嚴(yán) 麗,李清懷,冀 宏,郝 芳
(河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院甲狀腺乳腺外科,河北 石家莊 050000)
·論 著·
Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路在甲狀腺乳頭狀癌中的表達(dá)及意義
嚴(yán) 麗,李清懷,冀 宏,郝 芳
(河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院甲狀腺乳腺外科,河北 石家莊 050000)
目的探討Wnt/β-catenin通路中Wnt通路抑制因子(Wnt inhibitory factor-1,WIF-1)、β連環(huán)蛋白(β-catenin)和細(xì)胞周期蛋白(cyclin D1)在甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid cancer,PTC)中的表達(dá)及意義。方法選取PTC患者60例,留取癌灶組織和癌旁組織標(biāo)本。檢測(cè)WIF-1、β-catenin和cyclin D1 mRNA和蛋白表達(dá),并分析WIF-1 mRNA與β-catenin和cyclin D1 mRNA的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果PTC組織WIF-1 mRNA表達(dá)水平和蛋白表達(dá)陽(yáng)性率均顯著低于癌旁組織,β-catenin、cyclin D1 mRNA表達(dá)水平和蛋白表達(dá)陽(yáng)性率均顯著高于癌旁組織(P<0.05)。PTC淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移組WIF-1 mRNA表達(dá)水平和蛋白表達(dá)陽(yáng)性率低于無(wú)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移組,β-catenin、cyclin D1 mRNA表達(dá)水平和蛋白表達(dá)陽(yáng)性率高于無(wú)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移組(P<0.05)。不同性別、年齡、腫瘤直徑、病灶數(shù)目和是否包膜侵犯PTC中WIF-1、β-catenin、cyclin D1 mRNA表達(dá)水平和蛋白表達(dá)陽(yáng)性率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。WIF-1 mRNA與β-catenin和cyclin D1 mRNA表達(dá)呈負(fù)相關(guān)。結(jié)論WIF-1基因在PTC中表達(dá)下調(diào)促進(jìn)了β-catenin蛋白在細(xì)胞質(zhì)中累積,導(dǎo)致靶基因cyclin D1過(guò)度激活。WIF-1下調(diào)和(或)β-catenin、cyclin D1上調(diào)在PTC的發(fā)生和轉(zhuǎn)移中發(fā)揮促進(jìn)作用。
甲狀腺腫瘤;Wnt信號(hào)通路;β連環(huán)素
甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid cancer,PTC)是最常見(jiàn)的一類甲狀腺癌,占所有甲狀腺癌的80%~90%,發(fā)病率逐年上升。絕大部分PTC惡性程度低、預(yù)后良好。僅一小部分PTC并發(fā)淋巴結(jié)或遠(yuǎn)處臟器轉(zhuǎn)移,放射碘治療無(wú)效,預(yù)后較差。Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路是調(diào)控細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)增殖的關(guān)鍵途徑,在胚胎發(fā)育和腫瘤發(fā)生中發(fā)揮重要作用。本研究通過(guò)檢測(cè)Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路中β連環(huán)蛋白(β-catenin)、細(xì)胞周期蛋白(cyclin D1)和負(fù)反饋調(diào)節(jié)基因Wnt通路抑制因子(Wnt inhibitory factor-1,WIF-1)在PTC中的表達(dá)以及與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移等臨床病理參數(shù)的關(guān)系,探討Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路在PTC發(fā)生發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)移中的作用,期望對(duì)PTC的診斷和治療發(fā)揮一定的指導(dǎo)作用。
1.1 一般資料 選取2014年1月—2016年12月河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院甲狀腺乳腺外科經(jīng)術(shù)后病理證實(shí)的PTC患者60例,留取癌灶組織和癌旁組織標(biāo)本,癌旁組織取自距癌灶邊緣2 cm以上的正常甲狀腺組織。其中男性12例,女性48例。年齡22~70歲,平均(45.6±9.7)歲。手術(shù)方式:甲狀腺腺葉、峽部切除+患側(cè)Ⅵ區(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)18例,甲狀腺全切+單側(cè)Ⅵ區(qū)淋巴清掃術(shù)12例,甲狀腺全切+雙側(cè)Ⅵ區(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)16例,甲狀腺全切+單側(cè)Ⅱ~Ⅵ區(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)9例,甲狀腺全切+雙側(cè)Ⅱ~Ⅵ區(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)5例。所有患者均為首次手術(shù)。
本研究經(jīng)河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 主要試劑 兔抗人β-catenin多克隆抗體、兔抗人cyclin D1多克隆抗體、兔抗WIF-1單克隆抗體(美國(guó)Santa Cruz公司);通用型免疫組織化學(xué)試劑盒(上?;蚩萍加邢薰?;PrimeScript Ⅱ High Fidelity RT-PCR Kit(DR023A)、SYBR Premix DimerEraser試劑盒(DRR091A)(日本Takara公司)。
1.3 實(shí)時(shí)定量RT-PCR 取液氮凍存的PTC和癌周正常組織各20 mg,應(yīng)用TRIzol法提取 RNA,凝膠電泳法驗(yàn)證提取質(zhì)量良好的RNA,應(yīng)用PrimeScript Ⅱ High Fidelity RT-PCR試劑盒進(jìn)行反轉(zhuǎn)錄獲得cDNA模板,嚴(yán)格按照SYBR Premix DimerEraser試劑盒說(shuō)明書(shū)操作,將反應(yīng)體系置于 ABI-7500 Real-Time PCR儀中進(jìn)行擴(kuò)增。反應(yīng)結(jié)束后確認(rèn)擴(kuò)增曲線和熔解曲線,證實(shí)無(wú)非特異性擴(kuò)增,采用ΔΔCT法計(jì)算GRTH的相對(duì)表達(dá)量,以Gapdh (管家基因)作為對(duì)照,引物序列見(jiàn)表 1。
表1 實(shí)時(shí)定量RT-PCR所用引物序列Table 1 Sequence of primers used in quantitative RT-PCR
1.4 免疫組織化學(xué)法 取PTC組織和癌周正常組織放入預(yù)冷4%多聚甲醛固定24 h、制成石蠟切片,10%山羊血清室溫封閉1 h,分別滴加WIF-1、β-catenin和cyclin D1抗體4 ℃孵育過(guò)夜,次日蒸餾水漂洗3次,滴加二抗復(fù)合物室溫孵育1 h,二氨基聯(lián)苯胺顯色,蘇木精復(fù)染或不復(fù)染,脫水、透明、封片,顯微鏡觀察并攝片,每片選取30個(gè)細(xì)胞,應(yīng)用Image-Pro Plus 6.0軟件進(jìn)行定量分析比較。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 應(yīng)用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件分析數(shù)據(jù)。計(jì)量資料比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);相關(guān)性采用Pearson相關(guān)分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 PTC與癌旁組織中WIF-1、β-catenin、cyclin D1 mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)比較 WIF-1主要表達(dá)于細(xì)胞質(zhì)和細(xì)胞膜,個(gè)別PTC中可見(jiàn)WIF-1表達(dá)缺如(圖1,2);β-catenin主要表達(dá)于細(xì)胞質(zhì)中,個(gè)別PTC的細(xì)胞核內(nèi)也可見(jiàn)表達(dá)(圖3,4);cyclin D1在PTC中表達(dá)于細(xì)胞核,癌旁組織中呈陰性表達(dá)(圖5,6)。PTC組織WIF-1 mRNA表達(dá)水平和蛋白表達(dá)陽(yáng)性率均顯著低于癌旁組織,β-catenin、cyclin D1 mRNA表達(dá)水平和蛋白表達(dá)陽(yáng)性率均顯著高于癌旁組織,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2,3。
2.2 不同臨床特征PTC組織中WIF-1、β-catenin、cyclin D1 mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)比較 PTC淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移組WIF-1mRNA表達(dá)水平和蛋白表達(dá)陽(yáng)性率低于無(wú)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移組,β-catenin、cyclin D1表達(dá)水平和蛋白表達(dá)陽(yáng)性率高于無(wú)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);不同性別、年齡、腫瘤直徑、病灶數(shù)目和是否包膜侵犯PTC中WIF-1、β-catenin、cyclin D1 mRNA表達(dá)水平和蛋白表達(dá)陽(yáng)性率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表4,5。
表2 PTC與癌旁組織中WIF-1、β-catenin和cyclin D1 mRNA表達(dá)比較Table 2 Comparison of WIF-1, β-catenin and cyclin D1 mRNA expression between PTC and paracancerous tissue
表3 PTC和癌旁組織中WIF-1、β-catenin和cyclin D1蛋白表達(dá)比較Table 3 Comparison of WIF-1, β-catenin and cyclin D1 protein expression between PTC tissue and paracancerous tissue (n=60,例數(shù))
表4 不同臨床特征PTC組織中WIF-1、β-catenin和cyclin D1 mRNA表達(dá)比較Table 4 Comparison of WIF-1, β-catenin and cyclin D1 mRNA expression in PTC tissue with different clinical features
表5 不同臨床特征PTC組織中WIF-1、β-catenin和cyclin D1蛋白表達(dá)比較 Table 5 Comparison of WIF-1,β-catenin and cyclin D1 protein expression levels in PTC tissue with different clinical features (n=60,例數(shù))
表5 (續(xù))
2.3 WIF-1、β-catenin和cyclin D1 mRNA相關(guān)性分析 Pearson相關(guān)分析結(jié)果顯示,WIF-1 mRNA與β-catenin和cyclin D1 mRNA表達(dá)呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.961、-0.970,P=0.000)。
Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路也叫經(jīng)典Wnt信號(hào)途徑,是目前研究較多且較深入的一種。其具體過(guò)程是:當(dāng)經(jīng)典的Wnt信號(hào)通路被激活后,分泌到細(xì)胞外的Wnt與跨膜受體LRP 5/6 以及Fzd結(jié)合形成復(fù)合物并激活受體,進(jìn)而激活胞內(nèi)的Dishevelled蛋白(Dsh),導(dǎo)致糖原合成酶3(glycogensynthase kinase-3,GSK-3)活性受到抑制使其從axin上脫落,阻止β-catenin降解復(fù)合體(主要由APC、axin、GSK-3構(gòu)成)的形成,故β-catenin也不會(huì)被磷酸化和降解,使胞內(nèi)β-catenin表達(dá)升高。當(dāng)胞內(nèi) β-catenin 達(dá)到一定水平時(shí),游離β-catenin 發(fā)生核轉(zhuǎn)移,與轉(zhuǎn)錄因子TCF/LEF結(jié)合,形成轉(zhuǎn)錄激活復(fù)合體,最終實(shí)現(xiàn)某些特定基因(如C-myc、cyclin D1、MMP-7、CD44、survivin、PPAR-γ、生長(zhǎng)因子等)表達(dá)的增強(qiáng)或減弱。
在Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路中β-catenin處于中心位置,其在細(xì)胞內(nèi)的數(shù)量和狀態(tài)對(duì)該途徑有決定性影響,被認(rèn)為是該信號(hào)通路激活的標(biāo)志。細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控因子cyclin D1是Wnt信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路中非常重要的靶基因,多種腫瘤中cyclin D1過(guò)表達(dá)與β-catenin異常表達(dá)和Wnt突變有關(guān)[1-6]。Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路的異常激活在多種腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)移中發(fā)揮重要作用[7]。研究表明,乳腺癌組織中Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路的激活是由β-catenin和APC-axin-GSK-3β復(fù)合體引起的,乳腺癌組織中β-catenin、cyclin D1和C-myc的表達(dá)均顯著高于良性病組,且表達(dá)程度與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)[8-9]。cyclin D1參與腫瘤細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移和運(yùn)動(dòng),抑制cyclin D1的表達(dá),能顯著抑制肺癌細(xì)胞A549的遷移,過(guò)表達(dá)cyclin D1則使肺癌細(xì)胞SK-MES-1的遷移能力增強(qiáng);同時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移能力越強(qiáng)的細(xì)胞中Wnt/TCF信號(hào)越強(qiáng),cyclin D1基因表達(dá)越高[2]。WIF-1基因被認(rèn)為是Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路的負(fù)反饋調(diào)節(jié)基因。WIF-1通過(guò)與Wnts蛋白結(jié)合阻斷Wnts蛋白與細(xì)胞膜上卷曲蛋白(Frizzled Receptor,F(xiàn)zR)及輔助受體LRP 5/6相結(jié)合,致使細(xì)胞外信號(hào)無(wú)法傳至細(xì)胞內(nèi),進(jìn)而使細(xì)胞質(zhì)中的β-catenin磷酸化而不能積累。在Wnt通路激活的多種類型腫瘤中均出現(xiàn)WIF-1基因表達(dá)下調(diào)或缺失。WIF-1啟動(dòng)子甲基化可導(dǎo)致Wnt信號(hào)通路過(guò)度激活,從而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞增殖、分化及腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展[10-12]。
Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路在正常甲狀腺細(xì)胞的增殖中發(fā)揮重要作用,正常甲狀腺細(xì)胞可表達(dá)Fzd、Dvl、Wnt蛋白和β-catenin。Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路的過(guò)度激活也促進(jìn)甲狀腺腫瘤的形成。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[13],沉默β-catenin能顯著提高cyclin D1水平、抑制甲狀腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖、誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞衰老、縮小腫瘤的體積。HRAS和BRAF致癌基因均可誘導(dǎo)β-catenin小幅升高,合并RAS基因突變的甲狀腺細(xì)胞可誘導(dǎo)β-catenin在細(xì)胞核聚集,抑制GSK3β。50%的PTC和甲狀腺未分化癌中存在β-catenin和Axin基因突變導(dǎo)致的Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路的激活,表現(xiàn)為細(xì)胞質(zhì)和細(xì)胞核中β-catenin累積增多。這些突變損害正常β-catenin降解,導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞的胞質(zhì)及胞核內(nèi)的積累,并參與生物功能所必需的致癌的靶基因的激活。Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路與甲狀腺癌的分化程度也密切相關(guān),細(xì)胞核內(nèi)β-catenin表達(dá)水平越高,細(xì)胞增殖程度越高、腫瘤分化程度越低。還有研究認(rèn)為,Wnt信號(hào)通路在分化型甲狀腺癌的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)生二次突變,促使分化型甲狀腺癌進(jìn)展為未分化型甲狀腺癌或更具侵襲性的甲狀腺癌[14]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,PTC組織中 β-catenin和cyclin D1 mRNA表達(dá)水平和蛋白表達(dá)陽(yáng)性率均顯著高于癌周組織(P<0.05);免疫組織化學(xué)檢測(cè)可見(jiàn)β-catenin主要表達(dá)于細(xì)胞質(zhì)中,個(gè)別PTC的細(xì)胞核中也有少量表達(dá)。這印證了Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路激活的標(biāo)志就是β-catenin的累積并向細(xì)胞核內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移;β-catenin的異位表達(dá)可能與甲狀腺癌的分化程度有關(guān),分化程度越低,細(xì)胞核內(nèi)β-catenin水平越高。WIF-1基因是Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路的負(fù)反饋調(diào)節(jié)基因,WIF-1在多種腫瘤中表達(dá)下調(diào)。目前有研究認(rèn)為,WIF-1基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)甲基化改變是基因沉默的主要原因,在很多腫瘤中發(fā)現(xiàn)其啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域CpG島的高甲基化狀態(tài),而經(jīng)去甲基化劑作用后可恢復(fù)WIF-1的表達(dá),起到間接治療腫瘤的作用[15]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,PTC組織中WIF-1 mRNA表達(dá)水平和蛋白表達(dá)陽(yáng)性率均顯著低于癌周組織(P<0.05),且WIF-1 mRNA與β-catenin和cyclin D1 mRNA的表達(dá)呈負(fù)相關(guān);在一部分PTC組中還可觀察到WIF-1表達(dá)缺如。這說(shuō)明PTC中WIF-1基因表達(dá)下調(diào)促進(jìn)了β-catenin在細(xì)胞核中的異常積聚,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)靶基因cyclin D1的過(guò)度表達(dá)。WIF基因下調(diào)促進(jìn)了甲狀腺癌發(fā)生。
Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路在甲狀腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移中也發(fā)揮重要作用。有研究表明,β-catenin和cyclin D1在PTC中表達(dá)顯著增強(qiáng),且cyclin D1在轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)組織中的表達(dá)顯著高于原發(fā)灶,與PTC淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)[16]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,PTC淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移組中β-catenin和cyclin D1 mRNA表達(dá)水平和蛋白表達(dá)陽(yáng)性率均顯著高于無(wú)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移組(P<0.05);淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移組中WIF-1 mRNA表達(dá)水平和蛋白表達(dá)陽(yáng)性率顯著低于無(wú)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移組(P<0.05),且一部分淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移組中出現(xiàn)WIF-1表達(dá)缺失。這說(shuō)明WIF-1下調(diào)、β-catenin和cyclin D1的激活促進(jìn)了PTC的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。
綜上所述,Wnt信號(hào)通路的異常激活可引起細(xì)胞異常增殖、分化而導(dǎo)致腫瘤。WIF-1、β-catenin和cyclin D1有望成為PTC早期診斷、早期治療的分子標(biāo)志物。通過(guò)沉默Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路中的某些關(guān)鍵因子或應(yīng)用Wnt拮抗劑可以阻斷信號(hào)通路的異常激活,從而抑制腫瘤的發(fā)生,有望成為難治性甲狀腺癌的治療新靶點(diǎn)。(本文圖見(jiàn)封三)
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(本文編輯:趙麗潔)
Expression and significance of Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma
YAN Li, LI Qing-huai, JI Hong, HAO Fang
(DepartmentofThyroidandBreastSurgery,theSecondHospitalofHeberMedicalUniversity,Shijiazhuang050000,China)
Objective To study expression and significance of Wnt inhibitory factor-1(WIF-1), β-catenin and chclin D1 in Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction pathway in papillary thyroid cancer(PTC). Methods Sixty cases of PTC were selected and the specimens of cancerous foci and adjacent tissues were taken. The expression of WIF-1, β-catenin and cyclin D1 mRNA and protein were detected, and the correlation between WIF-1 mRNA and β-catenin, cyclin D1 mRNA was analyzed. Results The expression levels of WIF-1 mRNA and positive rates of WIF-1 protein expression in PTC tissues were significantly lower than those in paracancerous tissues(P<0.05), while expression levels of β-catenin, cyclin D1 mRNA and protein in PTC tissues were on the contrary(P<0.05). And the expression levels of WIF-1 mRNA and protein in PTC lymph node metastasis group was lower than those without lymph node metastasis, but the expression levels of β-catenin, cyclin D1 mRNA and protein in PTC lymph node metastasis group were on the contrary(P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the expression levels of WIF-1, β-catenin, cyclin D1 mRNA and positive rates of protein in PTC tissues in different sex, age, tumor diameter, number of lesions and whether or not the capsule was invaded(P>0.05). Expression levels of β-catenin, cyclin D1 mRNA were negatively correlated with those of WIF-1 mRNA(P<0.05). Conclusion The down regulation mechanism of WIF-1 gene in PTC tissues promoted the accumulation of β-catenin protein in the cytoplasm, which resulted in over activation of target gene cyclin D1. The WIF-1 down regulation or β-catenin and cyclin D1 up regulation mechanism may play an auxo-action role in the occurrence and metastasis in PTC.
thyroid neoplasms; Wnt signaling pathway; beta catenin
2017-04-07;
2017-05-08
河北省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究重點(diǎn)課題(20160122)
嚴(yán)麗(1977-),女,河北石家莊人,河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院副主任醫(yī)師,醫(yī)學(xué)博士,從事甲狀腺疾病診治研究。
R736.1
A
1007-3205(2017)06-0663-06
10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2017.06.011