2.3 基于傾角影響線差值曲率的損傷識(shí)別指標(biāo)
根據(jù)曲率公式(9),對(duì)于實(shí)際梁橋結(jié)構(gòu),其變形非常微小,觀測(cè)點(diǎn)的傾角影響線差值的一階導(dǎo)數(shù)的平方幾乎接近于0,可以忽略不計(jì),因此傾角影響線差值的曲率可以用差值公式的二階導(dǎo)數(shù)Δθ″ab(x)表示。
(9)
根據(jù)式(6)—式(8),當(dāng)傾角觀測(cè)點(diǎn)S位于損傷區(qū)域右側(cè)時(shí),其差值曲率如下:
當(dāng)移動(dòng)荷載位于簡(jiǎn)支梁橋結(jié)構(gòu)無損傷區(qū)域時(shí):
Δθ″ab(x)=0。
(10)
當(dāng)移動(dòng)荷載位于簡(jiǎn)支梁橋結(jié)構(gòu)損傷區(qū)域時(shí):
(11)
可以看出,傾角影響線差值曲率公式與損傷位置和損傷程度有關(guān),而與觀測(cè)點(diǎn)的選取無關(guān),說明可以利用該指標(biāo)對(duì)簡(jiǎn)支梁橋結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行損傷位置識(shí)別分析。同時(shí),利用傾角影響線差值曲率識(shí)別出損傷位置后,根據(jù)公式可以推算出剛度折減系數(shù)的數(shù)值,因此可以識(shí)別出損傷程度。
3 存在局部損傷的簡(jiǎn)支梁橋結(jié)構(gòu)損傷識(shí)別分析
為了驗(yàn)證利用傾角影響線建立的損傷識(shí)別指標(biāo)的正確性,建立40 m跨混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)支梁模型,節(jié)點(diǎn)間距為1 m,共41個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn),40個(gè)單元。橋梁采用C40混凝土,彈性模量E=3.25×107kN/m2,截面如圖3所示,慣性矩I=0.453 4 m4,影響線加載采用荷載FP=1×105N。
圖3 橫截面示意圖 Fig.3 Cross section
3.1 簡(jiǎn)支梁橋出現(xiàn)單處損傷的識(shí)別
為觀察簡(jiǎn)支梁橋結(jié)構(gòu)未損傷時(shí)的實(shí)測(cè)傾角影響線,分別建立梁端支座(測(cè)點(diǎn)1)、簡(jiǎn)支梁1/4跨(測(cè)點(diǎn)2)及跨中位置(測(cè)點(diǎn)3)3個(gè)觀測(cè)點(diǎn)測(cè)量無損傷簡(jiǎn)支梁在移動(dòng)荷載下的實(shí)測(cè)傾角影響線,如圖4所示??梢钥闯?,測(cè)點(diǎn)選擇越靠近簡(jiǎn)支梁支座處,傾角影響線的數(shù)值越大,識(shí)別度也越高,說明測(cè)點(diǎn)越靠近支座位置,利用傾角傳感器進(jìn)行傾角測(cè)量所得的測(cè)量結(jié)果準(zhǔn)確性越高。結(jié)合現(xiàn)有傾角傳感器的測(cè)量精度,進(jìn)行實(shí)測(cè)時(shí)應(yīng)該盡量選擇靠近支座位置安放傾角傳感器。同時(shí)從圖4還發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)測(cè)點(diǎn)選取靠近跨中位置時(shí),簡(jiǎn)支梁傾角影響線的數(shù)值出現(xiàn)變號(hào)的情況。
圖4 簡(jiǎn)支梁無損傷時(shí)的傾角影響線Fig.4 Angular influence line of simple-supported beam without damage
根據(jù)上述分析,在簡(jiǎn)支梁橋支座處放置傾角傳感器,測(cè)量簡(jiǎn)支梁出現(xiàn)局部損傷時(shí)梁端的傾角影響線。利用傾角影響線差值及差值曲率進(jìn)行損傷識(shí)別分析。簡(jiǎn)支梁橋損傷模擬采用區(qū)段剛度降低的方法,設(shè)定損傷區(qū)域(0.3~0.4)l,在損傷區(qū)域分別設(shè)定20%,10%,5%等3種損傷程度。利用傾角影響線進(jìn)行損傷識(shí)別的結(jié)果如圖5所示。
圖5 簡(jiǎn)支梁橋的損傷識(shí)別曲線Fig.5 Damage identification curve of simple-supported beam
圖5 a)表示利用傾角影響線差值進(jìn)行損傷識(shí)別??梢钥闯?,傾角影響線差值在損傷區(qū)段出現(xiàn)峰值,且峰值大小與損傷程度有很大關(guān)系,損傷程度越大,識(shí)別敏感性越高,說明利用該指標(biāo)可以對(duì)簡(jiǎn)支梁橋進(jìn)行損傷位置的識(shí)別。
圖5 b)表示簡(jiǎn)支梁橋出現(xiàn)局部損傷時(shí)的傾角影響線差值曲率,利用式(12)求得??梢钥闯?,在無損傷區(qū)域,簡(jiǎn)支梁橋結(jié)構(gòu)的傾角影響線差值曲率均為0,而在損傷區(qū)域差值曲率值均不為0,因此可以利用傾角影響線差值曲率對(duì)簡(jiǎn)支梁橋進(jìn)行損傷定位。隨著損傷程度的降低,傾角影響線差值曲率值逐漸變小,根據(jù)損傷區(qū)域傾角影響線差值曲率曲線的峰值,利用式(11)可以反推出剛度折減系數(shù)k的大小,據(jù)此可以判斷出損傷程度的大小。
(12)
3.2 簡(jiǎn)支梁橋多處位置損傷時(shí)的識(shí)別
通過上述分析,利用傾角影響線建立的損傷識(shí)別指標(biāo)對(duì)單個(gè)位置損傷的識(shí)別效果較好,可以明顯地判斷出損傷位置。現(xiàn)研究簡(jiǎn)支梁橋出現(xiàn)多處損傷的情況。簡(jiǎn)支梁橋分析模型仍采用上述結(jié)構(gòu)分析模型,分別在簡(jiǎn)支梁橋(0.2~0.3)l,(0.45~0.55)l,(0.6~0.7)l處設(shè)定損傷位置,損傷程度均為20%,傾角觀測(cè)點(diǎn)仍選擇簡(jiǎn)支梁橋支座處。分析結(jié)果如圖6 a)所示??梢钥闯觯跓o損傷區(qū)域,簡(jiǎn)支梁橋結(jié)構(gòu)的傾角影響線差值曲率均為0,而在損傷區(qū)域差值曲率值均不為0,說明利用傾角影響線差值曲率損傷識(shí)別指標(biāo)可以對(duì)多處損傷程度相同的情況進(jìn)行損傷位置判定。由于3處損傷的損傷程度均為20%,所以理論上3處的影響線差值曲率應(yīng)該近似相等,但是從圖6 a)可以看出,其傾角位移影響線差值曲率數(shù)值并不相等,說明損傷之間是有影響的,所以對(duì)于多損傷的情況,傾角影響線差值曲率損傷識(shí)別指標(biāo)可以進(jìn)行損傷定位,對(duì)于損傷程度的判定會(huì)有一定誤差。
圖6 簡(jiǎn)支梁橋多處損傷時(shí)傾角影響線差值曲率Fig.6 Difference curvature of angular influence line of simply supported beam with multiple damage
圖6 b)表示3處損傷程度不相同時(shí)的傾角影響線差值曲率。損傷位置仍在簡(jiǎn)支梁橋(0.2~0.3)l,(0.45~0.55)l,(0.6~0.7)l等3處,其損傷程度分別設(shè)定為20%,10%,5%。由圖可知,在損傷區(qū)域的傾角影響線差值曲率均不為0,說明利用傾角影響線差值曲率損傷識(shí)別指標(biāo)可以對(duì)簡(jiǎn)支梁橋多處出現(xiàn)不同程度的損傷情況進(jìn)行損傷定位,能夠明顯地判斷出損傷區(qū)域,損傷識(shí)別效果較好。
3.3 靈敏度分析
上述分析所得數(shù)據(jù)是在理想情況下通過數(shù)值分析得到的,傾角取值為小數(shù)點(diǎn)后6位。現(xiàn)有高精度傾角傳感器的精度一般為0.001°,分辨率為0.000 5,探究將傾角數(shù)值取小數(shù)點(diǎn)后4位有效數(shù)字時(shí)對(duì)損傷識(shí)別的影響。以支座處的傾角影響線為例,損傷位置(0.3~0.4)l,提取損傷程度分別為未損傷、5%損傷、10%損傷、20%損傷時(shí)部分荷載移動(dòng)時(shí)的支座傾角影響線數(shù)值,結(jié)果如表1所示。
表1 不同荷載位置支座傾角影響線數(shù)值
可以看出,當(dāng)傾角取小數(shù)點(diǎn)后4位有效數(shù)字時(shí),不同的損傷情況測(cè)出的數(shù)值有明顯變化,并且同一損傷狀況下不同荷載位置的傾角影響線數(shù)值也有明顯的變化規(guī)律,說明在此精度下可以利用傾角影響線進(jìn)行損傷識(shí)別檢測(cè)。相比常規(guī)傾角傳感器,其具有更高的靈敏度,測(cè)試結(jié)果更加精確。
4 結(jié) 論
1)利用損傷前后的傾角影響線差值可以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)簡(jiǎn)支梁橋的損傷識(shí)別,差值曲線在損傷區(qū)域出現(xiàn)峰值,具有良好的損傷識(shí)別效果。
2)簡(jiǎn)支梁橋損傷前后的傾角影響線差值曲率在無損傷區(qū)域均為0,在損傷區(qū)域均不為0,據(jù)此進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)支梁橋結(jié)構(gòu)的損傷識(shí)別,準(zhǔn)確度高,且對(duì)單處損傷和多處損傷均可進(jìn)行損傷識(shí)別。不僅可以識(shí)別損傷位置,同時(shí)利用傾角影響線差值曲率公式可以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)損傷程度的判定。
3)根據(jù)簡(jiǎn)支梁橋的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)及現(xiàn)有高精度傾角傳感器的精度要求,進(jìn)行傾角實(shí)測(cè)時(shí)的測(cè)點(diǎn)選擇應(yīng)盡量靠近支座附近,可以增加準(zhǔn)確度。
4)用傾角影響線方法對(duì)簡(jiǎn)支梁橋結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行損傷識(shí)別僅需要一個(gè)傾角傳感器即可完成操作,方法簡(jiǎn)便,經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)用,便于工程推廣。
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Damage identification of simply-supported beam bridges based on angular influence line
ZHANG Yanqing, WU Guifei, DENG Hongliang
(School of Architecture and Civil Engineering,Beijing University of Technology,Beijing 100124,China)
In order to promote the application of the influence line theory in structural damage identification, the damage identification indexes based on difference and difference curvature of angular influence line before and after the damage of the simply-supported beam bridges are proposed. The concept of angular influence line of simply-supported beam bridges is defined, the formula of angular influence line before and after the damage of the simply-supported beam bridges is derived, the formula of new damage identification indexes is deduced, and the feasibility of using the new damage identification indexes for damage identification is theoretically proved. To verify the correctness of the new damage identification indexes, the finite element model of simply-supported beam bridge is established. The result shows that the difference of angular influence line before and after the damage of the simply-supported beam bridges has a peak value in damage area; the difference curvature of angular influence line before and after the damage of the simply-supported beam bridges is 0 in the non-damage area, and not 0 in the damage area. The conclusion is that the difference of angular influence line before and after the damage of the simply-supported beam bridges can be used to determine the location of damage with high accuracy. By using the difference curvature of angular influence line, it not only has the good recognition effect to the single damage and multiple damage, but also can realize the recognition of the damage degree of the simply-supported beam bridges.
bridge engineering; simply-supported beam bridges; angular influence line; damage identification; difference; curvature
1008-1534(2017)03-0177-06
2017-02-25;
2017-04-28;責(zé)任編輯:馮 民
張延慶(1958-),男,山東茌平人,教授,博士,博導(dǎo),主要從事工程結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)值分析、結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化、位移影響線等方面的研究。
E-mail:zhyq@bjut.edu.cn
U441
A
10.7535/hbgykj.2017yx03005
張延慶,吳貴飛,鄧洪亮.基于傾角影響線的簡(jiǎn)支梁橋損傷識(shí)別[J].河北工業(yè)科技,2017,34(3):177-182. ZHANG Yanqing,WU Guifei,DENG Hongliang.Damage identification of simply-supported beam bridges based on angular influence line[J].Hebei Journal of Industrial Science and Technology,2017,34(3):177-182.