朱志勇 白希壯 王慧聲 張攀 景士兵
肢端雀斑樣黑色素瘤10例臨床病理分析
朱志勇1白希壯1王慧聲1張攀1景士兵2
目的 探討肢端雀斑樣黑色素瘤的病理形態(tài)學(xué)特征、組織發(fā)生、診斷及鑒別診斷、治療及預(yù)后等。方法 采用HE及免疫組化SP法對10例ALM進行染色,并復(fù)習(xí)相關(guān)文獻。結(jié)果 在水平生長期異形的黑色素細(xì)胞位于表皮基底層,進展期則浸潤真皮深部。通常腫瘤細(xì)胞核大、可見核仁,染色質(zhì)較粗,胞質(zhì)嗜酸性,其內(nèi)可見黑色素顆粒。免疫表型:HMB45、Melan-A、S-100、CK、Ki67均呈強陽性。結(jié)論 ALM主要見于無毛發(fā)被覆的肢端部位,如手掌、足底和甲下區(qū),是黃種人與黑種人較常見的黑色素瘤類型。ALM確診依靠病理檢查。
黑色素瘤;臨床病理;免疫組織化學(xué)
肢端雀斑樣黑色素瘤(acral-lentiginousmelanoma, ALM)發(fā)病率在40%以上,老年人多見[1-2]。好發(fā)生于足底、手掌、指甲下,其中足底約占30%,表現(xiàn)為足底的皮膚紋理不清、變黑,起初為斑狀,隨后可發(fā)展為結(jié)節(jié)、潰瘍[3-4]。其惡性程度較高、轉(zhuǎn)移快、預(yù)后差,早期診斷極為重要[5]。遼寧省人民醫(yī)院骨外三科總結(jié)本院近10年來診治的10例ALM,對其病理特征、臨床診斷、治療及預(yù)后因素等進行初步探討。
收集遼寧省人民醫(yī)院自2006-2016年診治的10例ALM標(biāo)本。男性7例,女性3例;年齡40~82歲,平均65歲。病變位于足端8例,手端2例。腫塊直徑為0.7~5.0 cm。臨床表現(xiàn)主要為色素痣、局部外傷損傷后反復(fù)潰爛,形成腫塊。病史6~24個月。
標(biāo)本經(jīng)常規(guī)10%中性甲醛固定,常規(guī)脫水,石蠟包埋,切片,HE染色。免疫組織化學(xué)采用SP法。HMB45、Melan-A、S-100、CK、EMA、Ki67及SP試劑盒均購自北京中杉公司。
3.1 大體觀察
10例標(biāo)本病變均不對稱,可見邊界不規(guī)則、顏色不均勻,直徑為0.7~5.0 cm。
3.2 鏡下觀察
腫瘤細(xì)胞呈雙向生長方式。水平生長(圖1):非典型性黑色素細(xì)胞沿表皮基底層呈雀斑樣增生,并沿汗腺導(dǎo)管浸潤至真皮深部。病變處棘層細(xì)胞顯著增生,上皮釘腳延長,角質(zhì)層增厚。垂直生長(圖2):以梭形瘤細(xì)胞為主呈結(jié)節(jié)狀增生,間質(zhì)為新生的纖維結(jié)締組織,單個或成巢的瘤細(xì)胞侵及角質(zhì)層。10例標(biāo)本中,7例存在兩種生長方式,3例為水平生長方式。
3.3 免疫組化
10例標(biāo)本的腫瘤細(xì)胞 Vimentin、HMB45及S-100表達為100%,Vimentin及HMB45表達于胞漿(圖3,4),S-100表達于胞漿或胞核(圖5);2例標(biāo)本CK表達于胞漿中,EMA表達于胞膜;Ki67表達為10%~80%(圖6)。
4.1 大體觀察
腫塊小者約黃豆大或白果大,大者有成人拳頭或嬰兒頭大;呈扁平、球形、結(jié)節(jié)狀、息肉狀、菜花狀,表面常有潰瘍;顏色多為雜色或黑、黑褐、灰褐、灰紅和灰白色等;質(zhì)地較堅實;切面見腫塊界限不清,無包膜,向周圍浸潤,可見衛(wèi)星結(jié)節(jié)。
4.2 鏡下觀察
瘤細(xì)胞具有明顯多形性,有上皮樣瘤細(xì)胞、痣細(xì)胞樣瘤細(xì)胞、氣球樣透明瘤細(xì)胞及橫紋肌樣瘤細(xì)胞、黃色瘤樣細(xì)胞、印戒狀細(xì)胞、多核瘤巨細(xì)胞及單核巨大畸形瘤細(xì)胞等。異型性明顯,瘤細(xì)胞多出現(xiàn)清楚的核仁,易見核分裂象,胞質(zhì)內(nèi)可見黑色素顆粒,亦可不見黑色素顆粒。瘤細(xì)胞呈巢狀、條索狀、腺泡狀或彌散束狀排列,各種瘤細(xì)胞以不同比例組合。
圖1 腫瘤細(xì)胞呈水平方式生長(HE×100) 圖2 腫瘤細(xì)胞呈垂直生長方式生長(HE×100) 圖3 Vimentin強表達于腫瘤細(xì)胞胞漿(SP×100) 圖4 HMB45強表達于腫瘤細(xì)胞胞漿中(SP×100) 圖5 S-100強表達于腫瘤細(xì)胞漿(或細(xì)胞核)中(SP×100) 圖6 ki67表達于腫瘤細(xì)胞核中(SP×100)
4.3 免疫組織化學(xué)結(jié)果分析
HMB45特異性高,但血管肌脂肪瘤及Pecoma組腫瘤均為陽性;Melan-A敏感性與特異性均較高,但在腎上腺皮質(zhì)癌和卵巢性索腫瘤中陽性表達;梭形細(xì)胞或促纖維組織增生或伴神經(jīng)分化黑色素瘤中不足10%可表達HMB45及Melan-A;S-100彌漫陽性提示惡性黑色素瘤,敏感性高,特異性差。Ki67增值系數(shù)低并不能排除惡性可能,高增殖系數(shù)考慮惡性;系數(shù)高提示預(yù)后差,可幫助鑒別spitz痣。HMB45、Melan-A最具診斷意義,S-100可輔助診斷,Ki67系數(shù)提示預(yù)后。
4.4 鑒別診斷
4.4.1 與各種類型的痣鑒別 ⑴細(xì)胞黏附性差,表皮內(nèi)黑色素細(xì)胞成分界限不清;⑵病變邊緣處有單個黑色素細(xì)胞浸潤周邊組織;⑶黑色素細(xì)胞單個或巢團狀浸潤表皮基底層和皮膚附屬器,呈Paget樣形態(tài);⑷黑色素細(xì)胞巢的大小、形態(tài)多樣,出現(xiàn)融合;⑸黑色素細(xì)胞分布、形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)等不對稱;⑹真皮內(nèi)的黑色素細(xì)胞缺乏成熟表現(xiàn);⑺有明顯的細(xì)胞不典型性和核分裂;⑻胞漿豐富,染色質(zhì)分散呈塵埃狀;⑼出現(xiàn)單個細(xì)胞壞死以及真皮內(nèi)以淋巴細(xì)胞為主的慢性炎細(xì)胞浸潤。目前免疫組化對惡性黑色素瘤與各種類型痣的鑒別無幫助,也無可信的超微結(jié)構(gòu)和分子遺傳學(xué)指標(biāo)[4-7]。
4.4.2 與各種非黑色素性惡性腫瘤的鑒別 ⑴腫瘤細(xì)胞組織結(jié)構(gòu)多樣,似癌非癌、似肉瘤非肉瘤、似腺非腺多種結(jié)構(gòu);⑵細(xì)胞主要為梭形及上皮樣細(xì)胞;⑶細(xì)胞排列較松散,胞漿豐富紅染,形成橫紋肌樣細(xì)胞(胞漿寬紅染,核偏位,胞漿內(nèi)可有細(xì)顆粒,此種細(xì)胞常見于橫紋肌肉瘤、腎內(nèi)及腎外橫紋肌樣瘤以及惡性黑色素瘤);⑷寬胞漿紅染或多染性上皮樣或組織細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞,有豆芽瓣或“八字樣核”;⑸腫瘤細(xì)胞核仁清楚,紅染,形成假包涵體樣結(jié)構(gòu)。再仔細(xì)尋找腫瘤細(xì)胞內(nèi)有無黑色素顆粒。免疫組化染色黑色素細(xì)胞的特殊標(biāo)記抗體陽性是最主要的診斷及鑒別診斷指標(biāo)。
4.5 預(yù)后影響因素
⑴臨床病理分期。主要是腫瘤的浸潤及轉(zhuǎn)移狀況。⑵腫瘤浸潤深度。這是無轉(zhuǎn)移腫瘤的預(yù)后主要因素。通??煞譃?級:1級為原位黑色素瘤;2級為侵至真皮乳頭;3級為腫瘤細(xì)胞充滿真皮乳頭,并累及網(wǎng)狀真皮;4級為侵及網(wǎng)狀真皮;5級為侵及皮下脂肪組織。⑶分裂象計數(shù)。⑷炎細(xì)胞反應(yīng)。伴有炎細(xì)胞反應(yīng)預(yù)后較好。⑸潰瘍形成。表面有潰瘍形成預(yù)后較差。⑹有衛(wèi)星結(jié)節(jié)形成者易發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,預(yù)后也較差[8-10]。
皮膚黑色素瘤能否早期準(zhǔn)確診斷及規(guī)范治療,與患者的預(yù)后密切相關(guān),其中活檢和手術(shù)是早期患者診治過程的核心,就技術(shù)而言,針對黑色素瘤的活檢和手術(shù)無太多特殊性,但必須強調(diào)遵守流程規(guī)范[11-15]。
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Pathological analysis of 10 cases w ith acrallentiginous melanoma
ZHU Zhi-yong,BAI Xi-zhuang,WANG Hui-sheng,ZHANG Pan,JING Shi-bing.(Department of The third orthopaedics,The People′s Hospital of Liaoning Province,Shenyang 110016,china)
ObjectiveToexplore thepathomorphological features,histogenesis,diagnosis,differentialdiagnosis,therapyand prognosis ofacrallentiginous melanoma(ALM).MethodsSpecimens were obtained from all ALM patients and made into paraffin section. Specimens were stained with HE using the immunohistochemical SP method and the relevant literature was reviewed.ResultsAmong the 10 patients,7were males and 3 were females,ranging in age from 40 to 82 years,with an average age of 65 years.Eight of the lesions occurred in the foot and two in the hand.The diameter of the tumors was from 0.7 cm to 5.0 cm.The heteromorphic melanocyte located in the basal layer of the epidermis in the horizontal growth phase and infiltrated the deep dermis in the vertical growth phase.Generally,the nucleus of the tumor cells was large,nucleolus was visible,chromatin was coarse,the cytoplasm was eosinophilic and filled with melanin granules.The immunophenotype HMB-45,Melan-A,S-100,CK and Ki67 appeared strongly positive.ConclusionALM mainly occurred in the non-hair-covered extremities,such as palms,soles and the subungual region.It is the most common type ofmelanoma in the black and Asian populations.Definitived iagnosis ofALM relied on pathological examination.
Acrallentiginous melanoma;Clinical pathology;Immunohistochemistry
JING Shi-bing,Email:13664177755@163.com
2017-01-12)
10.3969/j.issn.1673-7040.2017.03.012.
10.3969/j.issn.1673-7040.2017.03.012
遼寧省人民醫(yī)院(1.骨外三科,2.病理科),遼寧 沈陽 110016
景士兵:Email:13664177755@163.com
本文引用格式:朱志勇,白希壯,王慧聲,等.肢端雀斑樣黑色素瘤10例臨床病理分析[J].中國美容整形外科雜志,2017,28(3):163-165.