspases)直接結(jié)合,阻斷Caspases的水解活性,從而抑制細胞凋亡。XIAP是IAPs家族的重要成員之一,主要通過與Caspase-3、Caspase-7、Caspase-9結(jié)合并抑制其活性,來發(fā)揮其抗凋亡作用,是IAPs家族中最有效的Caspases 抑制劑,在人體內(nèi)廣泛存在[28-29]。Tamm等[30]發(fā)現(xiàn),XIAP基因在腫瘤細胞中的過度表達是導(dǎo)致腫瘤對化療藥物耐藥的一個重要原因,與腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展及預(yù)后密切相關(guān)。有研究表明,轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)反義XIAP能增加順鉑對卵巢癌細胞化療的敏感性,還能激活Caspases及促進Caspases介導(dǎo)下MDM2的加工和p53 基因產(chǎn)物的聚集[31]。還有研究表明,三氧化二砷聯(lián)合順鉑作用于非小細胞肺癌細胞系H460,可以抑制細胞增殖、增加細胞凋亡及下調(diào)XIAP基因表達[32]。

Survivin基因是IAP家族中另一個重要成員。大量研究表明,Survivin是一個腫瘤特異性的凋亡抑制因子,可抑制細胞凋亡。Survivin抑制細胞凋亡的機制可能包括:①直接作用于凋亡終末效應(yīng)酶Caspases,主要通過抑制Caspases-3和Caspases-7活性來阻斷細胞凋亡;②與周期蛋白激酶p34cdc、cdk4相互作用,從而阻斷凋亡信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路[33-35]。

本實驗Western blot結(jié)果充分說明山楂酸與順鉑都能夠抑制A549細胞中XIAP、Survivin的表達,聯(lián)合用藥較單藥抑制作用更為顯著。山楂酸與順鉑誘導(dǎo)A549細胞凋亡的機制之一,可能是通過抑制XIAP、Survivin基因的表達,降低其對Caspases的抑制作用,活性Caspases表達增多,導(dǎo)致肺癌細胞的凋亡增加。

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Effect of combination of maslinic acid and cisplatin on proliferation and apoptosis in lung cancer cell line A549

BAI Xue,PENG Yang,LI Hui,ZHANG Yue,HE Ping*

(Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University,Shenyang 110004,China)

Objective To investigate the effect of combination of maslinic acid and cisplatin on proliferation and apoptosis in lung cancer cell line A549.Methods A549 cells were treated with maslinic acid and cisplatin,then the treated cells were applied to MTT assay and flow cytometer for proliferation and apoptosis analysis respectively.Expression of XIAP and survivin was also analyzed by western blot in A549 cells after treatment.Results Growth rate decreased and apoptosis rate increased in A549 cells when treated with the combination of maslinic acid and cisplatin.The treated cells were found in nuclear condensation,fragmentation and large fall-off through fluorescent electronic microscope.Western blot results showed that expression of XIAP and Survivin was down-regulated after treatment.Conclusion The combination of maslinic acid and cisplatin can inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis in lung cancer cells,and down-regulate the levels of XIAP and Survivin.

Lung cancer;Maslinic acid;Cisplatin;Proliferation;Apoptosis

2016-08-28

中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院,沈陽 110004

*通信作者

10.14053/j.cnki.ppcr.201704003

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