傅剛 王玉琨 張建立 朱振華 郭源
16 例 Meyer 發(fā)育不良患兒的臨床特點(diǎn)及療效的回顧性研究
傅剛 王玉琨 張建立 朱振華 郭源
目的回顧性分析本院 16 例 Meyer 發(fā)育不良患兒的臨床特點(diǎn)和治療效果。方法回顧分析我科 2008 年至 2014 年,診斷為 Meyer 發(fā)育不良的 16 例患兒 ( 共計(jì) 22 髖 ) 的臨床資料。16 例患兒中,男∶女=15∶1。雙側(cè)發(fā)病的為 6 例 ( 38% )。就診時(shí)平均年齡 3.1 ( 1.5~5 ) 歲,隨訪時(shí)間平均 2.8 ( 2~6 ) 年。診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:( 1 ) 年齡<5 歲;( 2 ) 就診時(shí)癥狀以輕微跛行或者髖關(guān)節(jié)輕微疼痛不適為主,經(jīng)休息均自行緩解,癥狀消失;( 3 ) 活動(dòng)不受限,查體無陽性體征;( 4 ) X 線檢查見到股骨頭骺小,骨性骺核出現(xiàn)延遲或分成數(shù)個(gè),呈桑椹狀或者表面不規(guī)則。但是沒有軟骨下骨折,沒有骺核密度增高,沒有髖關(guān)節(jié)半脫位;( 5 ) 如有MRI,未見骺內(nèi)異常信號(hào);( 6 ) 無其它骨骺發(fā)育異常;( 7 ) 無內(nèi)分泌異常。初次就診后處理:觀察,先免負(fù)重3 個(gè)月再復(fù)查,復(fù)查時(shí)如果癥狀解除,X 線片上未出現(xiàn)軟骨下骨折,骺核碎裂,密度增高及半脫位,可負(fù)重,定期復(fù)查。結(jié)果所有患兒在最終復(fù)查時(shí)均無癥狀,活動(dòng)不受限。X 線表現(xiàn)為骺核逐漸增大、融合,股骨頭骺表現(xiàn)為球形或接近球形的輪廓 ( Stulberg I 型和 II 型 )。結(jié)論Meyer 發(fā)育不良發(fā)生率低,但是容易和 Perthes病 ( Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease,股骨頭骨骺的缺血性壞死 ) 混淆。對(duì)于<5 歲、股骨頭骺核出現(xiàn)延遲而小的病例,應(yīng)考慮 Meyer 發(fā)育不良的可能。其最終預(yù)后良好,早期正確診斷,可避免不必要的治療。
Meyer 發(fā)育不良;股骨頭缺血壞死;兒童,學(xué)齡前 ( 2~5 );回顧性研究
Meyer 發(fā)育不良,即股骨頭骺發(fā)育不良 ( dysplasia epiphysealis capitis femoris ),臨床上報(bào)道很少。其主要表現(xiàn)是 X 線片上的股骨頭骺不規(guī)則,但是患者并無典型臨床表現(xiàn)和體征,而且病程短,預(yù)后良好。在臨床上易與股骨頭骨骺缺血性壞死 ( Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease,LCPD ) 相混淆,如果對(duì)本病認(rèn)識(shí)不足,往往會(huì)導(dǎo)致過度診治[1-4]。本研究回顧性分析我科自 2008 年至 2014 年,診斷為 Meyer 發(fā)育不良的 16 例 ( 22 髖 ) 的臨床資料和治療效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
本組 16 例 ( 22 髖 ) 中,男∶女=15∶1。雙側(cè)發(fā)病的為 6 例 ( 38% )。就診時(shí)平均年齡 3.1 ( 1.5~5 ) 歲,隨訪時(shí)間平均 2.8 ( 2~6 ) 年。診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)依據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[1-6],確定為:( 1 ) 年齡<5 歲;( 2 ) 就診時(shí)癥狀以輕微跛行或者髖關(guān)節(jié)輕微疼痛不適為主,經(jīng)休息均自行緩解,癥狀消失;( 3 ) 活動(dòng)不受限,查體無陽性體征;( 4 ) X 線檢查見到股骨頭骺小,骨性骺核出現(xiàn)延遲或分成數(shù)個(gè),呈桑椹狀或者表面不規(guī)則。但是沒有軟骨下骨折,沒有骺核密度增高,沒有髖關(guān)節(jié)半脫位;( 5 ) 如有 MRI,未見骺內(nèi)異常信號(hào);( 6 ) 無其它骨骺發(fā)育異常;( 7 ) 無內(nèi)分泌異常。初次就診后處理:觀察,先免負(fù)重 3 個(gè)月再復(fù)查,復(fù)查時(shí)如果癥狀解除,X 線片上還是沒有出現(xiàn)軟骨下骨折,骺核碎裂,密度增高,半脫位的表現(xiàn),可負(fù)重,定期復(fù)查。
所有患兒在最終復(fù)查時(shí)均無癥狀,活動(dòng)不受限。X 線表現(xiàn)為骺核逐漸增大、融合,股骨頭骺表現(xiàn)為球形或接近球形的輪廓 ( Stulberg I 型和 II 型 ) ( 圖 1 )。
Meyer[1]和 Pedersen[2]最早把 Meyer 發(fā)育不良從LCPD 之中鑒別出來。Pedersen[2]回顧分析了最初診斷為 LCPD 的 672 例患兒資料,其中有 42 例 ( 6% )并不典型,最終診斷為 Meyer 發(fā)育不良。Meyer[1]最初診斷的 10% LCPD 患兒是股骨頭骺的發(fā)育不良而非真正的股骨頭骺缺血壞死,并指出 Meyer 發(fā)育不良常見于男孩,常在 5 歲以前發(fā)病,與 LCPD 比較,雙側(cè)發(fā)病更常見。
在 X 線片上,Meyer 發(fā)育不良的股骨頭骺的二次骨化中心常延遲至 1.5~3 歲出現(xiàn)或分成數(shù)個(gè),呈桑椹狀或者表面不規(guī)則,融合較晚。即便分成數(shù)個(gè)股骨頭骺二次骨化中心,但是所有的骨化中心都隨年齡而增大。
目前 Meyer 發(fā)育不良的發(fā)病原因并不明確,文獻(xiàn)中提到的兩種可能性:先天性血管異常 ( Batory[7])和缺血假說 ( Meyer[1]) 均缺乏科學(xué)支持。1 例 4 歲Meyer 發(fā)育不良的患兒血管造影未顯示異常、頭軟骨無畸形、骨掃描正常、MRI 顯示正常骨質(zhì)信號(hào)。曾有報(bào)道稱 Meyer 發(fā)育不良的患兒骨掃描正常,核素血管相、血池相和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)骨增強(qiáng)延遲相均正常,據(jù)此缺血假說可被排除[5]。
圖 1 a~b:患者,男,1 歲半,因跛行 3 天就診,后癥狀消除。X 線顯示右側(cè)股骨頭骺二次骨化中心小,囑減少跑跳活動(dòng),術(shù)后 3 個(gè)月復(fù)查;c:術(shù)后 3 個(gè)月,無不適主訴,查體活動(dòng)不受限。X 線表現(xiàn):股骨頭骺二次骨化中心增大,分成兩個(gè),呈桑椹樣;d:術(shù)后 2 年復(fù)查,活動(dòng)正常,X 線片顯示雙側(cè)股骨頭對(duì)稱Fig.1 a - b: A 19-month boy complained with limp for 3 days, then the symptoms got resolved. The X-ray showed the small ossification center of the femoral head. It was suggested that running and jumping should be decreased, and the boy got followed up 3 months later; c: Three months later, the boy had no complaints and his motion was normal. The X-ray showed increased ossif i cation center of the femoral head, and became 2 parts as“mulberry”; d: The boy was followed up 2 years later. His motion was normal and the X-ray showed no difference between bilateral hips
Harel 等[5]在 1999 年報(bào)道了 5 例 Meyer 發(fā)育不良,其中 2 例最初診斷為急性骨髓炎,3 例最初診斷為 LCPD,但經(jīng)過 X 線檢查、骨掃描和髖關(guān)節(jié)的 MRI 檢查之后,這 5 例最終診斷為 Meyer 發(fā)育不良,未經(jīng)治療,在休息 1~3 周之后,癥狀完全消除。Khermosh 等[8]在 1991 年報(bào)道了 18 例診斷為Meyer 發(fā)育不良的患兒,其中半數(shù)是雙側(cè)受累,男女比例是 5∶1,在最初就診的 X 線片上都表現(xiàn)為股骨頭骺二次骨化中心的延遲出現(xiàn)和不規(guī)則,平均在隨訪到年齡至 5 歲半時(shí),骨化中心都基本正常。Sun等[9]比較了 8 例確診為 Meyer 發(fā)育不良兒童的骨齡與其發(fā)病年齡相匹配的 8 例 LCPD 患兒的骨齡,在確定腕骨和尺橈骨骺骨齡之后,隨訪至少 2 年。使用散點(diǎn)線趨勢分析兩者的骨齡和恢復(fù)類型的不同,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者均骨齡延遲,但是 Meyer 發(fā)育不良的尺橈骨遠(yuǎn)端骨骺骨齡顯著低于 LCPD,意味著 Meyer發(fā)育不良患兒的骨齡相對(duì)更小,應(yīng)用尺橈骨齡分析可區(qū)別。Muzaffar 等[6]回顧性分析了最初診斷為LCPD 的 178 例患者的臨床資料和影像學(xué)特點(diǎn),認(rèn)為其中 9 例應(yīng)該診斷為 Meyer 發(fā)育不良,這 9 例中除了 2 例股骨頭骺高度最終輕度降低以外,其余 7 例都完全正常。
本組患兒都是因?yàn)榕R床上出現(xiàn)輕微癥狀而就診,如跛行、患肢不敢負(fù)重,如行 X 線檢查,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)股骨頭骺二次骨化中心延遲或分成數(shù)個(gè)或者表面不規(guī)則。但是沒有股骨頭骺碎裂、高度降低等 LCPD 的特征性表現(xiàn),在曾行 MRI 檢查的部分病例中,股骨頭骺內(nèi)并沒有見到異常信號(hào)。在隨后的復(fù)查中,可以觀察到患兒臨床癥狀多在 2 周左右解除,影像學(xué)上股骨頭骺逐漸增大,融合,直至正常大小,股骨頭和髖臼的相對(duì)關(guān)系一直保持正常,沒有出現(xiàn)髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位或者半脫位。
本組男∶女為 5∶1,就診平均年齡為 3.1 歲,考慮到在門診中,如果這個(gè)年齡段的患兒沒有外傷史,出現(xiàn)跛行、不愿負(fù)重,但是體溫正常、體格檢查未見異常、未觸及紅腫熱痛、活動(dòng)不受限,多會(huì)考慮髖關(guān)節(jié)一過性滑膜炎,而囑嚴(yán)密觀察,不要負(fù)重,如果 1 周后癥狀消除,則不行 X 線檢查,所以Meyer 發(fā)育不良的發(fā)生率有可能會(huì)高于現(xiàn)狀[10-11]。
了解 Meyer 發(fā)育不良的重要意義在于和 LCPD鑒別,避免過度診治[12-13]。在初次接診時(shí),如果診斷是 Meyer 發(fā)育不良,給予的處理是:觀察,先免負(fù)重 3 個(gè)月再復(fù)查,復(fù)查時(shí)如果癥狀解除,沒有陽性體征,X 線片上還是沒有出現(xiàn)軟骨下骨折,骺核碎裂,密度增高,半脫位的表現(xiàn),可負(fù)重,定期復(fù)查。如果將 Meyer 發(fā)育不良診斷為 LCPD,會(huì)人為的延長治療時(shí)間,可能會(huì)給予不恰當(dāng)?shù)闹委煼椒?,給患兒及其家人帶來的身心壓力也不容忽視。
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( 本文編輯:李慧文 )
A retrospective study of clinical characteristics and curative results of 16 children with Meyer dysplasia
FU Gang, WANG Yu-kun, ZHANG Jian-li, ZHU Zhen-hua, GUO Yuan. Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China
ObjectiveTo retrospectively analyze the clinical characteristics and curative results of 16 children with Meyer dysplasia.MethodsFrom 2008 to 2014, 16 children ( 22 hips ) with Meyer dysplasia were treated in our hospital, whose clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. There was 1 female and 15 male patients in the study, including 6 patients ( 38% ) with both sides affected. Their mean age was 3.1 years old ( range: 1.5 - 5 years ) at the fi rst hospital visit. They were followed up for a mean period of 2.8 years ( range: 2 - 6 years ). The diagnosis criteria were: ( 1 ) Younger than 5 years; ( 2 ) The clinical symptoms were mild pain and limping at the fi rst hospital visit, and the symptoms got resolved after rest; ( 3 ) There was no or only mild limitation in hip motion, and the physical examination showed positive signs; ( 4 ) The X-ray showed smaller or delayed ossif i cation centers in the proximal femoral epiphysis, or a small epiphyseal nucleus composed of multiple independent bony foci, but no subchondral fracture, epiphysis condensation or subluxation of hip; ( 5 ) No abnormal fi nding in MRI; ( 6 ) The other skeleton dysplasia was excluded; ( 7 ) No congenital metabolic abnormality. After the fi rst hospital visit, the treatment of all children was observation only with no weight-bearing for 3 months. During the follow-up after 3 months, if the clinical symptoms got resolved, and the X-ray did not show subchondral fracture, epiphysis fragmentation or condensation, or subluxation, the children were allowed to weight-bearing, and had regular follow-up.ResultsAll children had no symptom and no motion limitation at the latest follow-up. The X-ray showed proximal femoral epiphysis became enlarged and gradual recovery to a normal or nearly normal contour of the femoral head ( class I and II in Stulberg classification ).ConclusionsMeyer dysplasia is a rare condition, but could be easily mistaken with Legg-Calve-Perthes disease ( LCPD ), leading to unnecessary diagnostic procedures and treatments. To those with smaller or delayed ossif i cation centers in the proximal femoral epiphysis and younger than 5 years, Meyer dysplasia should be considered. For favorable prognosis, an early and correct diagnosis should be made, so as to avoid unnecessary treatments.
Meyer dysplasia; Perthes disease; Child, pre ( 2 - 5 ); Retrospective studies
10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2017.06.012
R684
作者單位:100035 北京積水潭醫(yī)院小兒骨科
2017-03-27 )