張 婧,鄒玉安,董曉華,馬 飛,王歡歡,劉東艷,郭 姮
(1.河北北方學(xué)院,河北 張家口 075000;2.河北北方學(xué)院附屬第一醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,河北 張家口 075000;3.北京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)東直門(mén)醫(yī)院檢驗(yàn)科,北京 10070)
缺血預(yù)處理降低腦缺血再灌注損傷及TLR4、TNF-α mRNA的表達(dá)
張 婧1,鄒玉安2,董曉華1,馬 飛1,王歡歡1,劉東艷3,郭 姮3
(1.河北北方學(xué)院,河北 張家口 075000;2.河北北方學(xué)院附屬第一醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,河北 張家口 075000;3.北京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)東直門(mén)醫(yī)院檢驗(yàn)科,北京 10070)
目的 觀察Toll樣受體4(TLR4)和腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)的表達(dá)變化,探討缺血預(yù)處理對(duì)大鼠腦缺血再灌注損傷的保護(hù)作用。方法 36只SPF級(jí)健康雄性SD大鼠隨機(jī)分為缺血預(yù)處理組(CIP組)、缺血再灌注組(I/R組)和假手術(shù)組(Sham組)各12只;I/R組采用線栓法阻斷大腦中動(dòng)脈(MCAO)2 h建立模型,CIP組先給予MCAO阻斷10 min,再灌注72 h后給予與I/R組相同的處理,假手術(shù)組僅分離血管。均于術(shù)后1 d取材,TTC染色法檢測(cè)腦梗死體積,Zea Longa評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分,熒光實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR(Real-time Quantitative polymerase chain reaction)法測(cè)定TLR4和TNF-α mRNA表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果 缺血再灌注1 d后,CIP組大鼠腦梗死體積、神經(jīng)功能缺損評(píng)分明顯低于I/R組,差異有顯著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);TLR4、TNF-α mRNA CIP組與I/R組表達(dá)水平明顯高于Sham組,差異有顯著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,P<0.01),CIP組表達(dá)水平明顯低于I/R組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 缺血預(yù)處理能改善由再灌注損傷引起的腦損傷與功能障礙,可能與下調(diào)促炎因子的表達(dá)、減輕炎癥反應(yīng)有關(guān)。
大鼠;缺血預(yù)處理;缺血再灌注損傷;Toll樣受體4;腫瘤壞死因子-α
腦缺血預(yù)處理(cerebral ischemic preconditioning,CIP)能夠減輕缺血再灌注對(duì)腦組織造成的損傷,是一種強(qiáng)有力的內(nèi)源性神經(jīng)保護(hù)機(jī)制[1]。炎癥反應(yīng)在再灌注損傷這一動(dòng)態(tài)過(guò)程中起著關(guān)鍵性作用,減輕炎癥反應(yīng)是治療缺血性腦血管病的重要環(huán)節(jié)[2-3]。腦缺血預(yù)處理對(duì)腦組織有保護(hù)作用,但機(jī)制尚未完全闡明。炎癥的作用機(jī)制及信號(hào)通路極其復(fù)雜,本研究通過(guò)建立大鼠局灶性腦缺血預(yù)處理模型,采用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR法,探討了Toll樣受體4(Toll-like receptors,TLR4)和腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)在腦缺血預(yù)處理中的生物學(xué)作用與調(diào)控機(jī)制。
1.1 材料與試劑
清潔級(jí)健康雄性Sprague Dawley大鼠36只,3~4月齡,體質(zhì)量(250±30)g,購(gòu)于北京華阜康生物科技股份有限公司,實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物許可證:SCXK(京)2014-0004,合格證號(hào):NO11401300034129。
RNAiso Plus試劑(TaKaRa,Japan)、DL2000 DNA Ladder(北京索萊寶科技有限公司)、2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑(Amresco,美國(guó))、PrimeScript RT reagent Kit(TaKaRa,Japan)、DEPC水、SYBR?Premix Ex TaqTMII(TaKaRa,Japan)、引物及內(nèi)參序列合成(寶生物工程大連有限公司)。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物分組 36只SD大鼠于屏障動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)室適應(yīng)性飼養(yǎng)觀察1周,術(shù)前禁食12 h,可自由飲水。隨機(jī)分為缺血預(yù)處理組(CIP組)、缺血再灌注組(I/R組)和假手術(shù)組(Sham組)各12只,每組隨機(jī)選取6只用于腦梗死體積測(cè)定。
1.2.2 模型建立 采用改良Zea Longa法制備大鼠MCAO模型。CIP組:采用大腦中動(dòng)脈二次線栓法[4]制備缺血預(yù)處理模型,10%水合氯醛(350 mg·kg-1)大鼠腹腔注射,麻醉成功后仰臥位固定,頸部剃毛,常規(guī)碘伏消毒,取頸正中縱向切口,鈍性分離右頸總動(dòng)脈、右頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈、右頸外動(dòng)脈及迷走神經(jīng),右頸總動(dòng)脈下方穿一根引線,結(jié)扎右頸外動(dòng)脈并離斷為近心端及遠(yuǎn)心端,動(dòng)脈夾夾閉頸總動(dòng)脈,在頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈上打一活結(jié)暫時(shí)阻斷血流,在右頸外動(dòng)脈近心端距頸總動(dòng)脈分叉4~5 mm處用眼科剪剪一約0.2 mm小口,將頸外動(dòng)脈近心端拉至與頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈成一條直線,將直徑0.26 mm尼龍栓線通過(guò)上述小口緩慢插入右頸外動(dòng)脈,經(jīng)右頸總動(dòng)脈分叉處進(jìn)入右頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈,插入深度約18 mm,稍感阻力時(shí)停止,以免阻塞大腦前動(dòng)脈。將右頸外動(dòng)脈近心端及栓線一并結(jié)扎,小心松開(kāi)右頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈處的活結(jié)及動(dòng)脈夾,10 min后輕輕將尼龍栓線拔出至右頸外動(dòng)脈斷端,完成缺血預(yù)處理??p合切口,給予抗生素預(yù)防性處理。術(shù)后3 d相同時(shí)間點(diǎn)再次向右頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈插入尼龍栓線,2 h后輕輕拔出尼龍栓線,將右頸外動(dòng)脈近心端及尼龍栓線一并結(jié)扎,切口消毒縫合。I/R組:僅向右頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈插入尼龍栓線2 h后輕輕拔出尼龍栓線,具體操作步驟見(jiàn)CIP組。Sham組僅分離頸總動(dòng)脈,不給予栓塞處理。
1.2.3 腦梗死體積測(cè)定方法 再灌注1 d后,CIP組、I/R組及Sham組各取6只大鼠,深度麻醉后迅速斷頭取腦,立即在-20 ℃冰箱冷凍約15~20 min,切除額極及枕極,放入冠狀位腦切片模具中,切成5片厚度均勻的腦片,置于2% TTC磷酸鹽緩沖溶液中,37 ℃水浴箱避光孵育30 min,4%多聚甲醛中4 ℃固定24 h。染色后腦組織非梗死區(qū)為紅色,梗死區(qū)為白色,數(shù)碼相機(jī)拍照后采用圖像分析腦梗死體積。
1.2.4 神經(jīng)功能行為缺陷評(píng)分/神經(jīng)功能學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)方法 按照Z(yǔ)ea Longa 5級(jí)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5]采取雙盲法進(jìn)行評(píng)分,評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):0分:未觀察到神經(jīng)功能缺損癥狀;1分:不能完全伸展左前肢(輕度局灶性神經(jīng)功能缺損);2分:向左側(cè)轉(zhuǎn)圈,出現(xiàn)追尾現(xiàn)象(中度神經(jīng)功能缺損);3分:行走時(shí)向左側(cè)傾倒或打滾(重度神經(jīng)功能缺損);4分:不能自發(fā)行走,重度意識(shí)障礙。1~3分者為手術(shù)成功,0分和4分均剔除。
1.2.5 大鼠大腦皮層TLR4和TNF-α mRNA表達(dá)檢測(cè)方法 采用SYBR?GREENⅠ熒光嵌合實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR法檢測(cè)大鼠大腦皮層TLR4和TNF-α mRNA的表達(dá)。分別于術(shù)后1 d斷頭處死動(dòng)物,快速分離并取出右側(cè)大腦皮層,約100 mg,Triozl法提取總RNA,紫外分光光度計(jì)測(cè)定A260/A280比值、RNA濃度值,1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳分析RNA的完整性,并對(duì)總RNA進(jìn)行去gDNA純化處理。引物合成:TLR4上游:GCCGGAAAGTTATTGTGGTGGT,下游:ATGGGTTTTAGGCGCAGAGTTT;TNF-α上游:ACCGCAGAA AGAAGCCGTGG,下游:TGCCCCGCTTACAGTTCCTC;內(nèi)參(β-actin)上游:GGAGATTACTGCCCTGGCTCCTA,下游:GACTCATCGTACTCCTGCTTGCTG。反應(yīng)體系均為20 μL,其中SYBR Premix Ex Taq II 10 μL,上下游引物各0.8 μL,ROX Reference Dye 0.4 μL,cDNA 2μL,加RNase Free水至20 μL,反應(yīng)條件為:95 ℃預(yù)變性30 s;95 ℃ 5 s,60 ℃ 31 s,40個(gè)循環(huán)。目的基因與β-actin基因同時(shí)進(jìn)行Real-time PCR反應(yīng),每個(gè)樣本均設(shè)3個(gè)平行對(duì)照反應(yīng)孔,對(duì)所得CT值取均值,并通過(guò)分析溶解曲線,排除非特異擴(kuò)增。TLR4和TNF-α mRNA相對(duì)表達(dá)量的計(jì)算方法采用相對(duì)定量2-△△CT法[6]。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
2.1 腦梗死體積測(cè)定
再灌注后1 d的大鼠,Sham組未見(jiàn)梗死灶,CIP組與I/R組均出現(xiàn)白色不規(guī)則梗死灶,腦梗死體積分別為(19.04±1.65)mm3和(34.55±4.78)mm3。I/R組腦梗死體積高于Sham組(P<0.01);CIP組腦梗死體積與I/R組比較顯著減小(P<0.05)(見(jiàn)圖1)。
2.2 神經(jīng)功能學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)
術(shù)后1 d評(píng)價(jià)神經(jīng)功能行為缺陷,Sham組大鼠無(wú)神經(jīng)功能障礙,評(píng)分為0分;CIP組與I/R組大鼠均出現(xiàn)不同程度的手術(shù)對(duì)側(cè)肢體癱瘓,CIP組神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分(1.8±0.4)低于I/R組(2.8±0.4),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
2.3 大鼠大腦皮層TLR4、TNF-α mRNA的表達(dá)
圖1 腦梗死體積比較
TLR4TNF?α Sham組4 68±0 203 71±0 14 IR組7 19±0 07?8 45±0 32?? CIP組6 87±0 16?△5 26±0 09??△
注:與sham組比較*P<0.05,**P<0.01;與I/R組比較△P<0.05。
CIP組與I/R組TLR4、TNF-α mRNA表達(dá)水平明顯高于Sham組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,P<0.01);CIP組表達(dá)水平明顯低于I/R組(P<0.05)。
近年來(lái),對(duì)于缺血預(yù)處理對(duì)腦缺血再灌注損傷的保護(hù)作用已有一定程度的認(rèn)識(shí)[7]。急性腦梗死在時(shí)間窗(發(fā)病后3~4.5 h)內(nèi)給予藥物溶栓或者急診機(jī)械取栓是治療腦梗死的有效治療方案[8],而再灌注損傷作為一種應(yīng)激狀態(tài),本身可導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞壞死及組織的不可逆損傷,是腦缺血的惡性延續(xù),炎癥反應(yīng)在這一過(guò)程發(fā)揮的作用近年來(lái)關(guān)注較多[8]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TLR4參與了腦缺血再灌注損傷的發(fā)病過(guò)程,且發(fā)揮著重要作用,TLR4/核因子κB信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路的激活,可導(dǎo)致其下游炎癥細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)上調(diào)[9]。TNF-α作為重要的初級(jí)炎癥因子之一,在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的神經(jīng)元和膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中表達(dá),可激活中性粒細(xì)胞并使其聚集于缺血腦組織,激發(fā)炎癥級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),還可直接損傷血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞及毛細(xì)血管,改變其通透性,加重腦組織水腫[10-12]。因此減輕炎癥反應(yīng)已成為缺血性腦血管病治療的重要組成部分。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)在成功制備大鼠MCAO模型的基礎(chǔ)上,采用了實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR技術(shù),通過(guò)檢測(cè)熒光信號(hào),可快速對(duì)目的基因及內(nèi)參基因進(jìn)行定量分析,較半定量PCR技術(shù)更為精準(zhǔn)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TLR4、TNF-α mRNA在CIP組與I/R組的表達(dá)水平明顯高于Sham組,而二者在CIP組的表達(dá)水平明顯低于I/R組,提示TLR4和TNF-α與再灌注損傷關(guān)系密切,缺血預(yù)處理可能通過(guò)下調(diào)促炎因子的表達(dá)減輕腦組織缺血再灌注損傷,從而減輕炎癥反應(yīng)。
綜上,缺血預(yù)處理能改善由再灌注損傷引起的功能障礙,可能通過(guò)下調(diào)TLR4和TNF-α的表達(dá)從而起到腦保護(hù)作用。然而缺血預(yù)處理的相關(guān)機(jī)制及通路之間關(guān)系復(fù)雜,調(diào)控二者表達(dá)的確切機(jī)制仍待進(jìn)一步研究。
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[責(zé)任編輯:李薊龍 英文編輯:劉彥哲]
Alleviation of Ischemic Preconditioning on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Expressions of TLR4 and TNF-α mRNA
ZHANG Jing1,ZOU Yu-an2,DONG Xiao-hua1,MA Fei1,WANG Huan-huan1,LIU Dong-yan3,GUO Heng3
(1.Graduate School,Hebei North University,Zhangjiakou,Hebei 075000,China;2.Department of Neurology,The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University,Zhangjiakou,Hebei 075000,China;3.Department of Laboratory Medicine,Dongzhimen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine,Beijing 100700,China)
Objective To explore the protection of cerebral ischemic preconditioning on ischemia-reperfusion injury by observing the expression changes of TLR4 and TNF-α in cerebral cortex of rats.Methods 36 SPF healthy male SD rats were randomized into three groups:cerebral ischemic preconditioning group(CIP group,n=12),ischemia-reperfusion group(I/R group,n=12),and sham group(Sham group,n=12).The I/R group were subjected to 2 hours of right middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) with suture-occluded method to establish focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury model.The CIP group were given ten-minute suture-occluded MCAO,then the same treatment as the I/R group 72 hours after reperfusion.The Sham group were only given the carotid artery separation.On one day after surgery,the animals were sacrificed.The infarction volume was evaluated by the method of TTC staining,the neural behavioral score were measured by Zea Longa assessment criteria and the expression levels of TLR4 and TNF-α mRNA were assessed by the method of real-time quantitative PCR(polymerase chain reaction).Results On one day after ischemia,the infarct volume and neural behavioral scores of the CIP group were lower than those of the I/R group,with statistically significant difference(P<0.05).The mRNA expression of TLR4 and TNF-α in the CIP group and the I/R group were both significantly higher than those of the sham group(P<0.05,P<0.01),and the expressions of both in the CIP group were significantly lower than those of the I/R group(P<0.05).Conclusion Cerebral ischemic preconditioning can ameliorate the dysfunction produced by ischemia-reperfusion injury,which may be associated with down-regulated expression of proinflammatory factors and alleviate inflammatory response.
rat;ischemic preconditioning;ischemia-reperfusion injury;Toll-like receptors 4;tumor necrosis factor-α
河北省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究重點(diǎn)課題計(jì)劃(No.20150054);河北省高等學(xué)??茖W(xué)技術(shù)研究重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(No.ZD2014065)
張婧(1989-),女,河北北方學(xué)院2014級(jí)碩士研究生,主要從事缺血性腦血管病方向研究。
鄒玉安(1957-),男,主任醫(yī)師,碩士生導(dǎo)師。
R 541
A
10.3969/j.issn.1673-1492.2017.04.002
來(lái)稿日期:2016-08-29