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“當(dāng)代茶圣”吳覺農(nóng)的桑梓情懷

2017-07-24 00:38徐繼宏
文化交流 2017年7期
關(guān)鍵詞:上虞茶業(yè)茶文化

徐繼宏

2017年4月14日,是被譽為“當(dāng)代茶圣”的吳覺農(nóng)先生誕辰120周年紀(jì)念日,也是《吳覺農(nóng)集》新書的首發(fā)式。在他的故鄉(xiāng)浙江省紹興市上虞區(qū),八方賓朋,篤交至友,聚集一堂,思軼事,憶故人,頌精神。

茶之故鄉(xiāng),生機(jī)盎然。在梁湖鎮(zhèn)吳家樓村的天香茶葉有限公司大廳里,筆者看到了總經(jīng)理陳金富與吳覺農(nóng)的一張合影照片。提起這張珍貴的照片,陳金富有點激動:“那是我參加吳老90歲生日活動時拍的。掛在這里,就是時刻提醒我們做茶人,不能忘記吳老的教誨:做好人,做好茶?!标惤鸶徽J(rèn)為,吳老對家鄉(xiāng)的情誼和貢獻(xiàn)、對茶農(nóng)的深深眷念,家鄉(xiāng)人民一輩子忘不了。

在陳金富看來,沒有吳覺農(nóng)的教誨,也就沒有他如今這樣對茶文化、茶事業(yè)的癡情和熱愛。

一生事茶,功勛卓著

在中國古代歷史上,有兩位被譽為“茶圣”的人物——神農(nóng)氏、陸羽,他們分別引領(lǐng)著源遠(yuǎn)流長的中國茶葉文明之歷史進(jìn)程的兩個階段——茶的發(fā)現(xiàn)與茶文化體系的奠基。在中國現(xiàn)當(dāng)代茶業(yè)史上,也有一位被譽為茶之圣者——吳覺農(nóng)。

吳覺農(nóng)是上虞豐惠鎮(zhèn)人,祖輩世代務(wù)農(nóng),是我國著名的農(nóng)學(xué)家、茶葉專家。據(jù)史載,從清末開始,中國茶業(yè)日趨衰退。出生于茶鄉(xiāng)、早年畢業(yè)于浙江農(nóng)校(浙江農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)前身)的吳覺農(nóng),矢志振興茶業(yè),于1919年東渡日本留學(xué),成為我國最早專門研究茶葉的留學(xué)生。在日本,他發(fā)表了蜚聲海內(nèi)外的《茶樹原產(chǎn)地考》等文,追本溯源,駁斥了某些外國學(xué)者“茶原產(chǎn)于印度”的偏見。吳覺農(nóng)認(rèn)為,日本的茶業(yè)是由到中國學(xué)習(xí)取經(jīng)的最澄和尚帶回茶種后,才廣為發(fā)展起來的。

據(jù)考證,最澄和尚(762—822)于公元804年初冬來中國天臺,次年初春,入越州龍興寺從泰岳靈巖寺師從順曉大師所在地峰山道場受密法(峰山道場位于上虞百官街道境內(nèi),離曹娥江約3公里)。最澄和尚學(xué)成后于公元805年初夏,攜帶佛教信徒所撰的抄本《茶經(jīng)》及峰山道場附近的茶種回日本,在滋賀群版皖村及琵琶畔繁殖茶園,之后便逐步擴(kuò)大發(fā)展,最后成為世界上重要的產(chǎn)茶國之一。由此,日本茶的引種、發(fā)展與繁榮,根在中國,緣系上虞。后來這一論據(jù)也在中日兩國佛教界和考古界組織的專家勘踏后得到了印證,專家們還在峰山道場頂峰的遺址中,發(fā)現(xiàn)了一座順曉大師的石雕半身遺像。當(dāng)時這一重大發(fā)現(xiàn)在日本茶界引起轟動。

后人總結(jié)了吳覺農(nóng)對茶文化、茶事業(yè)所做的十大主要功績:他是論證“中國是茶樹原產(chǎn)地”的第一人;他是中華茶出口標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的組織者與制訂者;他是中國現(xiàn)代茶學(xué)的開拓者;他是茶農(nóng)生產(chǎn)合作社的創(chuàng)建者;他是成功實施對俄茶葉貿(mào)易的組織者;他是在我國高等院校首先建立茶學(xué)學(xué)科的教育家;他是全國茶葉研究所的創(chuàng)建者;他是中國機(jī)械制茶奠基人;他是新中國茶業(yè)公司的創(chuàng)始人;他是提出茶葉出口退稅、取消農(nóng)業(yè)稅的最早建議人。

吳覺農(nóng)先生一生為弘揚祖國茶文化,研究茶文化作出積極貢獻(xiàn)。陸定一曾為吳覺農(nóng)主編的《茶經(jīng)述評》作序:“吳覺農(nóng)先生的《茶經(jīng)述評》,就是二十世紀(jì)的新茶經(jīng)。覺農(nóng)先生畢生從事茶業(yè),學(xué)識淵博,經(jīng)驗豐富,態(tài)度嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),目光遠(yuǎn)大,剛直不阿。如果說陸羽是‘茶神,那么說吳覺農(nóng)先生是當(dāng)代中國的茶圣,我認(rèn)為他是當(dāng)之無愧的?!?/p>

上虞區(qū)農(nóng)林局副局長施清海介紹:“上虞自古以來就是茶鄉(xiāng)。史料記載,在漢代,縣內(nèi)東南山區(qū)就已有一種叫作‘大茗的野生茶樹生長。到了唐代,就已有人開始進(jìn)行人工栽培和加工茶葉了。公元764年,唐代‘茶圣陸羽曾搭舟沿舜江(現(xiàn)曹娥江)經(jīng)東山、上剡溪考察。在他撰寫的《茶經(jīng)》中,就提到包括上虞在內(nèi)的越州茶,并明確指出:浙東會稽郡的越州茶乃茶中上品。近年來,上虞區(qū)的茶文化和茶葉經(jīng)濟(jì)得以快速發(fā)展并形成規(guī)模,與吳覺農(nóng)的關(guān)心、關(guān)注不無關(guān)系。吳覺農(nóng)與家鄉(xiāng)茶葉工作者的書信往返有37次之多,內(nèi)容涉及上虞茶場的規(guī)劃設(shè)計、機(jī)械化、初精制工藝系列化及上虞茶葉振興等許多內(nèi)容。部分書信現(xiàn)保存在上虞檔案館,已成為上虞籍鄉(xiāng)賢情系故鄉(xiāng)、關(guān)愛故鄉(xiāng)最生動的教材?!?/p>

心系農(nóng)民,“覺農(nóng)”為農(nóng)

吳覺農(nóng)自幼家境貧寒,從小就體會到農(nóng)民的疾苦。吳覺農(nóng)原名榮堂,后改為覺農(nóng)?!盀槭裁唇小X農(nóng)呢?我的一生中,最關(guān)心的是農(nóng)民的生活和他們的生產(chǎn)?,F(xiàn)在農(nóng)村里,茶農(nóng)還有許多困難,希望你們到農(nóng)村去看看,去幫助他們解決困難,特別是幫助茶農(nóng)搞好科學(xué)種茶和制茶,增加經(jīng)濟(jì)收入,使茶農(nóng)一天一天地富裕起來。中國茶業(yè)的前途是很有希望的,茶葉生產(chǎn)發(fā)展了,中國茶文化也會興旺起來?!笨梢?,改名“覺農(nóng)”表達(dá)了他立志獻(xiàn)身農(nóng)業(yè),并喚起農(nóng)民覺醒以改善生活的決心。

1961年,吳覺農(nóng)偕夫人回上虞考察,聽取了上虞負(fù)責(zé)人的情況匯報,然后到了下管、豐惠、章鎮(zhèn)等茶區(qū)視察,針對出現(xiàn)毀茶種糧、單位產(chǎn)量不高等情況,提出了不少建設(shè)性意見。1983年9月,年逾八旬的吳覺農(nóng)又專程來上虞。當(dāng)時正值茶葉銷售困難,他在聽了當(dāng)?shù)仡I(lǐng)導(dǎo)的匯報后,提出如何提高質(zhì)量,及利用上虞自然資源,發(fā)展一些新茶園等問題。此后上虞專門成立了民間茶葉研究所,吳老在故鄉(xiāng)人民的邀請下,欣然同意擔(dān)任名譽所長。

陳金富說起吳覺農(nóng),不由得提到另外一位上虞鄉(xiāng)賢——錢樑。作為吳覺農(nóng)的弟子,錢樑也是上虞豐惠鎮(zhèn)人。他從1935年踏入茶業(yè)始,數(shù)十年如一日,以身許茶,為振興茶業(yè)、發(fā)展茶業(yè)、開創(chuàng)新時期茶文化事業(yè)做出了獨特的貢獻(xiàn)。

陳金富說:“上世紀(jì)80年代初,是上虞區(qū)茶產(chǎn)業(yè)最為艱難的時期。作為一名農(nóng)技干部,我始終想突圍,卻找不到出路。這時,正好碰到了籌建上海市茶葉學(xué)會的錢樑教授。由于錢樑教授的大力支持,我負(fù)責(zé)成立了上虞茶葉實業(yè)公司,組織全區(qū)茶業(yè)干部興辦珠茶精制廠、紅茶廠、花茶廠。收購茶農(nóng)的珠毛茶進(jìn)行精加工,又生產(chǎn)眉茶、功夫紅茶等,供給上海茶葉進(jìn)出口公司。上虞茶葉的銷路一下子打開了,突破了原有單一渠道銷售體制。后來,吳覺農(nóng)聽說了此事非常高興,直接給我寫了封信。信的內(nèi)容我還記憶猶新,中心思想就是發(fā)展茶業(yè)一定要與農(nóng)民群眾結(jié)合起來?!?/p>

夢魂縈繞,難忘故鄉(xiāng)

吳覺農(nóng)一生為農(nóng)奮斗,獻(xiàn)身茶業(yè),用他最勤懇的心默默地耕耘,他對生活同樣充滿樂趣,對音樂、藝術(shù)等方面也同樣精通愛好?!拔覐氖虏枞~一輩子,許多茶葉工作者,我的同事和我的學(xué)生同我共同奮斗,他們不追求功名利祿升官發(fā)財,不慕高堂華屋錦衣玉食,沒有人沉溺于聲色犬馬燈紅酒綠,大多一生勤勤懇懇,埋頭苦干,清廉自守,無私奉獻(xiàn),具有君子的操守,這就是茶人的風(fēng)格?!?

在吳覺農(nóng)生平展上,筆者目睹了吳覺農(nóng)先生的諸多茶葉著述、信札、筆記以及他的生前所用物件,切身感受到了他為我國茶業(yè)所做的杰出功績??梢哉f,他為祖國茶葉事業(yè)的恢復(fù)和振興付出了辛勤勞動,功績是巨大的。

中國社科院研究員、《吳覺農(nóng)集》執(zhí)行主編沈冬梅介紹,晚年的吳覺農(nóng)還不忘關(guān)心家鄉(xiāng)的茶事活動。1983年,86歲高齡的他還堅持赴杭參加“茶與健康”茶文化學(xué)術(shù)研討會,這也是他生平最后一次還鄉(xiāng)上虞。他70年來精撰的茶業(yè)論著,大大豐富了祖國茶業(yè)的歷史寶庫。他不僅是一位學(xué)識淵博,又具實踐經(jīng)驗的著名茶葉專家、導(dǎo)師,更是一位受家鄉(xiāng)人民深深愛戴的鄉(xiāng)賢、名人。

“難忘茶鄉(xiāng)養(yǎng)育恩,朋輩戚友人人親,曹娥江水深千尺,不及父老賜我情?!边@是吳覺農(nóng)作的一首《懷茶鄉(xiāng)》七律詩,字里行間透出他對故鄉(xiāng)的眷戀之情。

受吳覺農(nóng)茶學(xué)思想指引,如今上虞已成為全國無公害茶葉標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化示范縣(區(qū))、國家級龍井茶原產(chǎn)地保護(hù)縣(區(qū))、中國茶文化之鄉(xiāng)。以吳老名字命名的“上虞覺農(nóng)茶業(yè)有限公司”發(fā)展蒸蒸日上,出口茶基地日益擴(kuò)大,精加工茶企年加工量4.5萬噸,產(chǎn)值超6億元,出口貿(mào)易量達(dá)2萬余噸,出口額超2億元,外貿(mào)出口比重不斷提高,成為國內(nèi)較具規(guī)模的珠茶出口集散地。

120年風(fēng)風(fēng)雨雨,120年波瀾壯闊。如今吳老已長眠在他的家鄉(xiāng),倚龍山而居,傍曹娥江而眺。這里峰巒疊嶂,樹木繁茂,靈秀溫婉,清幽靜謐。

“上虞為吾故鄉(xiāng),雖青年時代即離家奔走四方,漂泊無定,然無論身處國內(nèi)海外,順境逆時,對故鄉(xiāng)的山川草木、風(fēng)土人情,總是夢魂縈繞,不能忘懷?!?/p>

April 14, 2017 marked the 120th anniversary of the birthday of Wu Juenong (1897-1989), revered as the “tea sage of modern China”. The day also saw the success of the launching ceremony of in his hometown in Shangyu, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province.

For Chen Jinfu, General Manager of Tianxiang Tea Company based in Lianghu Town, the picture hung on the wall of the companys foyer will always be a reminder of the teachings of the ‘tea sage. For him, Wu Juemin was not only a tea expert but also a mentor who serves an example about how “to make good tea and be a good man”.

Tea, which acts as an antidote against the poisonous effects of some seventy herbs, is said to have been the discovery of Shennong - a legendary deity in Chinese religion and a mythical sage ruler of prehistoric China. Legend has it that he first tasted it from tea leaves on burning tea twigs after they were carried up from the fire by the hot air and landed in his cauldron of boiling water. The tea culture of China reached its maturity after the worlds first book dedicated to tea was written by ‘tea sage Lu Yu (733-804) during the Tang Dynasty (618-907).

In modern times of China, the relay baton was taken by Wu Juenong, a Shangyu native. Born in a farmer family in Fenghui Town, Wu Juenong graduated from Zhejiang Agriculture School (todays Zhejiang Agriculture University) and went to Japan to further his study in 1919 as one of Chinas first overseas students majoring in tea science and culture. During his study in Japan, Wu Juenong published a series of articles that proved the verdict about India being the origin of tea groundless and the Japanese tea culture has its roots in China, or more specifically, in Shangyu, Shaoxing.

It has been proved that Saichō (767-822), a Japanese Buddhist monk credited with founding the Tendai school of Buddhism based on the Chinese Tiantai school he was exposed to during his trip to Tang China beginning in 804, is the first to bring tea from China to Japan. In 805, Saichō and his party boarded the ship back for Japan and arrived in Tsushima with Buddhism texts, and tea seeds from Fengshan. Although he had only stayed in China for a total of eight months, his return was eagerly awaited by the court in Kyoto. The seeds were sown in a village in Shiga-ken and Biwa Ko in Japan, opening the countrys tea cultivation tradition. After his death, he was awarded the posthumous title of Dengyō Daishi.

Wu Juenong is not only the first one to announce China to be the origin of tea cultivation but also a major player in Chinas tea export standardization. He is the forerunner of Chinas modern tea science and the inventor of the countrys tea producers cooperative mechanism. He is the organizer of Chinas tea export in Russia and the founding father the tea science as a formal discipline at the higher education level in China. He is also the founder of China Tea Research Institute and machine-based tea processing, and the first one to propose the country remove agricultural tax for tea export.

, written by Wu Juemin, is praised by Lu Dingyi – former Culture Minister of China, as “a modern version of Lu Yus masterpiece”. Wu Juenong dedicated his entire lifetime to Chinas tea science and culture. He was also a life artist and a huge fan of music and art.

It is his dedication and insights that brought the tea farmers in Shangyu out of the marketing plight in the 1960s and 1980s. In 1983, 86-year-old Wu Juenong took part in a tea culture forum held in Hangzhou and made his last visit to his hometown. Guided by the tea sages knowledge and vision, Shangyu has become a model of organic tea production and one of Chinas largest tea exporters.

The ‘tea sage rests in peace in his hometown, surrounded by lush mountains and the beaul Caoe River he had always craved to come back to.

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