□ 文/本刊首席記者 陳麗冰

首提向海經(jīng)濟(jì)，北部灣經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)打造藍(lán)色引擎

□ 文/本刊首席記者 陳麗冰

“要建設(shè)好北部灣港口，打造好向海經(jīng)濟(jì)。我們常說(shuō)要想富先修路，在沿海地區(qū)要想富也要先建港?！?017年4月19日，中國(guó)國(guó)家主席習(xí)近平在廣西北?？疾鞎r(shí)如是表示。

夢(mèng)好起宏圖，行穩(wěn)步更遠(yuǎn)。習(xí)近平主席的這一指示不僅突出了廣西北部灣港的向海優(yōu)勢(shì)，同時(shí)更為廣西北部灣經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)，以及廣西全區(qū)寫好海絲這篇大文章明確了方向。

廣西北部灣港背靠大西南、面向東南亞、東臨粵港澳，是廣西北部灣經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)乃至中國(guó)對(duì)接?xùn)|盟國(guó)家最便捷的海上門戶，地理和區(qū)位條件十分優(yōu)越。在此背景下，隨著“一帶一路”建設(shè)的漸入佳境，北部灣經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)也以北部灣港為依托，建立起現(xiàn)代化的港口群、臨港產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)帶、國(guó)際產(chǎn)能合作示范區(qū)等多位一體的發(fā)展格局，向海經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展之路越走越寬廣。

面朝大海，打造藍(lán)色引擎

為何要發(fā)展向海經(jīng)濟(jì)？中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院研究員、中國(guó)區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)會(huì)秘書長(zhǎng)陳耀在接受21世紀(jì)經(jīng)濟(jì)報(bào)道的采訪時(shí)表示，向海經(jīng)濟(jì)意味著沿海區(qū)域要面向海洋發(fā)展，重視海洋資源的利用，要向海洋要資源、要財(cái)富。要依托港口群構(gòu)建“大進(jìn)大出”的臨港產(chǎn)業(yè)集群，比如發(fā)展大型海洋裝備、深海生物技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)化、海洋資源開(kāi)發(fā)利用等海洋經(jīng)濟(jì)，都是探索向海經(jīng)濟(jì)的有效形式。

以海洋資源利用、保護(hù)為例，向海經(jīng)濟(jì)既強(qiáng)調(diào)要開(kāi)發(fā)好海洋資源，同時(shí)更要著力推動(dòng)海洋開(kāi)發(fā)方式向循環(huán)利用型轉(zhuǎn)變，建設(shè)藍(lán)色生態(tài)屏障，優(yōu)化升級(jí)海洋產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)體系，全面促進(jìn)海洋經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展?！鞍l(fā)展臨港工業(yè)需要特別注重生態(tài)的保護(hù)，開(kāi)發(fā)與保護(hù)并舉。因而，有必要探索更科學(xué)、更生態(tài)化的發(fā)展模式?！标愐f(shuō)。

廣西欽州保稅港區(qū)碼頭

而北部灣經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)作為廣西對(duì)外開(kāi)放的重要窗口，擁有近13萬(wàn)平方公里的海域面積，蘊(yùn)藏著豐富的海洋資源，在“一帶一路”建設(shè)藍(lán)圖中，對(duì)于廣西打造向海經(jīng)濟(jì)有著區(qū)位、政策、歷史等多方面的優(yōu)勢(shì)。

因此，隨著“一帶一路”建設(shè)的風(fēng)生水起，北部灣經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)重點(diǎn)依托港口和產(chǎn)業(yè)這兩大“輪子”，打造一條有廣西特色的向海經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展之路，不僅是北部灣經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)實(shí)現(xiàn)新一輪開(kāi)放開(kāi)發(fā)的新要求，同時(shí)也是順應(yīng)“一帶一路”發(fā)展的必然趨勢(shì)，意義非凡。

港口內(nèi)外兼修，暢通向海之路

“向海經(jīng)濟(jì)”雖然是個(gè)新詞匯，但從近年來(lái)北部灣經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)的發(fā)展路徑來(lái)看，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)其軌跡。其中，通過(guò)廣西北部灣港的內(nèi)聯(lián)外通，促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)與東盟國(guó)家的海上互聯(lián)互通便是其中一環(huán)。

廣西北部灣港由欽州港、防城港、北海港三大天然良港組成，具有大型、深水、專業(yè)化碼頭群形成的規(guī)模優(yōu)勢(shì)，資源豐富、區(qū)位獨(dú)特。在此基礎(chǔ)上，近年來(lái)，廣西北部灣港先后建成防城港20萬(wàn)噸級(jí)碼頭及進(jìn)港航道、欽州港30萬(wàn)噸級(jí)油碼頭、北海鐵山港1-4號(hào)泊位等一批標(biāo)志性工程，以及根據(jù)《北部灣城市群發(fā)展規(guī)劃》積極打造中國(guó)—東盟港口城市合作網(wǎng)絡(luò)，使港口基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和吞吐能力都邁上了新臺(tái)階。截至目前，廣西北部灣港已經(jīng)建成生產(chǎn)性泊位260個(gè)，萬(wàn)噸級(jí)以上泊位83個(gè)。2016年，在航運(yùn)業(yè)持續(xù)低迷、全國(guó)規(guī)模以上港口增速趨緩的情況下，廣西北部灣國(guó)際港務(wù)集團(tuán)經(jīng)營(yíng)管理的三港區(qū)累計(jì)完成吞吐量1.396億噸，同比增長(zhǎng)9.02%。

而在加強(qiáng)“硬件”基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的同時(shí)，廣西北部灣港也借助“一帶一路”建設(shè)的東風(fēng)，積極拓展國(guó)際合作，加強(qiáng)與“一帶一路”沿線地區(qū)，特別是東盟國(guó)家的互聯(lián)互通。2017年2月，廣西北部灣國(guó)際港務(wù)集團(tuán)繼2014年入股馬來(lái)西亞關(guān)丹港之后，又投資建設(shè)文萊摩拉港，加快“走出去”的步伐，實(shí)現(xiàn)了東盟港口與北部灣港的互聯(lián)互通；不僅如此，當(dāng)前廣西北部灣港還積極推動(dòng)并參與“渝桂新”南向通道建設(shè)，使其形成一條連接?xùn)|南亞、經(jīng)廣西至重慶到歐洲的亞歐海陸相連新通道，拓展向海經(jīng)濟(jì)之路。

截至目前，廣西北部灣港與東盟國(guó)家的47個(gè)港口建立海上運(yùn)輸往來(lái)，并開(kāi)通內(nèi)外貿(mào)航線44條，與世界100多個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)、200多個(gè)港口通航，基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了東南亞、東北亞地區(qū)主要港口的全覆蓋。如今，在廣闊的北部灣海面上，滿載集裝箱的巨輪南來(lái)北往地穿梭在廣西北部灣港與東盟各國(guó)港口間，北部灣經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)向海經(jīng)濟(jì)的支撐力也越來(lái)越強(qiáng)。

產(chǎn)業(yè)優(yōu)化升級(jí)，積蓄向海動(dòng)能

“作為中國(guó)西南地區(qū)最便捷的出海口，廣西北部灣經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)已經(jīng)從10年前基本沒(méi)有重大項(xiàng)目落戶的‘產(chǎn)業(yè)荒漠’成長(zhǎng)為該地區(qū)重要的產(chǎn)業(yè)基地，逐步形成以石化、電子信息、冶金新材料、糧油食品、造紙、海洋等為主導(dǎo)的特色現(xiàn)代產(chǎn)業(yè)體系?！睆V西北部灣經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)和東盟開(kāi)放合作辦公室常務(wù)副主任魏然說(shuō)，“向海經(jīng)濟(jì)”正在中國(guó)西部沿海逐漸發(fā)展壯大。

這一變化，源于北部灣經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)發(fā)展臨港產(chǎn)業(yè)、推動(dòng)海洋經(jīng)濟(jì)向質(zhì)量效益型轉(zhuǎn)變的現(xiàn)實(shí)需要，也源于“一帶一路”建設(shè)給北部灣經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)帶來(lái)的發(fā)展新機(jī)遇。

“臨港布局產(chǎn)業(yè)的好處在于，通過(guò)縮短運(yùn)輸路線和形成規(guī)模上的‘大進(jìn)大出’，最大限度地降低成本，而廣西的區(qū)位優(yōu)勢(shì)又利于貨物快速疏散。”廣東外語(yǔ)外貿(mào)大學(xué)教授陳萬(wàn)靈在接受21世紀(jì)經(jīng)濟(jì)報(bào)道的采訪時(shí)表示。得天獨(dú)厚的區(qū)位優(yōu)勢(shì)使得中國(guó)的臨港工業(yè)產(chǎn)品、海洋裝備制造，可以通過(guò)北部灣經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)更便捷地走向“一帶一路”國(guó)家。

因而，隨著“一帶一路”建設(shè)的實(shí)施，通過(guò)加快發(fā)展臨港工業(yè)、海洋裝備制造業(yè)、遠(yuǎn)洋捕撈業(yè)等現(xiàn)代海洋產(chǎn)業(yè)推動(dòng)中國(guó)與東盟等“一帶一路”沿線國(guó)家的合作，也就成為廣西打造區(qū)域藍(lán)色引擎的重要路徑，以及北部灣經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)打造向海經(jīng)濟(jì)的極佳選擇。

而在這方面，目前北部灣經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)已有所探索。其中，北海近年來(lái)陸續(xù)引進(jìn)了斯道拉恩索北海林紙一體化項(xiàng)目、中石化煉化項(xiàng)目等大項(xiàng)目，建立起了電子信息、石油化工、臨港新材料三大千億元產(chǎn)業(yè)。欽州成功引進(jìn)了中石油、金桂林漿紙一體化、國(guó)投欽州發(fā)電、中船大型修造船基地等大型臨港產(chǎn)業(yè)項(xiàng)目，形成了石化、裝備制造和能源等百億元產(chǎn)業(yè)的大工業(yè)框架。防城港則有中廣核的核電項(xiàng)目和引進(jìn)武鋼千億噸規(guī)模的鋼鐵項(xiàng)目等。

不僅如此，為了進(jìn)一步提升北部灣經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)打造向海經(jīng)濟(jì)的力度與厚度，據(jù)廣西北部灣經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)和東盟開(kāi)放合作辦公室產(chǎn)業(yè)處負(fù)責(zé)人介紹，北部灣經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)還將按照經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)6市各自的區(qū)位優(yōu)勢(shì)和現(xiàn)有基礎(chǔ)，打造八大產(chǎn)業(yè)集群，即電子信息和冶金精深加工等2個(gè)3000億元產(chǎn)業(yè)，石化、糧油和食品加工等2個(gè)兩千億元產(chǎn)業(yè)，裝備制造、能源、生物醫(yī)藥和健康、輕工等4個(gè)千億元產(chǎn)業(yè)集群。通過(guò)這些規(guī)劃，及產(chǎn)融對(duì)接的資金杠桿撬動(dòng)，將促進(jìn)6市產(chǎn)業(yè)差異化發(fā)展，進(jìn)而帶動(dòng)區(qū)域產(chǎn)業(yè)整體提高，將北部灣經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)打造成國(guó)際產(chǎn)能合作樞紐港，為向海經(jīng)濟(jì)加足馬力。

2015年3月，中國(guó)賦予廣西“構(gòu)建面向東盟的國(guó)際大通道，打造西南中南地區(qū)開(kāi)放發(fā)展新的戰(zhàn)略支點(diǎn)，形成‘一帶一路’有機(jī)銜接的重要門戶”的三大定位；2017年4月，習(xí)近平主席視察廣西時(shí)又強(qiáng)調(diào)要發(fā)展“向海經(jīng)濟(jì)”，釋放“?！钡臐摿?。因而，在諸多有利條件下，我們更有理由相信，北部灣經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)打造向海經(jīng)濟(jì)的路徑將更清晰、寬廣。

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“We s h o u l d d e v o t e o u r s e l v e s t o constructing ports in Beibu Gulf and to developing maritime economy. We often say that you’d better build roads first to become rich, but in the coastal areas you have to build ports first,” said Chinese President Xi Jinping on a facts- fi nding visit to Beihai,Guangxi, China on April 19, 2017. His statement not only gives prominence to the advantages of Beibu Gulf Economic Zone (BGEZ) in marine resources but also indicates the development orientation for the zone and for Guangxi in pursuit of the 21stCentury Maritime Silk Road Initiative.

In terms of geographical and regional advantages, ports in BGEZ are backed by southwest China, oriented towards Southeast Asia and adjacent to Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao in the east of China, constituting the most convenient seaborne gateway to ASEAN in the zone and in China. As the Belt and Road construction advances, a layout integrating modern port group,port-centered industry economic belt and international industrial-capacity cooperation demonstration area has taken shape, thus better promoting the development of local maritime economy.

Blue driving force

In an interview with the21st Century Business Herald, Mr. Chen Yao,researcher of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and Secretary-General of CARE, holds that people in BGEZ should seek their fortune by utilizing local marine resources. He also suggests that it is advisable for authorities concerned to set up a port-centered industrial layout aimed at manufacturing large-scale marine equipment,transforming deep-sea biotechnologies,exploiting and utilizing marine resources and so on.

Take marine-resources utilization and conservation for example. In order to comprehensively facilitate the sustainable development of maritime economy, equal emphasis should be placed on the exploitation of marine resources, on the change from marine exploitation to circular utilization of resources involved, on the construction of a blue ecological shelter zone, and on the upgrading and transformation of marine industry structure. “We should give particular attention to ecological reservation and to the balance of exploitation and protection when developing port-centered industry.Therefore, it is crucial to explore a more scienti fi c, ecology-oriented development pattern,” said Mr. Chen.

With a total sea area of nearly 130,000 square meters and the abundance of marine resources, BGEZ, as a signi fi cant window for Guangxi’s opening-up to the outside world, has multiple advantages like geographical location in the development of maritime economy under the Belt and Road Initiative.

As the Belt and Road construction forges ahead, based on ports and industries in BGEZ, pursuing maritime economy with Guangxi’s characteristics not only satis fi es the demands of a new round of opening-up and development but also accords with the inevitable tendency of the Belt and Road Initiative.

Internal and external development of ports

While maritime economy was introduced lately, it has been seen as one of development directions of BGEZ in recent years. To increase maritime connectivity with ASEAN countries, for instance, BGEZ focuses on strengthening the links among ports in the zone and on the relationship with their foreign counterparts.

Guangxi Beibu Gulf Port (GBGP) which consists of three good natural harbors— Qinzhou Port, Fangchenggang Port and Beihai Port possesses large-scale,deep-water and specialized docks,so it is superior in scale, abundant in marine resources and unique in regional location. Over the years, a series of landmark projects have been completed successively in GBGP: Fangchenggang Port built 200,000-DWT docks, Qinzhou Port 300,000-DWT docks, and Beihai Tieshangang Port No. 1-4 berths. In addition, China-ASEAN Port Cities Cooperation Network is being created according toBeibu Gulf Cities Layout Development Planning. All this has made the local ports’ infrastructure and handling capacity elevated to a higher level. As of now, GBGP has constructed 260 productive berths and 83 berths above 10,000 DWTs. In 2016, when faced with the continuous sluggish of shipping industry and the slower growth of nation-wide ports with the handling capacity above 10,000,000-15,000,000 DWTs, GBGP’s handling capacity registered a steady growth rate, and it amounted to 139.6 million DWTs —representing a year-on-year increase of 9.02%.In the meantime, in pursuing the Belt and Road Initiative, GBGP is energetically expanding cooperation with its foreign counterparts and enhancing connectivity with countries along the Belt and Road routes, particularly ASEAN countries. For example, after becoming a shareholder of Malaysia’s Kuantan Port, Beibu Gulf Port Group invested in the construction of Brunei’s Mora Port in February 2017, achieving the connectivity with ASEAN’s ports.Moreover, GBGP is currently taking the initiative in building the Chongqing-Guangxi-Singapore Southward Passageway, which is aimed at creating more convenient conditions for maritime economy.

Now GBGP has forged marinetransportation ties with 47 ports in ASEAN countries and opened 44 sea routes of domestic and foreign trade. Its shipping services are accessible to over 200 ports in more than 100 countries and regions across the world, covering almost all the main ports in Southeast Asia as well as Northeast Asia.

Industrial upgrading and optimization“As the most convenient access to the sea in southwest China, GBGP has evolved into a key industrial base in the region from an ‘industry desert’which was basically lack of largescale projects ten years ago. Now it is gradually setting up a modern industrial system featuring the predominant industries such as petrochemicals,electric information, new materials of metallurgy, grain & cooking-oil food,papermaking and marine industry,” said Wei Ran, executive vice-director of Guangxi Beibu Gulf Economic Zone& Cooperation with ASEAN Office of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.Currently, maritime economy is growing stronger in the coastal areas of western China, which is the fact that BGEZ has been committed to developing portcentered industries and to making maritime economy quality- and bene fi toriented, and the fact that the Belt and Road construction has brought about new development opportunities to the zone.

“The benefits brought by the portcentered industry layout are to maximally reduce costs by shortening transportation routes and forming largevolume import and export, and Guangxi’s regional advantages are conducive to the rapid distribution of cargoes,” said Mr.Chen Wanling, professor of Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, in an interview with the21st Century Business Herald. By virtue of BGEZ’s exceptional regional advantages, China-made portcentered industrial products and marine equipment can be more promptly accessible to countries along the Belt and Road routes.

Given this, as the Belt and Road construction progresses, giving more priority to modern marine industry —including port-centered industry, marine equipment manufacturing industry and ocean fi shing industry — can consolidate the cooperation between China and countries like ASEAN states along the Belt and Road routes — not only an important channel for Guangxi to create a blue driving force in the region but also an optimal choice for BGEZ to foster maritime economy.

At present, BGEZ has conducted an exploitation of maritime economy:Beihai introduced some large-scale projects, including Stora Enso Beihai Mill (a forest-paper integration project)and Sinopec re fi ning project, with three 100-billion-yuan industrial projects(namely, electric information industry,petrochemical industry and port-centered new materials industry) completed;Qinzhou four large-scale port-centered industrial projects (namely, Sinopec,Jinguilin Pulp-paper Integrated Project,SDIC Qinzhou Electric Power Co.,Ltd., as well as CSIC Large-scale Ship Repairing and Building Base), forming a 10-billion-yuan industry framework involving petrochemicals, equipment manufacturing and energy resources;and Fangchenggang CGN’s nuclear power project and Wuhan Iron and Steel Group’s 100-billion-yuan steel project.

Furthermore, to further reinforce BGEZ’s competitive strength in maritime economy, eight aspects of industrial layout have been figured out based on different regional advantages and existing conditions of six cities in the zone: two 300-billion-yuan industrial projects (electric information and metallurgy intensive-processing),two 200-billion-yuan industrial projects(petrochemical re fi ning, and grain & oil food processing), and four 100-billionyuan industrial projects (equipment manufacturing, energy resources, biopharmaceutical and health, as well as light industry).

Beibu Gulf Economic Zone to Create Its Blue Driving Force Through Maritime Economy

Written by Chen Libing / Translated by Xu Zhiliang