尚 斌,周談龍,董紅敏,陶秀萍,李路路,劉 楊
(中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境與可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)部設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)節(jié)能與廢棄物處理重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100081)
生物過濾法去除死豬堆肥排放臭氣效果的中試
尚 斌,周談龍,董紅敏※,陶秀萍,李路路,劉 楊
(中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境與可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)部設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)節(jié)能與廢棄物處理重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100081)
為研究生物過濾法去除死豬堆肥發(fā)酵處理過程產(chǎn)生臭氣以及揮發(fā)性有機(jī)物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)的可行性,開展了死豬和豬糞混合堆肥試驗(yàn),分析了死豬堆肥過程臭氣濃度特性和VOCs組分特征,對生物過濾法去除臭氣中VOCs的工藝關(guān)鍵參數(shù)-停留時(shí)間進(jìn)行優(yōu)化試驗(yàn)。死豬堆肥過程中排放VOCs種類達(dá)37種,其中主要致臭組分為三甲胺、二甲基硫、二甲基二硫、二甲基三硫;以腐熟豬糞堆肥作為濾料(添加3%活性污泥),在停留時(shí)間為30~100 s的條件下,生物過濾法對死豬堆肥排放臭氣去除率達(dá)90%以上;停留時(shí)間60~100 s的條件下對VOCs中主要致臭組分的去除效率達(dá)82.2%~100%,生物過濾法去除死豬堆肥過程臭氣濃度和VOCs的優(yōu)化停留時(shí)間為60 s。研究結(jié)果能為死豬堆肥發(fā)酵過程排放臭氣的處理和控制技術(shù)進(jìn)一步研發(fā)提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
堆肥;惡臭;生物過濾法;揮發(fā)性有機(jī)物;除臭;死豬
堆肥作為畜禽糞便處理最為常用的方法之一[1-2],目前已經(jīng)被許多發(fā)達(dá)國家用于動(dòng)物尸體的處理上[1-4]。死豬堆肥發(fā)酵處理法運(yùn)行成本低、處理效果好,尤其在畜禽疫病爆發(fā)時(shí),利用堆肥法能夠在場內(nèi)將病死畜禽就地進(jìn)行無害化處理,將疫病病菌完全控制在場內(nèi),從而避免了由于運(yùn)輸而導(dǎo)致疫病傳播的可能性[5-6]。因此,國內(nèi)外對死畜禽尸體堆肥處理技術(shù)均開展了相應(yīng)的研究[6-10]。
死豬堆肥處理是將豬糞和死豬混合堆肥,在利用堆肥發(fā)酵產(chǎn)生的高溫將病原菌殺死的同時(shí),將死豬尸體降解。與普通堆肥一樣,死豬堆肥同樣面臨臭氣污染的問題。在堆肥排放氣體中,除氨和硫化氫是惡臭的主要來源外,還有少量揮發(fā)性有機(jī)物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)[11],VOCs雖然含量不高,但其對環(huán)境危害不可忽視,一方面VOCs對人類和動(dòng)物的呼吸系統(tǒng)、內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)、循環(huán)系統(tǒng)及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生刺激,危害身體健康;另一方面,VOCs中的含氮有機(jī)物、含硫有機(jī)物及揮發(fā)性脂肪酸是典型臭氣物質(zhì)[12],其是堆肥排放臭氣的重要組成部分。因此,研究死豬堆肥處理過程VOCs和臭氣濃度控制技術(shù)對死豬堆肥技術(shù)的推廣應(yīng)用具有重要意義。
關(guān)于堆肥過程臭氣和VOCs的產(chǎn)生及控制技術(shù)目前國內(nèi)外已有一定的研究[13-16]。大部分學(xué)者均采用生物過濾法對臭氣和VOCs進(jìn)行去除[17-18]。生物過濾法屬于生物除臭法的一種,一般適用于堆肥過程的臭氣去除,其對氨氣的去除率很高,通常在95% 以上,是一種較為經(jīng)濟(jì)有效的去除臭氣的方法[19-20]。影響生物過濾法除臭效果的因素主要包括濾料特性(種類、含水率等)以及停留時(shí)間等。生物過濾法可選用的濾料較多,無機(jī)或有機(jī)材料都可以作為濾料用以除臭,其中腐熟堆肥經(jīng)過篩分處理后作為生物濾料進(jìn)行臭氣去除效果好且成本低,應(yīng)用最為廣泛[18,21]。陸日明等研究了不同填料去除雞糞堆肥臭氣效果,其認(rèn)為,在優(yōu)化工藝參數(shù)濾料高度50 cm、填料初始含水率為50%以及停留時(shí)間為90.0 s時(shí)處理效果最佳,對堆肥臭氣中VOCs有很好的去除效果,處理率高達(dá)98.30%[18];袁京等以腐熟堆肥為濾料進(jìn)行了堆肥氣中氨氣的去除試驗(yàn),其認(rèn)為在一定的濾池高度下,可將氨氣100%去除[17];Park等利用腐熟堆肥和粉碎后椰子皮1∶1混合后作為吸收材料進(jìn)行堆肥除臭試驗(yàn),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)腐熟堆肥和粉碎后椰子皮能將豬糞堆肥氨氣幾乎全部去除[22];Pagans等也以腐熟堆肥作為濾料進(jìn)行除臭試驗(yàn),其認(rèn)為腐熟堆肥可用于多種廢棄物堆肥臭氣的去除,對氨氣的去除率能夠達(dá)到95%以上[12]。
目前,關(guān)于堆肥除臭的研究多集中在普通堆肥方面,并無針對死豬堆肥排放臭氣濃度和VOCs去除方面的研究。本研究以腐熟堆肥作為濾料,采用生物過濾法對死豬堆肥處理過程產(chǎn)生的臭氣濃度和VOCs進(jìn)行去除,同時(shí)針對生物除臭的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)停留時(shí)間開展優(yōu)化試驗(yàn),為生物過濾法去除死豬堆肥臭氣和VOCs的實(shí)際應(yīng)用提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1.1 試驗(yàn)裝置及材料
除臭系統(tǒng)示意圖如圖1所示,死豬堆肥過程排出的氣體通過管道連接到除臭風(fēng)機(jī)進(jìn)風(fēng)口。除臭風(fēng)機(jī)出風(fēng)口與除臭裝置的底部進(jìn)氣口相連。除臭試驗(yàn)采用底部進(jìn)氣和頂部出氣的方式進(jìn)行,每個(gè)除臭裝置的進(jìn)氣流速均采用流量計(jì)進(jìn)行控制。
圖1 除臭系統(tǒng)示意圖Fig.1 Schematic diagram of deodorization system
堆肥發(fā)酵箱體的外部尺寸為1 m×1 m×1 m(長×寬×高);材料為硬質(zhì)PVC板,箱體外層加5 cm厚聚苯保溫層。發(fā)酵箱底部設(shè)有送風(fēng)管道,管道設(shè)有通風(fēng)小孔,小孔直徑約為3 mm,通風(fēng)管道上設(shè)置一硬質(zhì)塑膠篩板,篩板上有直徑為5 mm左右的小孔,用以將氣體均勻布置,同時(shí)避免物料堵塞通氣管。堆肥發(fā)酵所用通風(fēng)風(fēng)機(jī)為漩渦風(fēng)機(jī)(2PB710-H37,蘇州風(fēng)力士),正壓送風(fēng),通風(fēng)率采用熱式質(zhì)量流量計(jì)(RK100,北京科力博奧儀表技術(shù)有限公司)和玻璃轉(zhuǎn)子流量計(jì)(LZB-60,上海天湖儀表廠)進(jìn)行精確控制和計(jì)量。
除臭裝置尺寸為圓形桶(內(nèi)徑0.3 m),材質(zhì)為PVC,除臭材料凈高100 cm,體積為0.07 m3。臭氣進(jìn)氣口在圓形桶底部,通過底部布風(fēng)管進(jìn)行布?xì)猓?jīng)除臭材料處理后排出,頂部設(shè)置氣體采樣口和臭氣排放口。所用除臭風(fēng)機(jī)為漩渦風(fēng)機(jī)(2PB610-H16,蘇州風(fēng)力士),臭氣流速采用熱式質(zhì)量流量計(jì)(RK100,北京科力博奧儀表技術(shù)有限公司)和玻璃轉(zhuǎn)子流量計(jì)進(jìn)行精確控制和計(jì)量。
除臭材料為已經(jīng)發(fā)酵腐熟的豬糞和秸稈混合堆肥,添加3%左右的活性污泥,基本特性見表1。
表1 除臭材料初始特性Table 1 Characteristics of biofilter packing materials
1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
死豬堆肥發(fā)酵原料為豬糞和玉米秸稈,豬糞來自北京安定種豬場,玉米秸稈取自北京市大興區(qū)安定鎮(zhèn)西白塔村,經(jīng)粉碎機(jī)切割至5 cm左右的小段。玉米秸稈和豬糞按體積比2∶1混合,所用豬糞和玉米秸稈以及混合后的堆料特性如表2。
表2 死豬堆肥處理所用原料特性Table 2 Characteristics of composting materials for dead pigs treatment
死豬堆肥發(fā)酵處理的做法為:先在堆肥箱內(nèi)放入厚度40 cm左右攪拌均勻的物料,然后將死豬放入,所有死豬未經(jīng)任何前處理,整體放入堆肥箱體內(nèi),在死豬尸體上覆蓋堆肥物料至箱體放滿。試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)在發(fā)酵4周后翻堆1次,其他時(shí)間根據(jù)發(fā)酵箱體內(nèi)物料的溫度變化情況決定是否需要翻堆,如果箱體內(nèi)堆肥溫度下降比較明顯,則進(jìn)行翻堆,否則不翻堆;翻堆時(shí)根據(jù)含水率情況判斷是否需要補(bǔ)充水分,如果翻堆時(shí)物料明顯偏干,則補(bǔ)充水分至50%~60%,到達(dá)手握成團(tuán),松手既散的狀態(tài)即可。
為保證通入除臭裝置的氣體為死豬堆肥正常發(fā)酵過程中排出的臭氣,應(yīng)盡可能多設(shè)置發(fā)酵箱體,本試驗(yàn)中死豬堆肥共設(shè)6個(gè)發(fā)酵箱,每個(gè)發(fā)酵箱容積為1 m3,其處理死豬初始質(zhì)量分別為35.4、28.1、78.2、35.5、91.0、33.3 kg,堆體死豬處理率平均為55.3 kg/m3。
堆肥通風(fēng)率統(tǒng)一控制,均設(shè)置為60 L/(min·m3)。通風(fēng)方式為間歇式通風(fēng),利用時(shí)間繼電器自動(dòng)控制,風(fēng)機(jī)運(yùn)行10 min后停20 min,如此循環(huán)。發(fā)酵產(chǎn)生的臭氣全部收集并集中到一個(gè)管道內(nèi),采用流量計(jì)分布到不同處理箱進(jìn)行處理。
停留時(shí)間設(shè)3個(gè)處理(30、60和100 s,表3),每個(gè)處理3個(gè)重復(fù)。
表3 除臭試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)Table 3 Experiment arrangement and parameters of biofilters
1.3 測試項(xiàng)目和分析方法
臭氣濃度采樣和測試:臭氣主要集中在堆肥前期發(fā)生,因?yàn)樵诙逊是捌诒M可能多采樣。本試驗(yàn)中采集臭氣采用比較式臭袋法[23]進(jìn)行采用測定濃度,程序非常復(fù)雜,因此設(shè)計(jì)第1周采樣2次,之后每周采樣1~2次。本試驗(yàn)當(dāng)天及第2、7、15、20、23、29、36和42天分別在堆肥發(fā)酵臭氣排放口和處理后氣體排放口的進(jìn)行臭氣濃度采樣和測試。
VOCs采樣和測試:試驗(yàn)開始當(dāng)天及第1~7、10、14、21、28、35和42天在堆肥發(fā)酵臭氣排放口,以及試驗(yàn)當(dāng)天及第7、10、14、21、28、35和42天在除臭裝置氣體排放口分別進(jìn)行VOCs采樣和測試[24]。方法為:利用容積為3.2 L的蘇瑪罐采集的氣體通過冷阱濃縮儀(美國ENTECH7100)去除O2、N2、CO2,富集后進(jìn)入氣相色譜質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用儀(7890A/5975C)測試,色譜柱為美國安捷倫DB-624 60 m×0.25 mm×1.8 μm,程序升溫為初始溫度?10 ℃,保持10 min,然后以3.0 ℃/min升到100 ℃,再以10.0 ℃/min升到220 ℃,保持15 min。進(jìn)樣口溫度:140 ℃,溶劑延遲時(shí)間:0.5 min,載氣流速:1.0 mL/min。離子源溫度:250 ℃,掃描方式:選擇離子掃描;VOCs成分通過對照標(biāo)樣的保留時(shí)間和特征離子進(jìn)行定性,采用外標(biāo)法進(jìn)行定量分析。采用US EPA PAMS和US EPA TO-142種標(biāo)氣(美國SPECIALTY GAS公司),標(biāo)氣中包括烷烴類35種、芳香烴類22種、鹵烴類20種、胺類1種、含硫化合物3種、氟利昂類4種。在氣體進(jìn)樣量為400 mL條件下,方法的檢出限為0.28~7.5 μg/m3;平行分析濃度為5 nmol/mol(ppb)混合標(biāo)樣10次:相對偏差小于15%;對加標(biāo)量分別為2.5,5,20 nmol/mol的環(huán)境樣品重復(fù)進(jìn)行6次加標(biāo)回收率測定,加標(biāo)回收率為:75.6%~104.2%,82.5%~105.7%,83.6%~105.4%。
死豬堆肥過程溫度利用溫度自動(dòng)記錄儀(美國 Onset HOBO U23-003)自動(dòng)記錄。
臭氣濃度和VOCs的去除率按下式計(jì)算
式中η為生物過濾裝置對該氣體的去除率,%;C1為除臭裝置某氣體在進(jìn)氣口的濃度,mg/m3;C2為該氣體在除臭裝置出氣口的濃度,mg/m3。
2.1 死豬堆肥過程溫度變化分析
堆肥溫度是物料無害化程度的重要指標(biāo)。本試驗(yàn)開始日期為10月18日至12月1日,期間室外日平均溫度約在5~15 ℃之間。在試驗(yàn)開始約2 d后,除發(fā)酵箱2#、4#、5#外,其他箱體內(nèi)堆肥溫度均升高至60 ℃以上,由于2#、4#和5#箱體在溫度升至55 ℃以后緩慢下降,因此在10月31日(第12天)和11月7日(第20天)對2#、4#和5#箱進(jìn)行了翻堆、11月12日(第25天)對3#箱進(jìn)行翻堆,翻堆時(shí)死豬尸體均大部分腐爛,但含水率仍保持在60%左右,因此翻堆時(shí)未加水,翻堆后溫度仍能夠迅速升高至60 ℃以上。11月17日(第30天),對所有堆肥箱進(jìn)行了1次翻堆,翻堆后溫度上升明顯(圖2),其中1#、3#和5#在翻堆后第2天(第31天)均上升到60 ℃以上,由于3#和5#箱內(nèi)初始死豬量最大,翻堆時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)剩余部分肌肉未完全降解骨骼較多,溫度重新升高說明死豬又重新開始發(fā)酵和降解。
雖然各堆肥箱的溫度有差別,但從堆肥溫度的變化趨勢看,在整個(gè)死豬堆肥過程中,6個(gè)發(fā)酵箱體為堆肥溫度達(dá)到55 ℃的天數(shù)分別為12~38 d,滿足《糞便無害化衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(GB7959-87)和《畜禽糞便無害化處理技術(shù)規(guī)范》(NY/T1168-2006)的無害化衛(wèi)生要求,說明整體發(fā)酵工藝正常運(yùn)行。
圖2 死豬堆肥過程中發(fā)酵箱日平均溫度Fig.2 Average dairy temperature in pig manure and swine carcass aerobic fermentation
2.2 死豬堆肥處理過程臭氣濃度特性分析
臭氣濃度是表征惡臭污染對人體嗅覺刺激程度的常用指標(biāo),是表征惡臭物質(zhì)的綜合指標(biāo)。本試驗(yàn)采用3點(diǎn)比較式臭袋法測定了死豬堆肥處理過程排放臭氣濃度及3種不同停留時(shí)間(30、60和100 s)工藝參數(shù)條件下生物過濾法處理后臭氣濃度(表4)。臭氣濃度最大值出現(xiàn)在第2天,達(dá)17 378(無量綱),之后開始降低。但之后每次翻堆時(shí)(第20、25和30天),臭氣濃度又出現(xiàn)峰值,為1 738(無量綱),之后又開始下降,試驗(yàn)結(jié)束時(shí)臭氣濃度為302(無量綱)。因此,臭氣濃度受堆肥溫度的影響較為明顯,臭氣濃度在第1周內(nèi)最為強(qiáng)烈,第2周和第3周相對較弱,后期臭氣濃度再次升高時(shí)由于部分箱體的翻堆導(dǎo)致。
表4 不同停留時(shí)間對生物過濾法處理死豬堆肥發(fā)酵過程排放臭氣濃度的影響Table 4 Effects of retention time on odor concentration from composting of swine manure and carcass by biofiltration
2.3 不同停留時(shí)間對生物過濾法處理死豬堆肥排放臭氣濃度的影響
3個(gè)處理后臭氣濃度均為30(無量綱),說明在此試驗(yàn)條件下,處理1(停留時(shí)間30 s)、處理2(停留時(shí)間60 s)和處理3(停留時(shí)間100 s)均能有效降低臭氣濃度,且各處理間無差異,其對臭氣去除率在90%~100%之間。
2.4 死豬堆肥排放氣體中VOCs組分特性
大量研究表明,VOCs排放主要集中在好氧堆肥中前期[25-26]。本試驗(yàn)對死豬堆肥第1周排放氣體中VOCs組分每天進(jìn)行取樣測定,共檢測出VOCs多達(dá)37種(表5),其中甲苯、乙笨、萘、苯乙烯、間,對二甲苯、三甲胺、二甲基硫、二甲基二硫、二甲基三硫均出現(xiàn)高于各自嗅閾值的情況,堆肥當(dāng)天二甲基二硫和二甲基三硫分別高于各自閾值的110 000和620倍,堆肥第2天三甲胺和二甲基硫高出各自嗅閾值的7 900和1 100倍,因此判斷三甲胺、二甲基硫、二甲基二硫、二甲基三硫?yàn)樗镭i堆肥處理過程主要致臭VOCs成分。
由于發(fā)酵原料的不同,堆肥發(fā)酵過程中主要致臭物質(zhì)也不同,沈玉君等認(rèn)為甲硫醚、二甲基二硫、二甲基三硫、乙醛和硫化氫是豬糞堆肥產(chǎn)生的主要致臭物質(zhì)[15];張紅玉等通過試驗(yàn)得出生活垃圾堆肥主要致臭物質(zhì)為硫化氫、甲硫醚、二甲基二硫、二硫化碳、1,3二甲基苯、鄰二甲苯[27],餐廚垃圾堆肥主要致臭物質(zhì)為甲硫醇、硫化氫、1,3二甲基苯、鄰二甲苯、二甲基二硫、對二甲苯[28]。本試驗(yàn)沒有測定硫化氫,但分析不同組分濃度與其嗅閾值比較可以發(fā)現(xiàn),VOCs中的致臭物質(zhì)為酮類和硫醇硫醚類。
表5 死豬堆肥開始第1周揮發(fā)性有機(jī)物濃度變化Table 5 VOCs content variation during first week composting of swine manure and carcassmg·m-3
2.5 不同停留時(shí)間對死豬堆肥排放VOCs致臭物質(zhì)去除效率的影響
死豬堆肥排放臭氣中成分比較復(fù)雜,根據(jù)2.3分析結(jié)果,僅分析不同停留時(shí)間對三甲胺、二甲基硫、二甲基二硫、二甲基三硫等4種物質(zhì)的去除效果。死豬堆肥開始階段,三甲胺質(zhì)量濃度較高,接近6 mg/m3,經(jīng)處理后質(zhì)量濃度降低至0~0.7 mg/m3,堆肥過程中翻堆會(huì)導(dǎo)致其濃度再次升高至4 mg/m3左右,試驗(yàn)中處理1(停留時(shí)間30 s)、處理2(停留時(shí)間60 s)和處理3(停留時(shí)間100 s)對三甲胺去除率平均值分別為92.9%、100%和100%;二甲基硫、二甲基二硫、二甲基三硫質(zhì)量濃度最高值均出現(xiàn)在堆肥當(dāng)天,分別為2.65、11.0和3.74 mg/m3,之后濃度逐漸降低,濃度出現(xiàn)波動(dòng)是由于翻堆引起的。
生物過濾法對二甲基硫、二甲基二硫、二甲基三硫均有較好的去除效果(圖3),3組處理對二甲基硫去除率平均值分別為79.2%、82.2%和95.4%,對二甲基二硫去除率平均值為81.9%、89.1%和94.0%,對二甲基三硫的去除率分別為76.7%、98.4%和99.1%,通過統(tǒng)計(jì)分析認(rèn)為,處理2和處理3對主要致臭VOCs的去除率顯著高于處理1(P<0.05),但處理2和處理3差別不顯著(P>0.05)(表6),因此建議選擇60 s的停留時(shí)間。
圖3 不同停留時(shí)間對死豬堆肥過程4種主要致臭揮發(fā)性有機(jī)物去除效果的影響Fig.3 Effects of retention time on biofiltrationodor concentration of VOCs from composting of swine manure and carcass
表6 不同處理?xiàng)l件下主要致臭VOCs的去除率Table 6 Removal efficiency of main odorant of VOCs %
試驗(yàn)氣體采樣時(shí),盡量保證進(jìn)氣和處理后氣體同時(shí)采集,但實(shí)際操作過程中,難免會(huì)造成時(shí)間偏差,而堆肥二甲二硫受通風(fēng)率、C/N和含水率的影響[29-30],不同時(shí)間采樣可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)一定的波動(dòng)。試驗(yàn)第10天出現(xiàn)的處理1經(jīng)生物過濾后二甲基二硫質(zhì)量濃度(0.93 mg/m3)高于進(jìn)氣二甲基二硫質(zhì)量濃度(0.38 mg/m3)的情況,應(yīng)該是由于采樣時(shí)間差造成的。
1)死豬和豬糞堆肥過程共檢測出37種VOCs,其中芳香烴12種、鹵代烴21種、酮類1種、硫醇硫醚類3種;VOCs中主要致臭物質(zhì)為三甲胺、二甲基硫、二甲基二硫、二甲基三硫。
2)以腐熟堆肥作為濾料,在停留時(shí)間30~100 s的條件下,生物過濾法對死豬堆肥排放臭氣濃度去除率達(dá)90%以上;停留時(shí)間60~100 s的條件下,生物過濾法對VOCs中主要致臭組分處理率為82.2%~100%;建議優(yōu)化停留時(shí)間為60 s。
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Pilot scale test on removal effect of odor from pig manure and carcass composting by biofiltration
Shang Bin, Zhou Tanlong, Dong Hongmin※, Tao Xiuping, Li Lulu, Liu Yang
(Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management in Agricultural Structures (MOA), Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China)
As one of the harmless treatment methods for animal carcasses, the composting has attracted more and more attention. There will be odor and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission during the composting of pig manure and the carcass composting. In order to study the feasibility of odor and VOCs removal by biofiltration, the pilot mixed composting experiment of dead pig and pig manure was carried out. The fermentation materials were pig manure and corn stalks, pig manure was taken from one pig farm in Anding Town, Daxing District, Beijing City, and the corn stalks were taken from local farms, which were cut to 5 cm by the crusher. Corn straw and pig manure were mixed at a volume ratio of 2:1; the water content of mixture was 69.4%, and the total carbon and total nitrogen contents of the mixture (dry-basis) were 34.4% and 3.0%, respectively. Blower used for composting ventilation ran intermittently at 10-minute/20-minute (on/off) cycles, and air was supplied to the composting piles at air flow rate of 60 L/(m3·min). The fermentation period was 42 d. The fermented mature compost was used as the biofilter medium and activated sludge as added material. The odor concentrations and VOCs components during dead pig composting were analyzed. The key parameter i.e. the residence time of the filter material in biofiltration was studied. The results showed that, during the 7-week composting period, the daily average temperature was maintained above 55 ℃ for more than 12 days, so all the composting trials could meet the requirement of China national standard, in which more than 50 ℃ temperature lasting 10 days is required for sterilizations. The odor concentration from pig manure and carcass composting was influenced mainly by composting temperature. The odor concentration was the highest in first 7 days of composting, and relatively weak in the second and third week, but the odor concentration reached another peak value after pile-turning. Thirty-seven kinds of VOCs were discharged during the composting, including 12 kinds of aromatic hydrocarbons, 21 kinds of halogenated hydrocarbons, one kind of ketones and 3 kinds of mercaptans thioethers. Among the VOCs, the smelly and odor-causing matters were trimethylamine, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide. The biofiltration system presented good performance for odor and VOCs removal. With the retention time of 30-100 s between odor and biofilter medium, the removal efficiency of odor concentration could reach more than 90%, and there was no significant difference between different treatments. And with the retention time of 30-100 s between odor and biofilter medium, the removal efficiencies of the main odorant of VOCs, trimethylamine, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide, were 82.2%-100%. With the retention time of 60-100 s between odor and biofiltration medium, the removal efficiencies of the main odorant had no significant difference, but was significantly higher than that with the retention time of 30 s. The optimum empty bed retention time (EBRT) of biofiltration for the removal of odor and VOCs was 60 s, and the removal efficiencies of the main odorant of VOCs could reach 82.2%. The study provides data support for mitigating odor and VOCs gas emissions during the composting of pig manure and dead pigs.
composting; odors; biofiltration; volatile organic compounds (VOCs); odor removal; dead pigs
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.11.029
S216.1
A
1002-6819(2017)-11-0226-07
尚 斌,周談龍,董紅敏,陶秀萍,李路路,劉 楊. 生物過濾法去除死豬堆肥排放臭氣效果的中試[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2017,33(11):226-232.
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.11.029 http://www.tcsae.org
Shang Bin, Zhou Tanlong, Dong Hongmin, Tao Xiuping, Li Lulu, Liu Yang. Pilot scale test on removal effect of odor from pig manure and carcass composting by biofiltration[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(11): 226-232. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.11.029 http://www.tcsae.org
2016-11-30
2017-05-15
現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)專項(xiàng)基金(CARS36-36-10B);公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專項(xiàng)項(xiàng)目(201303091)。
尚 斌,主要研究方向?yàn)樾笄蒺B(yǎng)殖廢棄物處理及資源化利用。北京 中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境與可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究所,100081。
Email:shangbin@caas.cn
※通信作者:董紅敏,女,河北新樂人,博士,研究員,主要從事畜牧環(huán)境工程方面研究。北京 中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境與可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究所,100081。Email:donghongmin@caas.cn