徐進,蔣艷平,袁良玉,雷輝
(1.廣東省珠海市婦幼保健院兒科,廣東 珠海 519000;2.廣東省珠海市婦幼保健院小兒外科 廣東 珠海 519000)
重癥手足口病87例臨床特征及危險因素分析
徐進1,蔣艷平2,袁良玉1,雷輝1
(1.廣東省珠海市婦幼保健院兒科,廣東 珠海 519000;2.廣東省珠海市婦幼保健院小兒外科 廣東 珠海 519000)
目的 探尋手足口病重癥化的早期預(yù)警指標,為早期識別、盡早干預(yù)提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。方法回顧性分析87例重癥手足口病患兒的臨床資料并進行單因素和多因素分析。結(jié)果與普通病例相比,重癥病例多見于3歲以內(nèi)的嬰幼兒;臨床常持續(xù)高熱或高熱難退、初期的嘔吐、精神萎靡、嗜睡、易驚、驚厥、難以解釋的煩躁不安、肢體抖動、震顫、肌陣攣、無力、神經(jīng)反射異常等可提示神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)受累的表現(xiàn)多不典型,但發(fā)生率明顯高于普通組,高血壓、高血糖、EV71感染檢出率差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);單因素及多因素分析顯示:年齡<3歲、體溫39℃以上>3天或常規(guī)退熱效果不好、精神萎靡、嗜睡、易驚、驚厥、難以解釋的煩躁不安、肢體抖動或震顫或肌陣攣、持續(xù)高血壓、神經(jīng)反射異常、EV71感染、白細胞>15×109/L且中性粒升高、血糖>9 mmol/L等13項指標是手足口病重癥化的獨立危險因素。結(jié)論年齡<3歲、體溫39℃>3天或常規(guī)退熱效果不好、精神萎靡、嗜睡、易驚、驚厥、難以解釋的煩躁不安、肢體抖動或震顫或肌陣攣、血壓持續(xù)增高、神經(jīng)反射異常、EV71感染、白細胞>15×109/L且中性粒升高、血糖>9 mmol/L為手足口病重癥化的早期預(yù)警指標,具有早期識別重癥手足口病的作用。
兒童;手足口病;重癥化;臨床特征;危險因素;早期預(yù)警指標
手足口病好發(fā)于嬰幼兒,傳染性強,多數(shù)預(yù)后好,少數(shù)病例并發(fā)腦干腦炎、神經(jīng)源性肺水腫,病情兇險,進展迅速,致呼吸、循環(huán)及腦功能衰竭死亡,病死率較高[1]。為探尋手足口病重癥化的早期預(yù)警指標,為早期識別重癥、盡早采取有效措施,阻止病情進展,降低病死率提供科學(xué)依據(jù),本研究對87例重癥手足口病患兒的臨床資料進行了分析,具體如下。
1.1 臨床資料 選取2011年10月~2015年10月在廣東省珠海市婦幼保健院住院確診為重癥手足口病的患兒87例作為研究組,其中男51例,女36例,年齡4個月~7歲,平均年齡2歲1月,3歲以下73例(83.91%)。住院時間1~16天,平均9.79天。隨機選取同期住院符合診斷標準的普通手足口病87例作為對照組。診斷標準為我國衛(wèi)生部制定的《手足口病診療指南(2010年版)》[2]。排除:(1)危重病例及病史資料不完整的重癥病例;(2)既往有精神、運動發(fā)育異常者;(3)有先天性心、肺疾病者;(4)合并慢性基礎(chǔ)疾病如腎病綜合征、免疫功能低下等。
1.2 研究方法 對兩組患兒的臨床特征、病原學(xué)及輔助檢查資料進行回顧性的調(diào)查與分析,先分析單因素與重癥手足口病的關(guān)系,再將有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義的多個因素進行多元回歸分析。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法 統(tǒng)計軟件為SPSS 17.0,計量資料采用“±s”表示,組間比較采用t檢驗;計數(shù)資料用“n,%”表示,
組間比較采用χ2檢驗,多因素采用Logistic回歸分析;P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2.1 重癥組手足口病患兒的臨床特征 87例重癥手足口病患兒,73例(占83.91%)年齡<3歲,男女發(fā)病無差異;發(fā)熱85例(占97.70%),高熱持續(xù)3 d以上或常規(guī)退熱效果不好51例(占58.62%);全部病例均有皮疹,口腔、手足和或臀部均有22例(25.29%),僅1個或2個部位皮疹者65例(74.71%),皮疹不典型僅為小丘疹或斑丘疹,色淡紅者9例(10.34%),皮疹廣泛和或嚴重和或平均天數(shù)>7 d 32例(占36.78%),23例(26.43%)皮疹消失,但病情無好轉(zhuǎn);精神萎靡87例(100%),嘔吐86例(55.12%),易驚27例(31.03%),肢體抖動、震顫、肌陣攣25例(28.73%),嗜睡38例(43.67%),驚厥16例(18.39%),無力11例(12.64%),站立不穩(wěn)5(5.75%),神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)反射異常26例(29.89%);高血壓15例(17.24%);外周血WBC>15×109/L升高且中性粒升高41例(47.12%);血糖升高>9 mmoL/L 75例(48.07%),血清肌酸磷酸激酶同功酶(CK-MB)升高>25 mmoL/L 43例(49.42%),其中>50 mmoL/L者18例(20.69%);腸道病毒7l型陽性37例(41.52%),柯薩奇病毒A16型陽性15例(17.24%);MRI檢查,腦水腫表現(xiàn)為主10例(11.49%),腦干損傷者為主13例(14.94%),大腦白質(zhì)脫髓鞘病變?yōu)橹?例(2.30%);腦電圖見慢波、棘慢波6例(6.90%)。本組經(jīng)密切的觀察及治療(按照2010版診療指南執(zhí)行),15例患兒(17.24%)在起病1~5 d內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)為危重癥,2例死亡(占1.72%,1例腦干、腦炎,1例神經(jīng)源性肺水腫);其余經(jīng)治療,痊愈81例(93.10%),好轉(zhuǎn)4例(占3.45%,1例左上肢癱瘓,2例下肢輕度麻痹,1例站立不穩(wěn),隨訪治療3月均康復(fù)。
2.2 兩組患兒臨床特征比較的單因素分析 單因素分析顯示:年齡<3歲、體溫39℃>3 d或常規(guī)退熱效果不好、精神萎靡、嗜睡、嘔吐、易驚、驚厥、難以解釋的煩躁不安、肢體抖動震顫及肌陣攣、血壓持續(xù)增高、神經(jīng)反射異常、白細胞>15×109/L、血糖>9 mmol/L、EV71陽性13個因素是重癥手足口病發(fā)生的危險因素(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.3 重癥病例危險因素的Logistic回歸分析 以重癥病例為因變量,單因素分析中有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義的14個因素為自變量,進行多因素Logistic回歸分析,變量入選標準為α= 0.05,剔除標準為0.1。結(jié)果有13個因素進入Logistic回歸方程,結(jié)果顯示:年齡<3歲、體溫39℃>3 d或常規(guī)退熱效果不好、精神萎靡、嗜睡、易驚、驚厥、難以解釋的煩躁不安、肢體抖動或震顫、血壓持續(xù)增高、神經(jīng)反射異常、白細胞>15×109/L且中性粒升高、血糖>9 mmol/L、EV71陽性13個因素是手足口病重癥化的獨立危險因素,具有早期預(yù)警作用。見表2。
表l兩組患兒臨床特征比較的單因素分析Table 1 Two groups of children with single factor analysis of clinical features comparison
手足口病是以發(fā)熱和手、足、口腔、臀部等部位丘疹、斑丘疹、水皰疹為特征的一種急性傳染病,傳染性強,部分病例病情兇險、易致死亡,早期識別重癥病例,盡早干預(yù)是降低病死率的關(guān)鍵。本研究顯示83.9%重癥手足口病見于4月~3歲以內(nèi)的嬰幼兒,考慮與嬰幼兒處于生理性免疫功能尤其細胞、體液免疫低下有關(guān);發(fā)熱常見,但重癥組持續(xù)高熱超過3天或高熱難退與普通組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01),提示該因素為危險因素;兩組皮疹廣泛和或嚴重和或平均天數(shù)>7天比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,重癥組26.43%皮疹消失,但病情無好轉(zhuǎn),提示皮疹的多少、嚴重程度及消退時間與病情輕重不成正比,不能作為病情輕重的判斷指標,推測與感染病毒的數(shù)量、致病力強弱及機體的免疫狀態(tài)有關(guān)[3];嘔吐、精神萎靡、嗜睡、難以解釋煩躁不安等癥狀不屬于神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)受累特有,但重癥組的發(fā)生率明顯高于普通組,比較有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,應(yīng)將病人收入PICU監(jiān)護治療;一旦出現(xiàn)典型的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀、體征及腦脊液、腦電圖、MRI檢查異常時說明神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)受累;重癥組白細胞及中性粒細胞、血糖的升高及EV71感染檢出率明顯高于普通組(P<0.01),死亡見于重癥患兒迅速加重,致死原因為腦干腦炎及神經(jīng)源性肺水腫;提示嚴重的炎癥反應(yīng)參與重癥病例及死亡病例全過程,EV71是重癥病例的最主要病原,與該病毒有一定的嗜神經(jīng)性[4-5],易致無菌性腦炎、腦膜炎和神經(jīng)性肺水腫等有關(guān)[6],因此控制炎癥反應(yīng)[7]、防治EV71感染[8]可能是治療的關(guān)鍵。
經(jīng)單因素分析及多因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn):年齡<3歲、體溫39℃>3天或常規(guī)退熱效果不好、精神萎靡、嗜睡、易驚、驚厥、難以解釋的煩躁不安、肢體抖動、震顫、肌陣攣、無力、血壓持續(xù)增高、神經(jīng)反射異常、血糖>9 mmol/L、EV71陽性、13項指標是手足口病重癥化的獨立性危險因素,可作為手足口病由輕癥轉(zhuǎn)為重癥的危險指標,應(yīng)高度重視并盡早給予有效的干預(yù)處理,是阻止病情惡化,降低病死率的關(guān)鍵。
表2 重癥組危險因素的Logistic回歸分析Table 2 Logistic regression analysis of Severe set of risk factors
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Analysis of Clinical Features and Risk Factors in Patients with Severe Hand-foot-mouth Disease
Xu Jin1,Jiang Yan-ping2,Yuan Liang-yu1,Lei Hui1
(Zhuhai Maternity and Child Health Hospital,Pediatrics,Zhuhai,Guangdong,519000,China)
ObjectiveExploring early warning indicators to provide scientific bases for early identification and clinical treatments.MethodsRetrospective analysis was performed to analyze the clinical data of 87 children with severe hand-foot-mouth disease,and univariate and multivariate analysis was performed too.ResultsCompared with general group,children(83.91%)younger than 3 years got severe hand-foot-mouth disease, they were often sustained high fever or their high fever was too difficult to drop,the early symptoms of vomiting,malaise,sleepiness,easily startled, convulsions,unexplained irritability,limb shaking or tremor or myoclonus,gravis,abnormal neural reflex,which may indicated nervous system be involved were atypical,but the incidence was significantly higher than the general group,sustained hypertension,high blood glucose and the detection rate of EV71 were higher than the general group too.Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that age younger than 3 years,temperature 39℃lasted over three days or high fever was difficult to drop,malaise,sleepiness,easily startled,convulsions,unexplained irritability,limb shaking or tremor or myoclonus,gravis,abnormal neural reflex,sustained hypertension,high blood glucose,infected EV71,WBC>15×109/L and neutrophils increased,blood glucose>9 mmol/L,etc.13 indicators were independented relevant factors trending to seriousness,and played an important role in early warning.ConclusionAge younger than 3 years,temperature 39℃lasted over three days or high fever was difficult to drop,malaise,sleepiness,easily startled,convulsions,unexplained irritability,limb shaking or tremor or myoclonus,gravis,abnormal neural reflex,sustained hypertension,infected EV71,WBC>15×109/L and neutrophils increased,blood glucose>9 mmol/L,were the early warning indicators,it is important for early identifying severe Hand-foot-mouth disease.
Child;Hand-foot-mouth disease;Sever;Clinical Features;Risk Factors;Early warning indicators
10.3969/j.issn.1009-4393.2017.12.014