陳林秀+馬雅娟+高建波
[摘要] 目的 對(duì)比分析長(zhǎng)期佩戴角膜塑形鏡和單焦框架眼鏡治療近視的近遠(yuǎn)期療效及角膜并發(fā)癥情況,為臨床近視保守治療方案的選擇提供參考。 方法 選擇2013年7~12月在我院行近視治療的近視患者100例200眼作為研究對(duì)象,按就診順序編號(hào),將其采用數(shù)字隨機(jī)表法分為對(duì)照組(采用單焦框架眼鏡矯正治療)和觀察組(采用角膜塑形鏡矯正治療),每組50例100眼。觀察組患者進(jìn)行相關(guān)檢查后,根據(jù)檢查結(jié)果確定參數(shù)并配制鏡片,指導(dǎo)患者及家長(zhǎng)具體佩戴方法,每晚佩戴8~10 h;對(duì)照組患者據(jù)常規(guī)驗(yàn)光并配制相應(yīng)的單焦鏡片至于鏡架后白天佩戴。兩組患者均于佩戴后3 d、1個(gè)月、3個(gè)月、6個(gè)月、12個(gè)月、24個(gè)月、36個(gè)月回院隨訪,了解患者佩戴過程中的情況,指導(dǎo)患者正確佩戴。比較兩組患者佩戴36個(gè)月過程中角膜并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況、36個(gè)月后兩組患者均脫鏡1個(gè)月,再檢查裸眼視力、屈光度、角膜曲率及眼軸長(zhǎng)度并行組間、治療前后比較。 結(jié)果 佩戴36個(gè)月后,兩組患者裸眼視力均較入組前明顯提升(P<0.05),但觀察組患者明顯高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);兩組患者屈光度、角膜曲率均較入組前明顯下降(P<0.05),且觀察組明顯低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),兩組眼軸長(zhǎng)度均較入組前增加(P<0.05),但觀察組明顯短于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。觀察組三年期間角膜并發(fā)癥共發(fā)生56例56眼次,其它并發(fā)癥21例21眼次,經(jīng)暫停佩戴或藥物對(duì)癥處理或指導(dǎo)正確佩戴等措施后,1例因角膜并發(fā)癥退出研究,對(duì)照組僅4眼次發(fā)生角膜并發(fā)癥,其它并發(fā)癥6眼次。觀察組角膜并發(fā)癥率顯著高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 長(zhǎng)期佩戴角膜塑形鏡可延緩眼軸長(zhǎng)度進(jìn)展,有效的控制近視的屈光度,而單焦眼鏡對(duì)青少年的近視沒有明確的控制作用,雖戴角膜塑形鏡在角膜相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率比單焦眼鏡高,但在佩戴期間規(guī)范驗(yàn)配、嚴(yán)格復(fù)查、指導(dǎo)和隨訪,及時(shí)采取措施和改善并發(fā)癥的前提下,長(zhǎng)期佩戴角膜塑形鏡是安全有效的。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 角膜塑形鏡;單焦框架靜;近視;角膜并發(fā)癥;對(duì)比分析
[中圖分類號(hào)] R778.3 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2017)07-0065-03
[Abstract] Objective To compare and analyze the short-term and long-term curative effect of long-term wearing of MCT and single-focus glasses in the treatment of myopia and corneal complications, so as to provide references for the selection of conservative treatment of clinical myopia. Methods From July to December 2013, 100 patients (200 eyes) with myopia who were treated in our hospital were selected as the study subjects. The patients were divided into the control group (corrective treatment by single-focus glasses) and the observation group (corrective treatment by MCT) by the random number table according to the admission order, with 50 cases (100 eyes) in each group. After the relevant examinations in the observation group, the parameters were determined and the lenses were prepared according to the results of exam, and the patients and their parents were guided to learn the specific wearing method, with the wearing period of 8-10 h every night; the patients in the control group were asked to wear the glasses during daytime according to the routine optometry and the preparation of the corresponding single-focus lens. Two groups of patients were followed up for 3 d, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after wearing, so that the situations during the wearing process could be understood in the patients, and they were guided to wear properly. The occurrence of corneal complications was compared between the two groups during the 36-month wearing. The two groups were off the glasses for 1 month after 36 months treatment, and the uncorrected visual acuity, diopter, corneal curvature and length of optic axis were re-examined. They were compared before and after the treatment and between two groups. Results After 36 months of wearing, the uncorrected visual acuity of the two groups was significantly higher than that before grouping (P<0.05), but the observation group was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05); the diopter and corneal curvature of the two groups were significantly lower than those before grouping(P<0.05), and the observation group was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05). The axial length of the two groups was higher than that before grouping (P<0.05), but the observation group was significantly shorter than the control group(P<0.05). The number of the incidence of corneal complications in the observation group was 56 cases 56 eye times in 3 years, and 21 cases 21 eye times in other complications. After the suspension of wearing or drug symptomatic treatment or guidance to properly wear and other measures, 1 case was withdrawn from the study due to corneal complications, the number of incidence of corneal complications was only 4 eye times in the control group, and 6 eye times in other complications. The incidence rate of corneal complications in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05). Conclusion Long-term wearing corneal shape lens can delay the progress of ocular axial length, effective control of myopia diopter, and single focal glasses on juvenile myopia is no clear control function, although wearing corneal shape lens in corneal complication incidence is higher than single focal lens, but standard fitting, strict review during wear, guide and follow-up, take timely measures to the premise of complications and improve the long-term wearing corneal shape lens is safe and effective.
[Key words] MCT; Single-focus glasses; Myopia; Corneal complications; Comparative analysis
近視是影響青少年身心健康成長(zhǎng)的重要因素之一。目前臨床對(duì)于近視的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚無確切定論。但大量臨床回顧性總結(jié)文獻(xiàn)顯示,遺傳、發(fā)育、環(huán)境等因素與近視關(guān)系密切[1]。目前,青少年近視率高得驚人,尋找療效確切、安全性高的近視治療方案成為患者及眼科醫(yī)生的重要任務(wù)[2]。近視目前臨床較多使用的是單焦框架眼鏡白天佩戴和角膜塑形鏡夜晚佩戴的方法調(diào)整假性近視。其中角膜塑形鏡是近年來為各大醫(yī)療器械廠商大力推薦的一種方法。雖然臨床積累了較多應(yīng)用角膜塑形鏡治療近視的經(jīng)驗(yàn),但臨床療效的穩(wěn)定性不佳,且角膜相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的報(bào)道也存在較大偏差[3-4]。本文將角膜塑形鏡和單焦框架眼鏡治療近視的臨床療效和角膜并發(fā)癥進(jìn)行對(duì)比,以期提高對(duì)這兩種主流近視治療方法的認(rèn)知水平,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 臨床資料
選擇2013年7~12月在我院行近視治療的近視患者100例200眼作為研究對(duì)象,按在就診順序編號(hào),將其采用數(shù)字隨機(jī)表法分為對(duì)照組(采用單焦框架眼鏡矯正治療)和觀察組(采用角膜塑形鏡矯正治療),每組50例100眼。兩組患者性別、年齡、入組前裸眼視力、屈光度、角膜曲率及眼軸長(zhǎng)度比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1。
1.2 納入、排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5]
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)年齡8~40歲;(2)裸眼視力>0.1,<0.7,經(jīng)矯正后可達(dá)1.0;(3)眼部無其它疾病,全身無心、肝、肺、腎、血液系統(tǒng)及精神系統(tǒng)嚴(yán)重疾?。唬?)能正確理解矯正視力的局限性;(5)有良好的治療依從性,年齡<14歲患者有家長(zhǎng)監(jiān)護(hù),(6)身體對(duì)角膜塑形鏡護(hù)理液成分無過敏史;(7)患者或(和)家長(zhǎng)了解參加此次研究的利弊,并具備嚴(yán)格遵醫(yī)治療的條件和醫(yī)院,簽署知情同意書。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)年齡<8歲或>40歲;(2)有明顯眼內(nèi)散光;(3)夜間瞳孔較大者;(4)眼部有上皮細(xì)胞病變、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞病變、圓錐角膜、眼內(nèi)感染、眼瞼閉合不全等眼部疾病者;(5)合并有嚴(yán)重心、肝、腎、血液系統(tǒng)、代謝疾病或精神病者;(6)有藥物過敏史者;(7)未簽署知情同意書者。
1.3 方法
觀察組患者進(jìn)行眼前節(jié)、角膜地形圖、角膜曲率、醫(yī)學(xué)驗(yàn)光檢查,并根據(jù)檢查結(jié)果選擇度數(shù)及基弧相當(dāng)?shù)慕悄に苄午R試戴,根據(jù)試戴基弧數(shù),結(jié)合屈光處方、角膜曲率、角膜橫徑等參數(shù)確定參數(shù)并配制鏡片,指導(dǎo)患者及家長(zhǎng)具體佩戴方法,每晚佩戴8~10 h;對(duì)照組患者據(jù)常規(guī)驗(yàn)光并配制相應(yīng)的單焦鏡片至于鏡架后白天佩戴。兩組患者均于佩戴后3 d、1個(gè)月、3個(gè)月、6個(gè)月、12個(gè)月、24個(gè)月、36個(gè)月回院隨訪,了解患者佩戴過程中的情況,指導(dǎo)患者正確佩戴。測(cè)試患者裸眼視力、屈光度、角膜曲率及眼軸長(zhǎng)度。比較兩組患者佩戴36個(gè)月過程中角膜并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況、36個(gè)月后兩組患者均脫鏡1個(gè)月,再檢查裸眼視力、屈光度、角膜曲率及眼軸長(zhǎng)度并行組間、治療前后比較。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 13.0 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對(duì)文中所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料以[n(%)]表示,采用χ2方檢驗(yàn),P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者佩戴36個(gè)月后視力、屈光度、角膜曲率及眼軸長(zhǎng)度比較
佩戴36個(gè)月后,兩組患者裸眼視力均較入組前明顯提升(P<0.05),但觀察組患者明顯高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);兩組患者屈光度、角膜曲率均較入組前明顯下降(P<0.05),且觀察組明顯低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),兩組眼軸長(zhǎng)度均較入組前增加(P<0.05),但觀察組明顯短于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.2 兩組患者佩戴36個(gè)月角膜并發(fā)癥比較
觀察組三年期間角膜并發(fā)癥共發(fā)生56眼次,其它并發(fā)癥21眼次,經(jīng)暫停佩戴或藥物對(duì)癥處理或指導(dǎo)正確佩戴等措施后,1例因角膜并發(fā)癥退出研究,對(duì)照組僅4眼次發(fā)生角膜并發(fā)癥,其它并發(fā)癥6眼次。觀察組角膜并發(fā)癥率顯著高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。見表3。
3 討論
隨著我國社會(huì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的加劇,青少年學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)加重,使得我國目前青少年的近視比例大幅升高,具大數(shù)據(jù)調(diào)查顯示,10~18歲青少年中有65%的比例有程度不同的近視[6-7]。近視根據(jù)是否發(fā)生眼球器質(zhì)性改變分為假性近視和真性近視,真性近視目前尚無可靠的自我調(diào)整恢復(fù)方法,但假性近視可通過一定的手段可使視力自然恢復(fù)[8-9]?!爸渭俜勒妗笔桥R床近視治療的基本原則[10]。如何遏制假性近視向真性近視發(fā)展,是改變青少年群體視力水平的重要措施[11]。普通的矯正鏡片是通過鏡片內(nèi)表面和角膜表面緊密吻合、互相平行,對(duì)鏡片的外表面進(jìn)行改變而達(dá)到對(duì)角膜幾何形態(tài)進(jìn)行矯正治療近視的一種方法[12]。而角膜塑形鏡的鏡片的外表面較簡(jiǎn)單,內(nèi)表面相對(duì)復(fù)雜。塑形鏡的內(nèi)表面不再與角膜平行或吻合,而是在片角膜之間制造一些間隙,利用淚液的作用達(dá)到“矯形”效果[13-14]。雖然不能從根本上治療近視,也可出現(xiàn)停戴后視力反彈的現(xiàn)象,但它不改變角膜的結(jié)構(gòu)[15-16]。
本組研究資料采用單焦框架眼鏡白天佩戴和角膜塑形鏡夜間佩戴的方式對(duì)200只近視眼進(jìn)行治療。結(jié)果顯示,佩戴36個(gè)月后,兩組患者裸眼視力均較入組前明顯提升(P<0.05),但觀察組患者明顯高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);兩組患者屈光度、角膜曲率均較入組前明顯下降(P<0.05),且觀察組明顯低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),兩組眼軸長(zhǎng)度均較入組前增加(P<0.05),但觀察組明顯短于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。觀察組三年期間角膜并發(fā)癥共發(fā)生56眼次,其它并發(fā)癥21眼次,經(jīng)暫停佩戴或藥物對(duì)癥處理或指導(dǎo)正確佩戴等措施后,1例因角膜并發(fā)癥退出研究,對(duì)照組僅4眼次發(fā)生角膜并發(fā)癥,其它并發(fā)癥6眼次。觀察組角膜并發(fā)癥率顯著高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。角膜并發(fā)癥主要以異物感、角膜上脾氣熒光著色為主,異物感可能與患者個(gè)體對(duì)鏡片的感受不同而程度不同,但大多數(shù)患者在1個(gè)月內(nèi)異物感自行消失。出現(xiàn)角膜上皮熒光著色的患者暫停戴鏡1~3 d后自愈。2例患者出現(xiàn)水腫,暫停佩戴后,點(diǎn)潤(rùn)舒滴眼液緩解。1例患者出現(xiàn)眼部不適后多次調(diào)整鏡片仍無法改善,退出研究。上述角膜并發(fā)癥均于三個(gè)月內(nèi)消失,說明佩戴角膜塑形鏡在短期內(nèi)會(huì)出現(xiàn)較多不適,經(jīng)過及時(shí)指導(dǎo)患者正確的佩戴方法,適當(dāng)?shù)膶?duì)癥處理,角膜并發(fā)癥可得到有效改善,不會(huì)對(duì)患者眼部造成不利影響[17,18]。
綜上所述,長(zhǎng)期佩戴角膜塑形鏡可延緩眼軸長(zhǎng)度進(jìn)展,有效的控制近視的屈光度,而單焦眼鏡對(duì)青少年的近視沒有明確的控制作用,雖戴角膜塑形鏡在角膜相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率比單焦眼鏡高,但在佩戴期間規(guī)范驗(yàn)配、嚴(yán)格復(fù)查、指導(dǎo)和隨訪,及時(shí)采取措施和改善并發(fā)癥的前提下,長(zhǎng)期佩戴角膜塑形鏡是安全有效的。
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(收稿日期:2017-01-09)