詹建偉, 王 劍, 王 弋, 焦德明, 陳 君, 李 優(yōu), 吳錦鴻, 陳清勇△
(1杭州市第一人民醫(yī)院, 浙江 杭州 310006; 2解放軍第一一七醫(yī)院, 浙江 杭州 310013)
姜黃素逆轉(zhuǎn)HGF誘導(dǎo)PC9細(xì)胞對吉非替尼的耐藥*
詹建偉1, 王 劍2▲, 王 弋1, 焦德明2, 陳 君2, 李 優(yōu)2, 吳錦鴻1, 陳清勇2△
(1杭州市第一人民醫(yī)院, 浙江 杭州 310006;2解放軍第一一七醫(yī)院, 浙江 杭州 310013)
目的: 探索姜黃素逆轉(zhuǎn)肝細(xì)胞生長因子(HGF)誘導(dǎo)的肺癌細(xì)胞吉非替尼耐藥性的分子機(jī)制。方法: 利用MTT實(shí)驗(yàn)、劃痕修復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)和Western blot觀察HGF、吉非替尼和姜黃素對PC9細(xì)胞藥物敏感性、遷移能力、上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化和相關(guān)信號通路的影響. 結(jié)果: HGF可顯著降低PC9細(xì)胞對吉非替尼的敏感性,而姜黃素可顯著逆轉(zhuǎn)HGF誘導(dǎo)的PC9細(xì)胞對吉非替尼的耐藥性。HGF還可誘導(dǎo)PC9細(xì)胞發(fā)生遷移及上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化,激活c-Met/AKT/mTOR通路,單獨(dú)吉非替尼不能逆轉(zhuǎn)HGF誘導(dǎo)的遷移、上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化及c-Met/AKT/mTOR通路活化,而吉非替尼聯(lián)合姜黃素可抑制HGF誘導(dǎo)的c-Met/AKT/mTOR通路活化并逆轉(zhuǎn)PC9細(xì)胞的遷移和上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化。結(jié)論: 姜黃素抑制HGF誘導(dǎo)的PC9細(xì)胞吉非替尼耐藥性可能是通過逆轉(zhuǎn)上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化和抑制c-Met/AKT/mTOR通路實(shí)現(xiàn)的。
姜黃素; 肝細(xì)胞生長因子; 吉非替尼; 耐藥性; 上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化
肺癌已成為發(fā)病率和死亡率最高的惡性腫瘤之一。吉非替尼(gefitinib,Ge)已成為晚期非小細(xì)胞肺癌表皮生長因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)突變陽性患者的一線用藥,可顯著延長患者生存期,改善生活質(zhì)量。然而吉非替尼耐藥是所有服用該靶向藥物的肺癌患者不可避免的問題。已有研究表明,腫瘤細(xì)胞耐吉非替尼的機(jī)制主要有上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化[1]、T790M突變[2]、c-met突變或擴(kuò)增[3]、非小細(xì)胞肺癌向小細(xì)胞肺癌轉(zhuǎn)化[4]等。近來的研究報(bào)道顯示,肝細(xì)胞生長因子(hepatocyte growth factor,HGF)可在體外誘導(dǎo)肺癌細(xì)胞耐吉非替尼,可能與激活旁路有關(guān)[5]。因此,抑制HGF誘導(dǎo)的旁路激活可能成為逆轉(zhuǎn)吉非替尼耐藥性的新的治療手段。本實(shí)驗(yàn)將對姜黃素(curcumin,CUR)能否逆轉(zhuǎn)HGF誘導(dǎo)的肺癌細(xì)胞對吉非替尼的耐藥性及具體機(jī)制進(jìn)行研究,為姜黃素逆轉(zhuǎn)肺癌對靶向藥物的耐藥性提供更多的理論依據(jù)。
1 細(xì)胞系和主要試劑
人非小細(xì)胞肺癌細(xì)胞PC9購自上海中科院細(xì)胞庫。
吉非替尼片(易瑞沙)購自Astra Zeneca,用DMSO配制成20 mmol/L儲備液,-20 °C保存;姜黃素購自Sigma;HGF 購自PeproTech;c-Met抑制劑SU11274購自Selleck Chemicals;抗EGFR、p-EGFR、p-Met (Y1234/35)、c-Met、p-AKT (S473)、AKT、哺乳動物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)、p-mTOR (S2448)、GAPDH等抗體購自Cell Signaling Technology;羊抗兔IgG II抗購自Jackson。
2 方法
2.1 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng) 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)于含10%胎牛血清和青霉素、鏈霉素(終濃度為1×105U/L)的RPMI-1640(Gibco)培養(yǎng)液,常規(guī)置于37 °C、5% CO2培養(yǎng)箱中,取對數(shù)生長期細(xì)胞進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)。
2.2 細(xì)胞分組 實(shí)驗(yàn)分為對照(control)組、HGF組、吉非替尼組、HGF+吉非替尼組和HGF+吉非替尼+姜黃素組。其中HGF使用濃度為40 μg/L,吉非替尼使用濃度為200 nmol/L,姜黃素使用濃度分別為20 μmol/L。
2.3 MTT實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測細(xì)胞活力 接種3×103個(gè)PC9細(xì)胞于96孔板,培養(yǎng)12 h待細(xì)胞貼壁后,吸去培養(yǎng)基,按上述藥物濃度加入全血清培養(yǎng)200 μL,每24 h換液1次,處理48 h后,各孔加20 μL MTT 溶液(5 g/L,無菌PBS配制),繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)4 h,吸去培養(yǎng)基,各孔加入150 μL二甲基亞砜,搖床避光輕搖10 min,每孔吸100 μL置于另一96孔板內(nèi),酶標(biāo)儀在490 nm處檢測吸光度(A)值,繪制柱狀圖。每組設(shè)5個(gè)復(fù)孔,實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。
2.4 劃痕修復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn) 接種3×105個(gè)PC9細(xì)胞于6孔板,待細(xì)胞融合度為80%時(shí),在板內(nèi)用10 μL槍頭進(jìn)行劃痕、拍照。吸去培養(yǎng)基,加入含有2.5%血清培養(yǎng)基,或含有上述藥物的培養(yǎng)基,作用2 h后加入HGF,使終濃度為40 μg/L,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)24 h。劃痕修復(fù)率=(0 h劃痕寬度-24 h劃痕寬度)/0 h劃痕寬度×100%,計(jì)算平均數(shù)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差,繪制統(tǒng)計(jì)圖。
2.5 Western blot實(shí)驗(yàn) 接種 3×105個(gè)PC9細(xì)胞于6孔板,培養(yǎng)12 h待細(xì)胞貼壁后,吸去培養(yǎng)基,按上述藥物濃度加入全血清培養(yǎng)基2 mL,每24 h換液1次,處理48 h后用RAPI 裂解液提取各組細(xì)胞總蛋白并進(jìn)行蛋白定量,每個(gè)泳道上蛋白樣品10 μg,8% SDS-PAGE分離后,轉(zhuǎn)印(300 mA、120 min)到PVDF上。5%脫脂牛奶或牛血清白蛋白室溫封閉1 h。分別加入對應(yīng) I 抗,4 °C孵育過夜,TBST洗滌3次,加入 II 抗孵育2 h后洗膜,加入電化學(xué)發(fā)光法發(fā)光液,凝膠成像系統(tǒng)拍照,分析條帶灰度值。
3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
以上實(shí)驗(yàn)均至少重復(fù)3次,應(yīng)用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(mean±SD)表示,多組間的均數(shù)比較采用單因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),多個(gè)樣本均數(shù)兩兩比較采用Bonferroni校正的t檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
1 姜黃素逆轉(zhuǎn)HGF誘導(dǎo)的PC9細(xì)胞對吉非替尼耐藥
經(jīng)HGF刺激后,細(xì)胞活力明顯高于對照組。與對照組相比,吉非替尼可顯著抑制PC9細(xì)胞的活力,而聯(lián)合HGF可顯著削弱吉非替尼對細(xì)胞活力的抑制作用。加入姜黃素處理后,可重新抑制PC9細(xì)胞的活力,見圖1。
Figure 1.Curcumin (CUR) reversed HGF-induced resistance to gefitinib (Ge) in the PC9 lung cancer cells. Mean±SD.n=5.*P<0.05,**P<0.01vscontrol group;##P<0.01vsHGF+Ge group.
圖1 姜黃素逆轉(zhuǎn)HGF誘導(dǎo)的PC9細(xì)胞對吉非替尼的耐藥性
2 姜黃素抑制HGF誘導(dǎo)的PC9細(xì)胞遷移
HGF可誘導(dǎo)PC9細(xì)胞遷移,在HGF存在的條件下,吉非替尼對PC9細(xì)胞遷移的抑制作用明顯降低,在聯(lián)合姜黃素處理后,HGF對PC9細(xì)胞遷移的促進(jìn)作用減弱,見圖2。
Figure 2.Curcumin (CUR) inhibitied HGF-induced PC9 cell migration (×100). Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05,**P<0.01vscontrol group,#P<0.05,##P<0.01vsHGF+Ge group.
圖2 姜黃素抑制HGF誘導(dǎo)的PC9細(xì)胞遷移
3 姜黃素逆轉(zhuǎn)HGF誘導(dǎo)的PC9細(xì)胞上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化
光鏡觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),與對照組細(xì)胞形態(tài)比較,加入HGF刺激后,PC9細(xì)胞形態(tài)變得更為細(xì)長,特別是細(xì)胞兩頭的絲狀偽足變得更為細(xì)長;在吉非替尼作用下,PC9細(xì)胞形態(tài)偏圓形;HGF和吉非替尼聯(lián)合作用下,細(xì)胞形態(tài)偏長梭形;加入姜黃素后,細(xì)胞形態(tài)偏圓形,見圖3。Western blot結(jié)果顯示,HGF可誘導(dǎo)PC9細(xì)胞E-cadherin蛋白表達(dá)下調(diào),vimentin蛋白表達(dá)上調(diào);吉非替尼可上調(diào)PC9細(xì)胞E-cadherin蛋白表達(dá),下調(diào)vimentin蛋白表達(dá),但不能逆轉(zhuǎn)HGF誘導(dǎo)的PC9細(xì)胞E-cadherin蛋白表達(dá)下調(diào)和vimentin蛋白表達(dá)上調(diào);在姜黃素聯(lián)合作用下,PC9細(xì)胞E-cadherin蛋白表達(dá)上調(diào),vimentin蛋白表達(dá)無明顯變化,見圖4。
Figure 3.The effects of HGF, curcumin and gefitinib on the morphological changes of PC9 cells (×200).
圖3 HGF、姜黃素和吉非替尼對PC9細(xì)胞形態(tài)的影響
4 姜黃素抑制c-Met/AKT/mTOR通路的活化
Western blot實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,HGF可誘導(dǎo)c-Met、AKT和mTOR磷酸化,但對EGFR磷酸化無影響;吉非替尼可抑制EGFR、AKT和mTOR磷酸化,但對HGF誘導(dǎo)的c-Met、AKT和mTOR磷酸化并無抑制作用;而在姜黃素聯(lián)合作用下,可抑制HGF誘導(dǎo)的c-Met、AKT和mTOR磷酸化,同時(shí)抑制EGFR磷酸化,見圖5。
Figure 4.Curcumin (CUR) reversed HGF-induced epihelial-mesenchymal transition in the PC9 lung cancer cells. Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05,**P<0.01vscontrol group;##P<0.01vsHGF+Ge group.
圖4 姜黃素逆轉(zhuǎn)HGF誘導(dǎo)PC9細(xì)胞發(fā)生上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化
非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者存在原發(fā)性或獲得性對表皮生長因子受體-酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors,EGFR-TKIs)的耐藥性,但其耐藥機(jī)理尚未完全明確。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)T790M突變與c-met基因的擴(kuò)增被認(rèn)為是吉非替尼獲得性耐藥的重要機(jī)制。HGF受體c-Met是由原癌基因c-met編碼的蛋白產(chǎn)物,具有酪氨酸激酶活性,與腫瘤增殖、分化、侵襲、遷移、耐藥等多種生物學(xué)行為密切相關(guān)[6]。一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HGF可誘導(dǎo)EGFR突變耐藥株對多種靶向藥物耐藥,機(jī)制可能是避開了EGFR介導(dǎo)的PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路,通過激活c-Met,從而維持PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路活化,保持細(xì)胞對靶向藥物耐藥[7-8]。
上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化是指腫瘤細(xì)胞由上皮表型向間充質(zhì)表型轉(zhuǎn)化的過程,從而獲得侵襲、遷移及耐藥的能力。其表現(xiàn)為細(xì)胞由卵圓形變?yōu)殚L梭形、多角形,上皮標(biāo)志物如E-cadherin蛋白表達(dá)下降,間充質(zhì)標(biāo)志物如N-cadherin、vimentin蛋白表達(dá)上調(diào)[9]。有報(bào)道HGF也可誘導(dǎo)多種腫瘤細(xì)胞發(fā)生上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化,如Tsai 等[10]報(bào)道HGF可誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞發(fā)生上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化。 Han等[11]報(bào)道HGF通過ERK/MAPK和Zeb-1通路誘導(dǎo)前列腺癌PC-3細(xì)胞發(fā)生上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化。但關(guān)于HGF誘導(dǎo)肺癌細(xì)胞發(fā)生上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化的研究尚無報(bào)道。
姜黃素是從姜科植物中提取的酚性色素,具有抗炎、抗腫瘤、抗血管生成等藥理作用[12]。近期的研究顯示,姜黃素可抑制阿霉素誘導(dǎo)的TGF-β/PI3K/AKT通路,抑制肺癌細(xì)胞上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化[13]。Huang 等[14]報(bào)道姜黃素可通過抑制NF-κB-Snail信號通路阻斷LPS誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT。而近期Hu等[15]報(bào)道姜黃素可通過抑制c-Met/AKT和c-Met/ERK通路阻斷HGF誘導(dǎo)前列腺癌細(xì)胞發(fā)生上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化。這些研究表明姜黃素可通過多條信號途徑來阻斷腫瘤細(xì)胞上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化。但關(guān)于姜黃素是否能靶向HGF/c-Met、阻斷HGF誘導(dǎo)的肺癌上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化及相關(guān)信號通路激活,目前尚無研究報(bào)道。
針對上述假設(shè),我們通過HGF刺激構(gòu)建肺癌耐藥模型,并用姜黃素進(jìn)行處理。我們的研究結(jié)果顯示,通過HGF刺激可誘導(dǎo)肺癌PC9細(xì)胞對吉非替尼耐藥,同時(shí)細(xì)胞的遷移能力顯著增加,細(xì)胞形態(tài)由軟圓形變?yōu)殚L梭形,蛋白表達(dá)出現(xiàn)E-cadherin下調(diào),vimentin下調(diào),同時(shí)使c-Met/AKT/mTOR磷酸化水平增加;而使用吉非替尼處理,并不能逆轉(zhuǎn)PC9細(xì)胞遷移及上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化,抑制c-Met/AKT/mTOR磷酸化;而在加用姜黃素處理后,細(xì)胞重新變?yōu)槁褕A形,并可使HGF誘導(dǎo)的c-Met/AKT/mTOR磷酸化被阻斷,同時(shí)阻斷EMT發(fā)生。我們觀察到吉非替尼可抑制EGFR/AKT/mTOR信號通路,但對HGF激活的c-Met/AKT/mTOR信號通路并無抑制作用,在HGF存在的情況下,盡管吉非替尼可抑制EGFR的磷酸化,但對下游AKT/mTOR活化并無抑制作用。表明EGFR和c-Met作為AKT/mTOR的共同上游,在HGF存在的情況下,c-Met介導(dǎo)AKT/mTOR通路保持活化可能是導(dǎo)致吉非替尼耐藥性的重要機(jī)制。加入姜黃素后,可顯著抑制c-Met/AKT/mTOR通路的磷酸化水平。
Figure 5.Curcumin (CUR) inhibited the HGF-induced the c-Met/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway activation in the PC9 cells. Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05,**P<0.01vscontrol group;##P<0.01vsHGF+Ge group.
圖5 姜黃素抑制HGF誘導(dǎo)的c-Met/AKT/mTOR通路活化
綜上所述,姜黃素可逆轉(zhuǎn)HGF誘導(dǎo)的PC9肺癌細(xì)胞對吉非替尼的耐藥性可能是通過逆轉(zhuǎn)上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化和抑制c-Met/AKT/mTOR通路實(shí)現(xiàn)的。
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(責(zé)任編輯: 林白霜, 羅 森)
Curcumin reverses hepatocyte growth factor-induced resistance to gefitinib in PC9 lung cancer cells
ZHAN Jian-wei1, WANG Jian2, WANG Yi1, JIAO De-ming2, CHEN Jun2, LI You2, WU Jin-hong1, CHEN Qing-yong2
(1HangzhouFirstPeople’sHospital,Hangzhou310006,China;2The117thHospitalofPLA,Hangzhou310013,China.E-mail:CQYong117@163.com)
AIM: To explore the molecular mechanism through which curcumin reverses hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced resistance to gefitinib in lung cancer cells. METHODS: The methods of MTT assay, wound healing assay and Western blot were used to observe the effects of HGF, curcumin and gefitinib on the migration, drug susceptibility, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and related signaling pathways in the PC9 lung cancer cells. RESULTS: HGF reduced susceptibility of the PC9 cells to gefitinib, and curcumin significantly reversed HGF-induced resistance to gefitinib. HGF induced migration and epihelial-mesenchymal transition, and promoted c-Met/AKT/mTOR pathway activation in the PC9 cells. Gefitinib alone did not prevent the above activities. However, combined with curcumin, gefitinib prevented the above activities.CONCLUSION: Curcumin reverses HGF-induced resistance of the PC9 cells to gefitinib by preventing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and inhibiting c-Met/AKT/mTOR activation.
Curcumin; Hepatocyte growth factor; Gefitinib; Drug resistance; Epithelial-mesenchymal transition
1000- 4718(2017)05- 0805- 06
2016- 09- 30
2017- 03- 10
浙江省醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(No. 2014KYB193);浙江省中醫(yī)藥科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(No. 2015ZB080);浙江省科技廳公益性技術(shù)應(yīng)用研究計(jì)劃(No. 2014C33277);杭州市科技發(fā)展計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(No. 20130633B29; No. 20140633B40);杭州市社會發(fā)展自主申報(bào)項(xiàng)目(No. 20160533B74)
R730.23; R965
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000- 4718.2017.05.007
雜志網(wǎng)址: http://www.cjpp.net
△通訊作者 Tel: 0571-28084876; E-mail: CQYong117@163.com
▲并列第1作者