劉苗 唐榮 姜毅
·論著·
IL-6在巨噬細胞向M2型極化過程中的誘導(dǎo)作用
劉苗 唐榮 姜毅
目的 將小鼠巨噬細胞系RAW264.7細胞和骨髓瘤細胞系KM3細胞共培養(yǎng),探討IL-6在巨噬細胞向M2型極化的過程的作用。方法 取對數(shù)生長期細胞,分為3組:A組(KM3細胞組),B組(RAW264.7細胞組),C組(RAW264.7細胞+KM3細胞組)。分別予以ACTA(IL-6特異性抑制劑激活素A)或rIL-6(重組人IL-6)處理后,檢測腫瘤相關(guān)M2型巨噬細胞表達標志F4/80+ CD206+的比例。RT-PCR和Westernblot方法檢測各組細胞因子CCL22、IL-10、IL-12、TNF-αmRNA和蛋白表達量。ELISA法檢測各組細胞培養(yǎng)上清中IL-6的含量。結(jié)果 RAW264.7和KM3細胞共培養(yǎng)24 h后,與對照組相比,M2 型巨噬細胞比例顯著增加(P<0.05);予以ACTA處理后M2型巨噬細胞表達明顯下降(P<0.05);而予以rIL-6處理后M2型巨噬細胞表達明顯上調(diào)(P<0.05)。與B組(RAW264.7細胞組)相比,C組(RAW264.7細胞+KM3細胞)M2型巨噬細胞相關(guān)細胞因子CCL22,IL-10的mRNA和蛋白表達水平明顯上調(diào)(P<0.05),而M1型巨噬細胞相關(guān)因子IL-12,TNF-α的mRNA和蛋白表達水平明顯下調(diào)(P<0.05)。與A組、B組相比,C組細胞上清液中IL-6含量在24 h、48 h、72 h時間點均明顯上調(diào)(P<0.05)。通過濃度梯度改變RAW264.7細胞或KM3細胞的數(shù)量,發(fā)現(xiàn)RAW264.7細胞數(shù)量的改變顯著影響了IL-6的表達水平。結(jié)論 將RAW264.7細胞和KM3細胞共培養(yǎng)后,后者能誘導(dǎo)RAW264.7細胞向腫瘤相關(guān)M2型巨噬細胞轉(zhuǎn)化, IL-6在上述轉(zhuǎn)化過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。
巨噬細胞;骨髓瘤;IL-6;極化
白細胞介素-6(IL-6)是一種多功能的細胞因子,能調(diào)節(jié)多種生理功能,包括基因激活、細胞增殖和分化[1,2]。近年來,大量的研究表明IL-6參與了多種腫瘤的進展過程,促進腫瘤細胞生長,是惡性腫瘤預(yù)后不良的重要標志[3,4]。M2型巨噬細胞是腫瘤組織中數(shù)量最多的抗原提呈細胞,其在腫瘤的發(fā)展、浸潤、轉(zhuǎn)移及促進腫瘤血管生成中發(fā)揮重要作用。有研究表明,IL-6與巨噬細胞極化相關(guān)[5,6]。本研究將小鼠巨噬細胞系RAW264.7細胞和骨髓瘤細胞系KM3細胞作為研究對象,探討IL-6是否參與了巨噬細胞向M2型極化的過程。
1.1 試劑 新生牛血清及IMEM培養(yǎng)基購于Gibco公司,PI標記的抗小鼠F4/80抗體和FITC標記的抗小鼠CD206抗體購自eBioscience公司,Trizol試劑盒購于上海生工生物有限公司,RT-PCR試劑盒購于Invitrogen公司,相關(guān)一抗體(CCL22、IL-10、IL-12、TNF-α多克隆抗體)購自Cell signal公司,相應(yīng)二抗體購自Pierce公司,IL-6特異性抑制劑激活素A及鼠源重組白細胞介素6(rIL-6)購自輝瑞公司,蛋白電泳marker購自Fermentas公司。ELISA試劑盒購于美國BD公司。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 細胞培養(yǎng):RAW264.7細胞 和KM3細胞購自華中科技大學(xué)同濟醫(yī)學(xué)院基礎(chǔ)學(xué)院,RAW264.7細胞 和KM3細胞分別在IMEM培養(yǎng)基(含10%Gibco新生牛血清,100 U/ml青霉素,100 μg/ml鏈霉素)中常規(guī)培養(yǎng)。
1.2.2 實驗分組:實驗分為:A組:KM3細胞組,B組:RAW264.7細胞組,C組:RAW264.7細胞+KM3細胞組,RAW264.7細胞接種于6孔板的數(shù)目為1×105/孔, KM3細胞接種于6孔板的數(shù)目為5×105/孔。
1.2.3 流式細胞術(shù)檢測:各組細胞培養(yǎng)24 h后,檢測腫瘤相關(guān)M2型巨噬細胞表達標志F4/80+ CD206+的比例。將C組細胞分為2組,D組:RAW264.7細胞+KM3細胞+ ACTA(IL-6特異性抑制劑激活素A);E組:RAW264.7細胞+KM3細胞+ rIL-6(重組人IL-6)。通過流式細胞術(shù)檢測M2型巨噬細胞的比例。采用PI標記F4/80抗體,F(xiàn)ITC標記CD206抗體。
1.2.4 RT-PCR方法:檢測各組CCL22、IL-10、IL-12、TNF-α基因mRNA表達收集各組細胞,提取總RNA,檢測各組細胞因子CCL22、IL-10、IL-12、TNF-α的mRNA 表達。方法如下:①逆轉(zhuǎn)錄:根據(jù)Trizol一步法抽提總RNA,分光光度計測定RNA濃度。將抽提的總RNA為模板,以O(shè)ligo(dT)15為反轉(zhuǎn)錄引物,各樣品取相同量的RNA逆轉(zhuǎn)錄成cDNA。②PCR擴增: 設(shè)計引物,取PCR產(chǎn)物8 μl,加5× Loading buffer 2 μl,2%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳。溴化乙錠染色,凝膠成像儀成象,并對電泳條帶進行分析。
1.2.5 Westernblot方法:檢測各組CCL22、IL-10、IL-12、TNF-α蛋白表達收集各組細胞進行以下實驗。①蛋白抽提與定量:各組細胞加入200 μl蛋白裂解液,混勻,充分裂解后提取總蛋白。②免疫印跡檢測目的蛋白:配置SDS-PAGE濃縮膠與分離膠,本實驗濃縮膠為3.9%, 分離膠為8%和10%,凝膠聚合1 h。在電泳緩沖液中進行電泳,然后將蛋白質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移至硝酸纖維素膜上。在5%脫脂奶粉中進行抗體封閉,然后加入相應(yīng)的一抗:CCL22(1∶2 000),IL-10(1∶2 500),IL-12(1∶2 000),TNF-α(1∶1 000)4℃冰箱過夜后,將硝酸纖維素膜用TBST液反復(fù)沖洗,再加入相應(yīng)的二抗,搖床搖1 h后取出,TBST液反復(fù)沖洗,并以兔抗GAPDH(1∶1 000)作為對照。隨后進行顯影及曝光,計算蛋白條帶的吸光度值(IA=平均吸光度×面積)。
1.2.6 ELISA方法檢測:①取各組細胞培養(yǎng)上清液,按照ELISA試劑盒說明書進行操作,測定細胞因子IL-6含量;②取RAW264.7細胞和KM3細胞,按照細胞混合比例不同,分為8組,C1:RAW264.7細胞數(shù)為 1×105/孔,KM3細胞數(shù)為5×105/孔; C2:RAW264.7細胞數(shù)為1×105/孔; KM3細胞數(shù)為2.5×105/孔; C3:RAW264.7細胞數(shù)為1×105/孔,KM3細胞數(shù)為1.25×105/孔; C4:RAW264.7細胞數(shù)為1×105/孔,KM3細胞數(shù)為0.625×105/孔; C5:KM3細胞數(shù)為5×105/孔,RAW264.7細胞數(shù)為1×105/孔; C6:KM3細胞數(shù)為5×105/孔,RAW264.7細胞數(shù)為0.5×105/孔; C7:KM3細胞數(shù)為5×105/孔,RAW264.7細胞數(shù)為0.25×105/孔; C8:KM3細胞數(shù)為5×105/孔,RAW264.7細胞數(shù)為0.125×105/孔。培養(yǎng)24 h后取上清液,測定IL-6的含量。
2.1 流式細胞術(shù)檢測結(jié)果 培養(yǎng)24 h后,A組和B組僅可見少量(2.46%,2.37%)M2型巨噬細胞表達。與A組和B組相比,C組M2型巨噬細胞(10.35%)比例顯著增加,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t=4.379,P<0.05;t=3.726,P<0.05)。干預(yù)24 h后,D組M2型巨噬細胞表達的比例為1.07%,與C組相比,D組M2型巨噬細胞表達明顯下降(t=5.201,P<0.05); E組M2型巨噬細胞表達的比例為25.12%,與C組相比,E組M2型巨噬細胞表達明顯上調(diào)(t=3.592,P<0.05)。見圖1,表1。
2.2 RT-PCR檢測結(jié)果 與B組比較,C組的M2型巨噬細胞相關(guān)細胞因子CCL22,IL-10的mRNA表達水平明顯增高(t=2.993,P<0.05;t=4.162,P<0.05),而M1型巨噬細胞相關(guān)因子IL-12,TNF-α的mRNA表達水平降低(t=3.386,P<0.05;t=4.359,P<0.05)。見圖2,表2。
A組B組C組D組E組
圖1 干預(yù)24 h后不同細胞組腫瘤相關(guān)M2型巨噬細胞表達的比例
注: 與KM3細胞組比較,*P<0.05;與RAW264.7細胞組比較,#P<0.05;與RAW264.7細胞+KM3細胞比較,△P<0.05
圖2 RT-PCR 電泳結(jié)果
M:marker:1:RAW264.7細胞組, 2:RAW264.7細胞+KM3細胞
指標RAW264.7細胞組RAW264.7細胞+KM3細胞組F值P值CCL220.4236±0.01280.5367±0.0239*5228.689<0.05IL-10 0.7269±0.03230.8642±0.0156*4529.332<0.05IL-12 0.5717±0.01960.3673±0.0241*3274.126<0.05TNF-α0.6425±0.03340.4565±0.0183*5176.457<0.05
注: 與RAW264.7細胞組比較,*P<0.05
2.3Westernblot檢測結(jié)果 與B組比較,C組的M2型巨噬細胞相關(guān)細胞因子CCL22,IL-10的蛋白表達水平明顯增高(t=4.302,P<0.05;t=5.265,P<0.05),而M1型巨噬細胞相關(guān)因子IL-12,TNF-α的蛋白表達水平降低(t=3.889,P<0.05;t=4.747,P<0.05)。見圖3,表3。
2.4 ELISA檢測結(jié)果 與A組、B組相比,C組細胞上清液中IL-6含量在24 h、48 h、72 h時間點均明顯上調(diào)(P<0.05),在72 h時,結(jié)果示C組IL-6的含量是A組2.61倍,B組2.35倍。見圖4,表4。
圖3 Western blot 電泳結(jié)果
注: 1:RAW264.7細胞組;2:RAW264.7細胞+KM3細胞
指標RAW264.7細胞組RAW264.7細胞+KM3細胞組F值P值CCL220.3757±0.02210.4809±0.0178*3377.657<0.05IL-10 0.6524±0.01950.8715±0.0269*5903.332<0.05IL-12 0.6063±0.03460.5126±0.0332*4041.256<0.05TNF-α0.9356±0.02730.8177±0.0247*2832.747<0.05
注: 與RAW264.7細胞組比較,*P<0.05
圖4 3組細胞上清液中IL-6表達水平
注:A:KM3細胞組,B:RAW264.7細胞組,C:RAW264.7細胞+KM3細胞
干預(yù)時間KM3細胞組RAW264.7細胞組RAW264.7細胞+KM3細胞組24h11.5623±0.536615.3447±0.675820.1892±0.3139*#48h13.1145±0.678216.8361±0.559425.2123±0.2775*#72h17.5523±0.499519.4943±0.394645.8115±0.4138*#
注: 與KM3細胞組比較,*P<0.05;與RAW264.7細胞組比較,#P<0.05
C2組、C3組、C4 組IL-6的表達水平分別為C1 組的92.1%,91.2%,85.7%,僅C4組與C1組的差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t=4.634,P<0.05)。C6組,C7組,C8組IL-6的表達水平分別為C5 組的66.7%,57.8%,46.5%,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t=4.208,P<0.05;t=5.537,P<0.05;t=3.901,P<0.05)。見圖5,表5、6。
圖5 不同比例混合的共培養(yǎng)細胞上清液中IL-6表達水平
注: C1:RAW264.7細胞數(shù)為1×105/孔,KM3細胞數(shù)為5×105/孔; C2:RAW264.7細胞數(shù)為1×105/孔,KM3細胞數(shù)為2.5×105/孔;C3:RAW264.7細胞數(shù)為1×105/孔,KM3細胞數(shù)為1.25×105/孔;C4:RAW264.7細胞數(shù)為1×105/孔,KM3細胞數(shù)為0.625×105/孔;C5: KM3細胞數(shù)為5×105/孔,RAW264.7細胞數(shù)為1×105/孔;C6: KM3細胞數(shù)為5×105/孔,RAW264.7細胞數(shù)為0.5×105/孔;C7: KM3細胞數(shù)為5×105/孔,RAW264.7細胞數(shù)為0.25×105/孔;C8: KM3細胞數(shù)為5×105/孔,RAW264.7細胞數(shù)為0.125×105/孔
細胞因子IL-6參與了機體多種功能,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),IL-6與腫瘤的發(fā)生及發(fā)展密切相關(guān),IL-6參與了惡性腫瘤的免疫逃逸,是惡性腫瘤預(yù)后不良的重要標志[7,8]。研究表明,降低IL-6的活性能夠恢復(fù)骨髓瘤細胞對化療藥物的敏感性[9]。
巨噬細胞的激活狀態(tài)主要分為兩種類型:M1型和M2型。 M1型巨噬細胞主要由Th1型細胞因子激活,表現(xiàn)為高表達MHCII,產(chǎn)生大量TNF-α、IL-12和NO,可直接殺傷病原微生物和腫瘤細胞,M1型巨噬細胞參與促炎反應(yīng),具有免疫監(jiān)視作用[10,11]。M2型巨噬細胞主要由Th2型細胞因子激活,其表達標志主要為F4/80+ CD206+,通過分泌抑制性細胞因子IL-10、CCL22、TGF-β等下調(diào)機體的免疫應(yīng)答,M2型巨噬細胞與抗炎反應(yīng)及腫瘤疾病相關(guān)[12,13]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),M2型巨噬細胞在在腫瘤的發(fā)展、浸潤、轉(zhuǎn)移及促進腫瘤血管生成中發(fā)揮重要作用[14,15]。
炎癥微環(huán)境在腫瘤的進展中發(fā)揮著重要作用,巨噬細胞是腫瘤微環(huán)境中浸潤炎性細胞的主要成分。腫瘤細胞周圍基質(zhì)中分泌的細胞因子和酶構(gòu)成的局部微環(huán)境,決定了巨噬細胞的類型和功能。研究表明,腫瘤微環(huán)境中相關(guān)細胞因子IL-6能誘導(dǎo)巨噬細胞向M2型極化,后者廣泛參與了腫瘤的免疫逃逸[16-18]。
表5 不同比例混合的共培養(yǎng)細胞上清液中IL-6表達水平 ±s
注: 與C1組(RAW264.7細胞數(shù)為1×105/孔,KM3細胞數(shù)為5×105/孔)比較,*P<0.05
表6 不同比例混合的共培養(yǎng)細胞上清液中IL-6表達水平 ±s
注: 與C5組(KM3細胞數(shù)為5×105/孔,RAW264.7細胞數(shù)為1×105/孔)比較,*P<0.05
本研究顯示,KM3細胞與RAW264.7細胞共培養(yǎng)后,M2型巨噬細胞所占比例增加,CCL22、IL-10等M2型細胞因子表達水平上調(diào),IL-12、TNF-α等M1型細胞因子表達水平下調(diào),提示KM3細胞能誘導(dǎo)RAW264.7細胞向M2型巨噬細胞轉(zhuǎn)化。通過對RAW264.7向M2型巨噬細胞轉(zhuǎn)化的分子機制深入研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 當RAW264.7細胞和KM3細胞共培養(yǎng)后,培養(yǎng)上清液中IL-6高表達。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),多種腫瘤細胞分泌IL-6,暴露于IL-6或者自分泌IL-6的癌細胞具有較強的侵襲力和抗藥性。
本研究通過濃度梯度改變RAW264.7細胞或KM3細胞的數(shù)量,觀察IL-6表達量的變化,旨在分辨IL-6主要是由何種細胞分泌。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),C2、C3、C4組的濃度分別是C1 組的92.1%、91.2%、85.7%,僅C4組與C1組的差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05), C6、C7、C8組的濃度分別是C5組的66.7%、57.8%、46.5%, 差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)果表明IL-6的表達主要受RAW264.7細胞數(shù)量影響更為明顯,我們推測IL-6主要通過RAW264.7細胞分泌。進一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),激活素A(IL-6特異性抑制劑)能抑制RAW264.7細胞向M2型巨噬細胞轉(zhuǎn)化,重組IL-6能促進上述轉(zhuǎn)化過程。
總之,本研究初步證實骨髓瘤細胞能誘導(dǎo)巨噬細胞向M2型轉(zhuǎn)化,IL-6參與了上述過程,其具體機制仍需進一步研究。
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The induction effect of IL-6 in polarization process of macrophages to M2 type in vitro
LIUMiao,TANGRong,JIANGYi.
DepartmentofPaediatrics,People’sHospitalAffiliatedtoWuhanUniversity,Wuhan430060,China
Objective To investigate the effects of IL-6 in polarization process of macrophages to M2 type,with macrophage cell line-RAW264.7 of mice being co-cultured with myeloma cell line KM3 in vitro.Methods The cells at exponential growth phase were divided into three groups: group A (KM3 cell),group B (RAW264.7 cell),group C (RAW264.7 cell +KM3 cell).After the cells were treated with ACTA (a specific inhibitor of IL-6) or rIL-6 (recombinant human IL-6),respectively,the proportion of F4/80+ CD206+ cells was detected. The expression levels of CCL22, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α lpha were measured by RT-PCR and Western Blot, respectively. The content of IL-6 in culture supernatant was detected by ELISA.Results After RAW264.7 cells and KM3 cells were co-cultured for 24 hours, as compared with that in control group, the proportion of M2 type macrophages was significantly increased (P<0.05),moreoverafterthecellsweretreatedbyACTA,theexpressionofM2typemacrophageswasobviouslydecreased(P<0.05),however,afterthecellsweretreatedbyrIL-6,theproportionofM2macrophageswassignificantlyincreased(P<0.05).AscomparedwiththoseingroupB,theexpressionlevelsofM2macrophagerelatedcytokines-CCL22andIL-10mRNAandproteinweresignificantlyup-regulatedingroupC(P<0.05),buttheexpressionlevelsofM1macrophagerelatedcytokines-IL-12,TNF-αlphamRNAandproteinwereobviouslydown-regulated(P<0.05).AscomparedwiththoseingroupAandgroupB,thelevelsofIL-6inculturesupernatantweresignificantlyincreasedat24h, 48h, 72htimepointsingroupC(P<0.05).WhenthecellcountsofRAW264.7cellsorKM3cellswerechangedbydifferentconcentrationgradient,theexpressionlevelsofIL-6weremoreeasilyinfluencedbythechagesofRAW264.7cellnumber.Conclusion After RAW264.7 cells are co-cultured with KM3 cells in vitro, the latter can induce the transformation of RAW264.7 cell into tumor-associated M2 macrophages, moreover, IL-6 may play an important role in the transformation process.
macrophage;myeloma;IL-6;polarization
10.3969/j.issn.1002-7386.2017.08.001
項目來源:湖北省自然科學(xué)基金項目(編號:2014CFB395)
430060 湖北省武漢市,武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院兒科
姜毅,430060 湖北省武漢市,武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院兒科;
E-mail: jiangyiwd@126.com
R 730.2
A
1002-7386(2017)08-1125-05
2016-12-13)