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40%噻蟲嗪·吡唑醚菌酯懸浮種衣劑成膜及生物學(xué)特性

2017-06-05 14:16齊麟王昱翔王寧段一鳴張盈王婭肖璐璐李曉剛
中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué) 2017年9期
關(guān)鍵詞:噻蟲嗪衣劑吡唑

齊麟,王昱翔,王寧,段一鳴,張盈,王婭,肖璐璐,李曉剛

(湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)植物保護(hù)學(xué)院/南方糧油作物協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心/湖南省生物農(nóng)藥與制劑加工工程技術(shù)研究中心,長沙410128)

40%噻蟲嗪·吡唑醚菌酯懸浮種衣劑成膜及生物學(xué)特性

齊麟,王昱翔,王寧,段一鳴,張盈,王婭,肖璐璐,李曉剛

(湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)植物保護(hù)學(xué)院/南方糧油作物協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心/湖南省生物農(nóng)藥與制劑加工工程技術(shù)研究中心,長沙410128)

【目的】種子包衣已成為防治農(nóng)作物病蟲害的重要手段,可以有效地防治苗期病蟲害和提高農(nóng)藥藥效,減少用藥次數(shù),減少勞動(dòng)力等。本研究基于構(gòu)建的成膜助劑制備40%噻蟲嗪·吡唑醚菌酯懸浮種衣劑,并系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)水稻包衣后的生物學(xué)特性,旨在拓寬懸浮種衣劑在水稻病蟲害精準(zhǔn)防治上的應(yīng)用?!痉椒ā坎捎萌橐壕酆戏ㄖ苽潆p丙酮丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸丁酯二元共聚成膜劑,然后通過濕式超微粉碎加工工藝制備40%噻蟲嗪·吡唑醚菌酯懸浮種衣劑并優(yōu)選其配方。對(duì)成膜助劑耐水性及成膜穩(wěn)定性進(jìn)行表征,檢測(cè)制備的種衣劑的質(zhì)量指標(biāo)。同時(shí),在不同濃度下對(duì)種子進(jìn)行包衣,確定其最佳藥種比,采用盆栽試驗(yàn)對(duì)種衣劑處理的水稻幼苗的根長、株高、白根數(shù)、葉數(shù)、根系活力、葉綠素、游離脯氨酸、抗氧化酶等生物學(xué)性質(zhì)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。【結(jié)果】雙丙酮丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸丁酯二元共聚成膜劑具有良好的成膜穩(wěn)定性,通過光學(xué)顯微鏡觀察種衣劑的吸水性、耐水性變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)該膜在水中溶解緩慢,直至35 d,破損面積和孔隙率變化仍沒有明顯增大。40%噻蟲嗪·吡唑醚菌酯懸浮種衣劑的最佳配方為噻蟲嗪25%,吡唑醚菌酯15%、快T0.5%、FS3000 8%、硅酸鎂鋁0.3%、黃原膠0.12%、皂土0.5%、乙二醇5%以及海舒液體紅2R 5%。種衣劑懸浮率為97.90%,成膜時(shí)間為12 min,成膜性良好,包衣均度88.23%,分散性良好,黏度0.53 Pa·s,脫落率 3.25%,有良好冷貯穩(wěn)定性和熱貯穩(wěn)定性,各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)均符合懸浮種衣劑質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求。采用藥種比 1﹕50(2.88 g a.i/kg)處理,發(fā)芽率較對(duì)照組提高了31.98%,較陽性對(duì)照邁舒平(藥種比1﹕75)提高了6.57%;株高較對(duì)照組提高了6.48%,較陽性對(duì)照邁舒平(藥種比1﹕75)提高了9.42%;根系活力較對(duì)照組增加了38.07%,較陽性對(duì)照邁舒平(藥種比1﹕75)增加了24.20%;葉綠素含量較對(duì)照組增加了143.02%,較陽性對(duì)照邁舒平(藥種比1﹕75)增加了78.63%;游離脯氨酸含量較對(duì)照組增加了28.70%,較陽性對(duì)照邁舒平(藥種比1﹕75)增加了23.79%;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性較對(duì)照組增加了30.69%,較陽性對(duì)照邁舒平(藥種比1﹕75)增加了15.66%;對(duì)過氧化物酶(POD)活性和過氧化氫酶(CAT)活性作用不明顯,總體來說對(duì)抗氧化酶活性影響不顯著?!窘Y(jié)論】40%噻蟲嗪·吡唑醚菌酯懸浮種衣劑成膜性好、持效期長、發(fā)芽率高,對(duì)水稻種子安全,無不良影響,可為種子苗期生長提供有力保障。

水稻;懸浮種衣劑;乳液合成;穩(wěn)定性;生物學(xué)特性

0 引言

【研究意義】保護(hù)作物免受病蟲害以及有害植物危害對(duì)建立可持續(xù)化的糧食生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的作用至關(guān)重要[1-3]。在“農(nóng)藥化肥兩減”的背景下,農(nóng)藥正朝著水基性、粒狀、多功能、省力、安全和降低環(huán)境影響的方向發(fā)展。結(jié)合“綠色種植,統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治”技術(shù)政策,精準(zhǔn)施藥技術(shù)是發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)的必然選擇,有效的種子包衣技術(shù)在其中可發(fā)揮重要作用?!厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】目前,包括美國、英國、德國在內(nèi)的20多個(gè)國家成功將種子包衣技術(shù)廣泛應(yīng)用于冬小麥[4]、玉米[5]、大豆[6]、甜菜[7]等旱地作物。楊書成等[8]用60 g·L-1戊唑醇懸浮種衣劑處理玉米種子,在使用劑量為50—150 mL/100 kg時(shí),能顯著提高玉米出苗率,促進(jìn)玉米生長,對(duì)玉米絲黑穗病的防治效果達(dá)到 57.03%—91.06%,玉米增產(chǎn)25.8%—44.4%。由于氣候差別和特殊種植條件的限制,水稻種衣劑研究仍有很大進(jìn)步空間;ZENG等[9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),種子包衣與傳統(tǒng)的水稻種子相比增產(chǎn)5%,原材料消耗成本降低25%。近年來,菲律賓成功解決了除草劑不能在水稻種衣劑上應(yīng)用的問題,擴(kuò)大了水稻種衣劑的研究方向以及使用范圍。良好的活性成分是種衣劑充分發(fā)揮作用的重要保障。噻蟲嗪是由先正達(dá)公司開發(fā)并推出市場(chǎng)的一種具有獨(dú)特結(jié)構(gòu)和優(yōu)良?xì)⑾x活性的新型新煙堿類化合物[10-11],高效的殺蟲活性使其被廣泛用于控制大范圍的內(nèi)吸性害蟲如蚜蟲、粉虱、薊馬、甲蟲等和一些鱗翅類害蟲[12]。吡唑醚菌酯廣泛作用于大豆、玉米、谷物和果蔬等作物,對(duì)穗頸病防效能達(dá)到 90.7%,紋枯病防效達(dá)到89.4%[13]?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】現(xiàn)有水稻種衣劑在應(yīng)用中存在脫落率高、藥效發(fā)揮不穩(wěn)定等問題。其主要原因在于種衣劑成膜劑多以聚乙烯醇、殼聚糖或其共混產(chǎn)物為主,這些材料易溶于水,難以保持活性成分,從而影響種衣劑的穩(wěn)定性和生物活性[14-15]。并非所有的成膜劑都適合做水稻成膜劑,有水環(huán)境應(yīng)用的種衣劑對(duì)成膜劑的耐水性比旱地作物要求更高。具有優(yōu)異的成膜性和緩釋性,以及卓越的耐水性和環(huán)境相容性的成膜劑是獲得高活性、持效期長和安全性高的水稻種衣劑的關(guān)鍵[16-19]?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問題】采用乳液共聚法,合成丙烯酸丁酯-雙丙酮丙烯酰胺二元聚合物作為種衣劑成膜助劑,并優(yōu)選40%噻蟲嗪·吡唑醚菌酯水稻懸浮種衣劑配方。對(duì)該種衣劑在水稻種子上的成膜時(shí)間、均勻度、脫落率以及懸浮率進(jìn)行測(cè)定,并評(píng)估該種衣劑對(duì)水稻種子萌發(fā)、生長以及生理生化和生物活性等方面的影響。

1 材料與方法

試驗(yàn)于 2015—2016年在湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)藥研究室及試驗(yàn)基地完成。

1.1 主要試劑及供試品種

96.5 %噻蟲嗪(上海禾本藥業(yè)有限公司);97%吡唑醚菌酯(貴州道元生物有限公司);丙烯酸丁酯(天津市永大化學(xué)試劑有限公司);雙丙酮丙烯酰胺(國藥集團(tuán)化學(xué)試劑有限公司);25%噻蟲·咯·霜靈(有效成分成分:噻蟲嗪:22.2%,咯菌腈:1.1%,精甲霜靈:1.7%,商品名:邁舒平,先正達(dá)(中國)投資有限公司);水稻品種:湘早秈6號(hào)。

1.2 主要儀器

DJ-1型旋轉(zhuǎn)式黏度計(jì)NDJ-1(上海麥聚瑞電子儀器有限公司);IKA T18 ULTRA-TURRAX高速分散機(jī)(廣州儀科實(shí)驗(yàn)室技術(shù)有限公司);Motic光學(xué)顯微鏡(麥克奧迪實(shí)業(yè)集團(tuán)有限公司);DF-101S集熱式恒溫加熱磁力攪拌器(邦西儀器科技上海有限公司);ZNCL-S-5D磁力攪拌器(河南愛博特科技發(fā)展有限公司);Rise-2006激光粒度分析儀(濟(jì)南潤之科技有限公司);SPF400型試驗(yàn)多用分散機(jī)(中美合資萊州騰源化工機(jī)械廠);Uvmini-1240紫外可見分光光度計(jì)(長沙市八方科學(xué)儀器有限公司);CP214電子天平(奧豪斯儀器上海有限公司)。

1.3 成膜劑的制備及性能評(píng)價(jià)

采用乳液聚合法制備雙丙酮丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸丁酯二元共聚物。將10%雙丙酮丙烯酰胺置于集熱式恒溫磁力攪拌器80℃下攪拌,30 min后升溫至90℃,按摩爾比1﹕1加入丙烯酸丁酯,同時(shí)滴加引發(fā)劑,反應(yīng)3 h。對(duì)制備的共聚物的儲(chǔ)存穩(wěn)定性、成膜性、耐水性等性能進(jìn)行檢測(cè)[20]。

1.4 40%噻蟲嗪·吡唑醚菌酯水稻懸浮種衣劑的制備

篩選出合適的助劑之后,采用濕法砂磨法,按照預(yù)先計(jì)算的物料質(zhì)量配比,將原藥、分散劑、增稠劑、水等稱量后混合均勻,經(jīng)高速剪切組織分散機(jī)剪切后將漿料移入砂磨機(jī),進(jìn)行砂磨,加入成膜劑,攪拌均勻后即可制得 40%噻蟲嗪·吡唑醚菌酯水稻懸浮種衣劑,檢測(cè)粒徑合格后確定其最佳工藝條件。

1.5 種衣劑性質(zhì)

40%噻蟲嗪·吡唑醚菌酯水稻懸浮種衣劑的性能檢測(cè)參照文獻(xiàn)[21-22]進(jìn)行。將1 mL的成膜共混乳液在2 cm×10 cm玻璃板上流延成膜。其共混乳液的成膜性分為以下3個(gè)等級(jí):I級(jí),成膜均勻,將載玻片浸沒于水中浸泡0.5 h后,可以很好地從載玻片上完整地刮下一層膜;Ⅱ級(jí),成膜均勻,將載玻片浸沒于水中浸泡0.5 h后,不能很好地從載玻片上完整地刮下一層膜;Ⅲ級(jí),成膜劑不能夠在載玻片上均勻成膜。分散性按照分散的好壞可以分為優(yōu)、良、劣3級(jí)。優(yōu)級(jí):在水中能夠呈云霧狀自動(dòng)分散,沒有可見顆粒下沉;良級(jí):在水中不能夠自動(dòng)分散,有顆粒下沉,但下沉的顆粒可以緩慢的分散,輕微搖動(dòng)后可以完全分散;劣級(jí):在水中不能夠很好的自動(dòng)分散,呈顆粒狀或絮狀下沉,經(jīng)強(qiáng)烈搖動(dòng)或者超聲波振蕩后才可以完全分散。成膜劑冷熱貯穩(wěn)定性的好壞可以分為Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ 3級(jí):熱貯穩(wěn)定性測(cè)定(54℃的恒溫箱),冷貯穩(wěn)定性測(cè)定(0℃的冰箱),14 d后取出試樣有效成分的平均分解率<5%,則樣品冷熱貯穩(wěn)定性Ⅰ;當(dāng) 5%<分解率<20%,則樣品冷熱貯穩(wěn)定性Ⅱ;分解率>20%,則樣品冷熱貯穩(wěn)定性Ⅲ。

1.6 盆栽試驗(yàn)

用 40%噻蟲嗪·吡唑醚菌酯水稻懸浮種衣劑對(duì)水稻種子進(jìn)行包衣處理,按藥種比 1﹕200、1﹕100、1﹕75、1﹕50和1﹕25進(jìn)行包衣,以清水為空白對(duì)照,以邁舒平(藥種比=1﹕75)種子處理劑為陽性對(duì)照,處理后晾干備用。

將包衣種子播于花盆中,10粒/盆,每處理5盆,在水稻種植后觀察種子的出芽情況,并在7 d后記錄每個(gè)處理的發(fā)芽率。待種子出苗后觀察其生長情況,在第25天測(cè)定并記錄每個(gè)處理的株高、根長以及白根數(shù)和葉數(shù)。取3葉期水稻葉片,采用文獻(xiàn)[23-25]的方法測(cè)定根系活力、游離脯氨酸、葉綠素等常規(guī)生理指標(biāo)。用愈創(chuàng)木酚法、高錳酸鉀滴定法和硝基四唑藍(lán)法測(cè)定過氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和過氧化氫酶(catalase,CAT)的活性[26-28]。

1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析

采用IBM SPSS Statics 21軟件對(duì)所測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行單因素方差分析,用平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤表示測(cè)定結(jié)果,并應(yīng)用 Duncan氏新復(fù)極差法對(duì)處理間的差異顯著性進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn),P<0.05表示差異顯著。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 不同浸水時(shí)間對(duì)成膜劑穩(wěn)定性的影響

通過光學(xué)顯微鏡觀察種衣劑的吸水性、耐水性變化,在水中浸泡,每隔7 d觀察一次。如圖1所示,不同時(shí)間的成膜外觀形貌有所變化,7 d(圖1-B)和14 d(圖1-C)成膜外觀形貌變化較小,孔隙率變化也較小,基本沒有溶于水。21 d后,成膜依舊平整,雖有部分損壞,但程度較?。▓D1-D)。直至35 d,破損面積和孔隙率變化沒有明顯增大(圖1-F)。

2.2 種衣劑優(yōu)選配方及性能檢測(cè)

參照 40%噻蟲嗪·吡唑醚菌酯水稻懸浮種衣劑的優(yōu)選配方及性能檢測(cè)結(jié)果(表 1),當(dāng)成膜劑含量為5.00%時(shí),40%噻蟲嗪·吡唑醚菌酯水稻懸浮種衣劑懸浮率為97.90%,高懸浮率可使有效成分的粒子均勻地懸浮在藥液中的時(shí)間保持較長,在包衣過程中,藥液濃度保持一致,均勻地包在種子上,較好地發(fā)揮藥效。該水稻種衣劑成膜時(shí)間為12.00 min,成膜時(shí)間較短,有較好的成膜性;脫落率為3.25%,可以充分保持藥效。水稻種衣劑的黏度為0.53 Pa·s,有較好的流動(dòng)性,包衣均勻(包衣均度:88.23%),致使分散性良好。熱貯、冷貯穩(wěn)定性、抗凍性良好,有效成分相對(duì)分解率<5%,種衣劑各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)均達(dá)到懸浮種衣劑相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(表1)。

2.3 不同濃度處理對(duì)種子萌發(fā)的影響

用40%噻蟲嗪·吡唑醚菌酯水稻懸浮種衣劑在1﹕200至1﹕25藥種比下對(duì)水稻種子進(jìn)行包衣處理,包衣均度和包衣效果隨包衣藥劑濃度增加而增加(圖2)。當(dāng)藥種比1﹕200包衣時(shí),由于種衣劑計(jì)量過少,致使包衣不夠均勻。當(dāng)藥種比為1﹕25和1﹕50時(shí),包衣效果最好,包衣均勻,顏色亮麗。

圖1 浸水不同時(shí)間成膜穩(wěn)定性光學(xué)顯微鏡照片F(xiàn)ig. 1 Optical microscope photographs of the formed membrane stability under retting different times (10×10)

圖2 40%噻蟲嗪·吡唑醚菌酯懸浮種衣劑水稻種子包衣Fig. 2 40% thiamethoxam·pyraclostrobin flowable concentrate for seed coating of rice seed

表1 40%噻蟲嗪·吡唑醚菌酯水稻懸浮種衣劑的優(yōu)選配方及性能檢測(cè)Table 1 The optimization formula of 40% thiamethoxam·pyraclostrobin flowable concentrate for seed coating and the performance test

對(duì)不同濃度處理種子萌發(fā)結(jié)果進(jìn)行分析,在藥種比1﹕200至1﹕50范圍內(nèi)包衣的種子發(fā)芽率隨包衣藥劑濃度增加而增高,無顯著差異,但高于空白對(duì)照組23.26%—31.97%(表2、圖3)。包衣濃度過高,不利于種子的萌發(fā)。當(dāng)藥種比為1﹕25時(shí),發(fā)芽率降低了15.7%(圖3)。除1﹕25藥種處理,其他處理與陽性對(duì)照邁舒平(1﹕75)沒有顯著性差異,當(dāng)藥種比為1﹕50時(shí),較邁舒平(藥種比1﹕75)發(fā)芽率提高了6.57%。對(duì)不同濃度處理下種衣劑對(duì)根長和白根數(shù)的影響結(jié)果進(jìn)行分析,處理組的根長比對(duì)照組高 3.41%—9.29%,無顯著性差異;處理組的白根數(shù)比對(duì)照組的多7.5%—40.5%,但并無顯著性差異(表2)。

圖3 種衣劑不同處理對(duì)水稻種子發(fā)芽率的影響Fig. 3 The effect of different treatments on germination rate of rice seed

對(duì)不同濃度處理下種衣劑對(duì)株高影響結(jié)果進(jìn)行分析,株高隨著種衣劑濃度的增加呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢(shì),種衣劑對(duì)水稻幼苗株高具有一定的促進(jìn)作用,當(dāng)藥種比高于1﹕50時(shí),種衣劑對(duì)水稻幼苗表現(xiàn)抑制作用加強(qiáng),株高降低(圖4、圖5)。在藥種比為1﹕50時(shí),種衣劑處理的水稻幼苗與對(duì)照具有顯著差異,株高提高了6.48%,其他處理株高均低于對(duì)照,但與對(duì)照差異不顯著,與1﹕50藥種比處理存在顯著差異(圖6)。其他處理的根長、白根數(shù)及葉數(shù)相對(duì)于對(duì)照均有所增加,但是與對(duì)照組間的差異不顯著(表2)。

2.4 種衣劑對(duì)常規(guī)生理指標(biāo)的影響

對(duì)水稻幼苗常規(guī)生理指標(biāo)進(jìn)行測(cè)定,結(jié)果表明使用種衣劑處理能促進(jìn)秧苗生長、增強(qiáng)秧苗的抗逆性(表 3)。種衣劑處理組藥種比為 1﹕50時(shí),根系活力值遠(yuǎn)高于其他處理并差異顯著,相比對(duì)照組提高了38.07%;葉綠素含量高于對(duì)照組143.02%,與對(duì)照組差異顯著,其他處理組與對(duì)照組有一定差異,但不顯著(圖 7)。種子包衣處理組游離脯氨酸含量均高于對(duì)照組,除邁舒平與對(duì)照組差異不顯著外,其他處理組與對(duì)照組均具有顯著差異,比對(duì)照組高28.74%—83.08%(表3)。

表2 不同濃度處理對(duì)水稻種子的發(fā)芽率和生物量影響Table 2 Germination rate and seedling biomass of different treatments

圖4 40%噻蟲嗪·吡唑醚菌酯懸浮種衣劑對(duì)水稻種子生長影響Fig. 4 40% thiamethoxam·pyraclostrobin flowable concentrate for seed coating on the growth of rice seedling

圖5 40%噻蟲嗪·吡唑醚菌酯懸浮種衣劑對(duì)水稻種子株高和根長影響Fig. 5 40% thiamethoxam·pyraclostrobin flowable concentrate for seed coating on the plant height and root length of rice seedling (cm)

圖6 種衣劑不同處理對(duì)水稻幼苗株高的影響Fig. 6 The effect of different treatments on plant height of rice

2.5 種衣劑對(duì)水稻幼苗抗氧化酶活性的影響

苗3葉期,測(cè)定不同藥種比下40%噻蟲嗪·吡唑醚菌酯水稻懸浮種衣劑處理、對(duì)照處理和邁舒平處理秧苗內(nèi)抗氧化酶含量,結(jié)果表明在藥種比1﹕25—1﹕75時(shí),相比較CK,SOD酶活性提高了19.13%—30.68%;種衣劑處理組POD酶活性低于CK,除藥種比1﹕100外,其他處理與CK沒有顯著性差異;種衣劑處理組CAT酶活性低于CK,藥種比1﹕25和1﹕50下具有差異外,其他處理與CK沒有顯著差異(表4)??傮w來說,種衣劑對(duì)抗氧化酶活性影響不顯著。

3 討論

良好的成膜劑是使種衣劑牢固地附著在種子表面,減少農(nóng)藥在水中擴(kuò)散的關(guān)鍵,且也能使藥劑在苗期生長過程中緩慢釋放,延長藥劑的持效期。聚乙烯醇是市場(chǎng)上常用的成膜劑,經(jīng)聚醋酸乙烯-乙烯共聚物改性的聚乙烯醇在水中24 h保持形態(tài)良好,顯著改善了體系的耐水性[29]。本研究表明雙丙酮丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸丁酯二元共聚物作為成膜劑,耐水性長達(dá)35 d以上,大大提高了成膜劑的耐水性及穩(wěn)定性。相比較經(jīng)聚醋酸乙烯-乙烯共聚物改性的聚乙烯醇的成膜劑,同樣具有良好的成膜特性。通過對(duì)不同浸水時(shí)間成膜劑變化的比較,可以證明該膜在水中溶解性緩慢,耐水性良好,有較好的穩(wěn)定性,為水稻苗期生長提供有力保障。

表3 種衣劑對(duì)水稻種子秧苗常規(guī)生理指標(biāo)的影響Table 3 Effects of seed coating agent on physiological ingredients of rice

表4 不同處理對(duì)水稻幼苗葉片抗氧化酶活性的影響Table 4 Effects of different treatments on the antioxidant enzymes activity of rice seedling leaves

圖7 種衣劑不同處理對(duì)水稻幼苗葉綠素含量的影響Fig. 7 The effect of different treatments on chlorophyll contents of rice

種衣劑一般對(duì)作物種子具有一定的藥害作用,降低了種子的發(fā)芽率以及種子活力,且種衣劑濃度越大影響越顯著,但良好的種衣劑可以提高種子活力,達(dá)到增產(chǎn)增收的目的[30-31]。ZENG等[9]研究一種抗玉米絲黑穗病玉米種衣劑時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)該種衣劑可以有效提高作物的發(fā)芽率、根長和株長等,相比較傳統(tǒng)化學(xué)種衣劑AMULET,作物產(chǎn)量提升11.6%—14.6%;胡凱軍等[32]在通過研究不同種衣劑對(duì)燕麥苗期生長情況的影響、篩選最佳配比的種衣劑時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)低濃度能促進(jìn)種子的萌發(fā);YANG等[33]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),包衣高濃度抑制種子發(fā)芽,當(dāng)用2%戊唑醇濕拌種劑(立克秀,Ralix)3 g Al·kg-1計(jì)量包衣時(shí),發(fā)芽率僅為4%,這與本研究結(jié)果一致。

根系活力是反映植物根系生理機(jī)能的重要指標(biāo),同時(shí)高的根系活力也是高產(chǎn)作物的一個(gè)顯著特征[34]。袁傳衛(wèi)等[35]在研究不同濃度吡唑醚菌酯拌種對(duì)玉米種子的影響時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)在藥種比2.5﹕10 000時(shí),種衣劑能顯著提高幼苗的根系活力,藥種比高于 2.5﹕10 000時(shí),種衣劑對(duì)幼苗的根系活力抑制作用加強(qiáng);DENG等[36]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)用 4#-1種衣劑可以增加作物根系活力10%—13.64%。在本試驗(yàn)中,低濃度藥種比處理的種子幼苗根系活力明顯高于高濃度種衣劑處理種子的幼苗根系活力,同時(shí)明顯高于 CK,而高濃度處理的幼苗根系活力略低于 CK,與前人的結(jié)果一致,可能是由于低濃度時(shí)該種衣劑對(duì)水稻幼苗的促進(jìn)作用更強(qiáng),隨著濃度的增加,該種衣劑對(duì)水稻幼苗的抑制作用大于促進(jìn)作用。

葉綠素對(duì)綠色植物的光合作用至關(guān)重要,它反映了植物的生長發(fā)育狀況,其含量的高低直接影響到光合作用的強(qiáng)弱。REHMAN等[37]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)過種子包衣的水稻種子葉綠素增長3.15%—42.65%。本研究結(jié)果與之一致,處理組秧苗葉綠素含量高于對(duì)照組2.90%—143.02%,增強(qiáng)了植株光合能力,從而促進(jìn)地上部干物質(zhì)積累。

脯氨酸是最有效的滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)之一,它能提高細(xì)胞液濃度,降低其滲透勢(shì),保護(hù)原生質(zhì)與環(huán)境的滲透平衡,防止水分散失,保護(hù)膜結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性,從而提高植物對(duì)脅迫環(huán)境的適應(yīng)性[38]。張海清等[23]研究抗寒種衣劑對(duì)水稻的抗寒影響和作用機(jī)理,發(fā)現(xiàn)水稻體內(nèi)游離脯氨酸量增加了36.62%。在本研究中,處理組比對(duì)照組增加了28.74%—83.08%,大大提高了植株的抗逆性。

植物體內(nèi)的SOD、POD、CAT等物質(zhì)合稱抗氧化酶,它們之間進(jìn)行協(xié)同作用共同抵抗外界逆境對(duì)植物細(xì)胞的傷害,提高植物的抗逆性[39]。植物抗氧化酶系統(tǒng)起著防止植物細(xì)胞膜脂過氧化和維持體內(nèi)活性氧動(dòng)態(tài)平衡的作用,活性氧動(dòng)態(tài)平衡若被打破則會(huì)促使膜脂過氧化[40-42]。TU等[43]研究芽孢桿菌種衣劑時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),相比較空白對(duì)照,SOD含量提升了5.06%—11.68%,POD含量提升了5.13%—11.46%;劉西莉等[44]研究表明包衣后苗體 POX、CAT和 SOD活性分別提高了3.43%—61.21%、44.24%—186.64%和 72.61%—378.42%,增強(qiáng)植株對(duì)氧自由基的清除能力,從保護(hù)膜結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性,增強(qiáng)秧苗的抗逆性能力。本研究結(jié)果表明SOD酶活性提高了19.13%—30.68%,POX、CAT處理組和對(duì)照組無顯著性差異,對(duì)抗氧化酶無不良影響。

4 結(jié)論

40%噻蟲嗪·吡唑醚菌酯懸浮種衣劑成膜性能好,成膜時(shí)間短,脫落率低,包衣均勻度高,耐水性好,懸浮率達(dá) 97.9%,種衣劑各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)均達(dá)到懸浮種衣劑相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。室內(nèi)生物活性良好,低濃度下能促進(jìn)種子的萌發(fā)和秧苗生長、增強(qiáng)植株的根系活力和抗逆性,對(duì)水稻種子安全,無不良影響。噻蟲嗪和吡唑醚菌酯復(fù)配作為活性成分組合,可有效防治水稻苗期病蟲害。

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(責(zé)任編輯 岳梅)

Film Formation and Biological Properties of 40% Thiamethoxam·Pyraclostrobin Flowable Concentrate for Seed Coating

QI Lin, WANG YuXiang, WANG Ning, DUAN YiMing, ZHANG Ying, WANG Ya, XIAO LuLu, LI XiaoGang
(College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University/Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China/Hunan Provincial Engineering & Technology Research Center for Bio-pesticide and Formulating Processing, Changsha 410128)

【Objective】As we all know, seed coating has become an important means of crop disease and pest control. It caneffectively and efficiently control pests and diseases at seedling stage, improve the efficacy of pesticides, reduce the number of drugs, reduce labor and so on. In order to broaden the application of flowable concentrate for seed coating (FSC) in precise control of rice diseases and insect pests, 40% thiamethoxam-pyraclostrobin flowable concentrate for seed coating was prepared based on the film-forming agent, and the stability and safety of rice seed coating were systematically evaluated.【Method】The formulation of diacetone acrylamide-butyl acrylate copolymer was prepared by emulsion polymerization. The formulation of 40% thiamethoxam·pyraclostrobin flowable concentrate for seed coating was optimized, and prepared through the wet milling process. The film-forming agents were characterized by water-resistance and film-forming stability, and the quality indexes of seed coating were tested. At the same time, the biological properties of rice seedling treated with seed coating agent were evaluated by pot experiment, and the optimum dose was determined by laboratory test. Root length, plant height, root number, leaf number, root activity, chlorophyll, free proline, antioxidant enzyme were also evaluated.【Result】Diacetone acrylamide-butyl acrylate copolymer film had a good film-forming stability, and the changes of water absorption and resistance in the seed coating were observed by optical microscope. The membrane was dissolved slowly in water, until 35 d, there were small changes in its damage area and porosity. The optimum formulation of 40% thiamethoxam·pyraclostrobin flowable concentrate for seed coating was 25% of thiamethoxam, 15% of pyrazolemcetate, 0.5% of quick T, 8% of FS 3000, 0.3% of magnesium aluminum silicate, 0.12% of xanthan gum and 0.5% of bentonite, 5% of ethylene glycol and 5% of Haishu Liquid Red 2R. The suspension rate of FSC was 97.90%, film formation time was 12 min, with good film formation and dispersion. The coating uniformity was 88.23%, viscosity was 0.53 Pa·s, the drop rate of 3.25%, with good cold and thermal storage stability. All the indicators of the flowable concentrate for seed coating met the relevant suspension seed coating quality standards. The germination rate of rice seeds increased by 31.98% compared to CK and by 6.57% compared to the positive control, plant height increased by 6.48% and 9.42% compared to the positive control, root activity increased by 38.07% and 24.20% compared to the positive control, and chlorophyll content increased by 143.02% and 78.63% compared to the positive control, free proline content increased by 28.70% and 23.79% compared to the positive control. And the effect on antioxidant enzyme activity was not significant, SOD enzyme activity increased by 30.69% compared to CK and by 15.66% compared to the positive control, changes of POD and CAT enzyme activity was not significant, using a drug ratio of 1﹕50 (2.88 g a.i/kg) treatment.【Conclusion】40% thiamethoxam·pyraclostrobin flowable concentrate for seed coating has good film-forming properties, long persistence period, high germination rate, and safe for rice seed, which could provide a powerful guarantee for the seedling growth of rice.

rice; flowable concentrate for seed coating; emulsion polymerization; stability; biological characteristics

2016-11-28;接受日期:2017-03-12

國家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃(2016YFD0201200)、湖南省平臺(tái)開放基金(15K064)、湖南省研究生科研創(chuàng)新項(xiàng)目(CX2016B304)

聯(lián)系方式:齊麟,E-mail:qlqlqlql7@163.com。通信作者李曉剛,E-mail:lxgang@aliyun.com

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